DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY GLOVER GRAVET \ \\J\j \J DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY EDITED BY LESLIE STEPHEN AND SIDNEY LEE VOL. XXII. GLOVER GRAVET MACMILLAN AND CO. LONDON : SMITH, ELDER, & CO. 1890 .LIST OF WEITEES IN THE TWENTY-SECOND VOLUME. J. G. A. . . J. G. ALGER. T. A. A. . . T. A. ARCHER. G-. F. E. B. G-. F. RUSSELL BARKER. E. B THE EBV. RONALD BAYNB. T. B THOMAS BATNE. W. B-E. . . WILLIAM BATNE. C. B PROFESSOR CECIL BENDALL. G-. T. B. . . G. T. BETTANY. A. C. B. . . A. C. BICKLEY. W. G. B. . W. G. BLACK. B. H. B. . . THE REV. B. H. BLACKER. W. Q-. B. . . THE REV. PROFESSOR BLAIKIE, D.D. G. C. B. . . G. C. BOASE. G. S. B. . . G. S. BOULGER. E. T. B. . . Miss BRADLEY. A. H. B. . . A. H. BULLEN. G. W. B. . G. W. BURNETT. J. B-Y. . . . JAMES BURNLEY. E. C-N. . . . EDWIN CANNAN. H. M. C. . . H. MANNERS CHICHESTBH. A. M. C. . . Miss A. M. CLERKE. J. C THE REV. JAMES COOPER. T. C THOMPSON COOPER, F.S.A. W. P. C. . . W. P. COURTNEY. C. C CHARLES CREMHTON, M.D. M. C THE REV. PROFESSOR CREIGHTUN. L. C LIONEL CUST, F.S.A. A. D. . . AUSTIN DOBSO.V. R. D ROBERT DUNLOP. F. E FRANCIS ESPINASSE. C. H. F. . . C. H. FIRTH. J. G. F. . . J. G. FOTHERINOHAM. S. R. G. . . S. R. GARDINER, LL.D. R. G RICHARD GARNETT, LL.D. J. T. G. . . J. T. GILBERT, F.S.A. E. C. K. G. E. C. K. GONNER. G. G GORDON GOODWIN. A. G THE REV. ALEXANDER GORDON. E. G EDMUND GOSSE. R. E. G. . . R. E. GRAVES. R. P. G. . . THE REV. R. P. GRAVES. J. M. G. . . J. M. GRAY. J. C. H. . . J. CUTHBERT HADDEN. J. A. H. . . J. A. HAMILTON. T. H THE REV. THOMAS HAMILTON, D.D. W. J. H. . . PROFESSOR W. JEROME HARRISON. T. F. H. . . T. F. HENDERSON. R. H-R. . . THE REV. RICHARD HOOPER. T. C. H. . . SIR THEODORE C. HOPE, K.C.S.I. W. H. ... THE REV. WILLIAM HUNT. B. D. J. . . B. D. JACKSON. C. L. K. . . C. L. KlN3SFORD. J. K JOSEPH KNIGHT. H. K COLONEL KNOLLYS, R.A. J. K. L. . . PROFESSOR J. K. LAUOHTU.X. S. L. L. . . SIDNEY LEK. VI List of Writers. N. McC. . . JE. M. J. A. F. M. L. M. M... C. M NOBMAN MACCOLL. JENEAS MACKAT, LL.JJ. J. A. FULLEB MAITLAND. MlSS MlDDLBTON. COSMO MONKHOUSE. W.F.W.S. G. B. S. . . L. S C. W. S. . . J. T W. F. WENTWOBTH SHIELDS. G. BABNETT SMITH. LESLIE STEPHEN. C. W. SUTTON. JAMES TAIT. C. G. M. . . N. M CLAUDE G. MONTEFIOBB. NOBMAN MOOBE, M.D. H. E. T. . . T. F. T. .. H. E. TBDDEB. PBOFESSOB T. F. TOUT. W. E. M. . T. 0 W. E. MOBFILL. THE EEV. THOMAS OLDEN. J. V R. H. V. . . JOHN VENN, Sc.D. COLONEL VEITCH, E E H. P HHNBT PATOK. A. V ALSAQEB VIAN. K. L. P. . . B. P E. J. E. . . E. L. POOLE. MlSS POBTEK. E. J. EAPSON. M. G. W. . F. W-T. . . C. W-H. . . THE EEV. M. G. WATKINS. FBANCIS WATT. OWART.EP WKTX^H. J. M. E. . . J. M. EIGG. L. W LUCIEN WOLF. L. C. S. J. M. S. . . LLOYD C. SANDEBS. J. M. SCOTT. W. W WABWICK WBOTH, F.S.A. DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY Glover Glover GLOVER, BOYER (Jl. 1758-1771), Muggletonian, was a watch and clock maker in Leadenhall Street, London. He was a strong Muggletonian, but the notices of him in the records of the sect are very scanty. He acted as a peacemaker, and opposed the issue of the fourth (1760) edition of Reeve and Muggleton's ' Divine Looking-Glass/contain- ing political passages omitted in the second (1661) and fifth (1846) editions. Glover's spiritual songs are more in number, and rather better in quality, than those of any other Muggletonian writer. His pieces are to be found in ' Songs of Gratefull Praise,' £c., 1794, 12mo (seven by Glover) ; and ' Divine Songs of the Muggletonians,' &c., 1829, 16mo (forty-nine by Glover, including the previous seven, and one by his wife, Elizabeth Glover). Others are in unprinted manuscript collections. [Manuscript archives of the London Muggle- tonians ; works cited above.] A. G. GLOVER, CHARLES WILLIAM (1806-1863), violinist and composer, was born in London in February 1806. Glover played the violin in the orchestras of Drury Lane and Covent Garden theatres, and was ap- pointed musical director at the Queen's Theatre in 1832. He composed numerous songs, duets, pianoforte pieces, and arrange- ments. Some of the vocal pieces are semi- comic, such as ' Cousin Harry ; ' while ' "Tis hard to give the Hand where the Heart can never be ' is a specimen of his once popular sentimental ballads. Glover died on 23 March 1863. [Brit. Mus. Catalogues of Music; Grove's Diet, i. 600 ; Brown's Biog. Diet. p. 273.] L. M. M. TOL. XXII. GLOVER, EDMUND (1813 P-1860), actor and manager, was the eldest son of Julia Glover [q. v.] He occupied for a time a leading position at the Haymarket Theatre, and went to Edinburgh, where, under Mur- ray, he played leading business. He appears to have joined that company about 1841. He was a man of diversified talents, a sound, though not a brilliant actor, a good dancer, fencer, and pantomimist, and the possessor of some skill in painting. A high position was accordingly conceded him in Scotland. His salary in 1842 was three guineas weekly, the parts he played including Richelieu, Stuke- ley in the ' Gamester ' to the Beverley of Ed- mund Kean, Rob Roy, Claude Melnotte, Creon in ' Antigone,' Jonas Chuzzlewit, John Peerybingle in the ' Cricket on the Hearth,' Othello, Macbeth, Richard III, lago, Shylock, Cardinal Wolsey, Robert Macaire, and Don Csesar de Bazan. On 16 Jan. 1848 he played Falkland in the ' Rivals,' being his first appear- ance after a recent severe accident. At this period he engaged Jenny Lind[q.v.] to sing in Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Perth, and cleared 3,000/. by the transaction. Emboldened by this success he took a large hall in West Nile Street, Glasgow, which he opened as the Prince's Theatre. In 1852 he undertook the management of the Theatre Royal, Glasgow. He became lessee also of the Theatres Royal at Paisley and Dunfermline, and in 1859 opened a new theatre at Greenock. During this period his connection with Edinburgh was maintained. On 27 March 1850 he was Othello to Macready's lago. He played Falkland at Murray's farewell benefit, 22 Oct. 1851. On 17 March 1856 he began to alter- nate with Powrie the parts of Macbeth and Glover Macduff, on 24 Feb. 1857 played the brothers Dei Franchi to the Baron Giordine of Mr. Henry Irving, and on hislast appearance at the Edinburgh Theatre Royal, 25 May 1859, was, at his own desire, Triplet in ' Masks and Faces.' He had been ill for some time, and died on 23 Oct. 1860 of dropsy, at 3 Gayfield Place, Edinburgh, in the house of Mr. Robert Wynd- ham, subsequently manager of the Theatre Royal in that city. His managerial career was successful, much taste being displayed by him in mounting pieces. He left behind him, in addition to other children, a son, William, who is said to inherit his father's talents as a painter, a second son, Samuel, a Scotch comedian, who died abroad, and a daughter who married Thomas Powrie, a Scotch tragedian. [Dibdin's Annals of the Edinburgh Stage, 1888; Era Almanack ; Era newspaper, 27 March 1860; private information.] J. K. GLOVER, GEORGE (fi. 1625-1650), one of the earliest English engravers, worked somewhat in the manner of John Payne, whose pupil he may have been. He used his graver in a bold and effective style. His heads are usually well rendered, but the ac- cessories are weak. Some of his engravings are of great interest and rarity. Among them were portraits of Charles I, Henrietta Maria, Charles II, Catherine of Braganza, James, duke of York ; Mary, princess of Orange ; Robert Devereux, earl of Essex (on horse- back) ; Algernon Percy, earl of Northumber- land ; Sir Edward Bering, bart. (twice en- graved, one a reduced copy) ; Sir William Brereton (on horseback) ; Yaurar Ben Ab- dalla, ambassador from Morocco; James Ussher, archbishop of Armagh ; John Lil- burne (an oval portrait, engraved first in 1641, and altered in 1646 by placing prison bars across the portrait); John Pym, M.P., Sir George Strode, Sir Thomas Urquhart, Dr. John Preston, Lord Finch, Sir William Wal- ler, and many others. Several of these and other portraits were engraved for the book- sellers as frontispieces to books ; Glover also engraved numerous title-pages. A remark- able broadside engraved by him gives the por- traits and biographies of William Evans, the giant porter, Jeffery Hudson, the dwarf, and Thomas Parr, the very old man. Some of Glover's portraits, such as those of Sir Thomas Urquhart and Innocent Nath. Witt, an idiot, were engraved from the life. His earliest works bear the address of William Peake [q. v.], for whom most of the early English engravers worked. Glover's own portrait was engraved by R. Grave, jun., from a draw- ing formerly in Oldys's possession. Glover [Dodd's MS. Hist, of English Engravers, Brit. Mus.Addit. MS. 33401; Bryan's Diet, of Painters and Engravers; Catalogue of the Sutherland Collection.] L. C. GLOVER, JEAN (1758-1801), Scotch poetess, was born at Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, 31 Oct. 1758, her father being a hand-loom weaver. While very young she j oined a band of strolling players and married their leader. Burns describes her in unqualified terms as a person with no character to lose, but other contemporaries, who long survived her, say that she was merely 'a roughly hardened tramp, a wilful, regardless woman.' Her husband's Christian name or surname was Richard. Burns summarily disposes of him as ' a sleight-of-hand blackguard.' Jean Glover had the reputation of being the best singer and actor in the company, and in gaudy attire she used to play on a tambourine in the street to attract customers to her husband 'juggling in a room down a close.' In her player's finery she struck one ingenuous observer as 'the brawest woman that had ever been seen to step in leather shoon.' Her bright, me- lodious lyric ' Ower the muir among the Heather ' is a genuine addition to Scottish pastoral poetry. She may have composed others, but they are not preserved ; this one, happily, was written down by Burns from the singing of Jean Glover herself. Stewart Lewis used the same air for a ballad of his, with which it is important not to confound this typical Scottish song. Jean Glover died at Letterkenny, co. Donegal, in 1801. [Johnson's Musical Museum ; Ayrshire Con- temporaries of Burns ; Chambers's Life and Works of Burns, iv. 291 ; Tytler and Watson's Songstresses of Scotland, vol. i.] T. B. GLOVER, JOHN (1714-1774), preacher, born in 1714, on leaving school in his four- teenth year was apprenticed to business, when he was soon moved by religious impulses. In 1748 he was much influenced by the teaching of the methodists at Norwich. His published memoirs are entirely devoted to religious re- flection. In 1761, his health failed, and he re- tired from business. The latter portion of his life seems to have been spent in preaching and in writing religious pamphlets. He died at Norwich 9 May 1774. He published : 1 . ' Some Scriptural Di- rections and Advice to assist the Faith and Practice of true Believers. . . . The second edition . . . much enlarged. To which is added, Two consolatory letters, written by an eminent Christian ... to one who seemed to be near his Dissolution,' Norwich, 1770, 12mo. A third edition appeared in 1791. 2. ' Some Memoirs of the Life of J. G. . . . Glover Glover Written by himself. To which is added, a sermon [on Psalm xii. 1] (by .1. Carter) preached on the occasion of his death,' '2 pts. London, 1774, 12mo. 3. ' The Hidden and Happy Life of a Christian . . . exemplified in an extract from the diary of Mr. J. G.,' London [1775 ?], 12mo. [Memoirs written by himself.] W. F. W. S. GLOVER, JOHN (1767-1849), land- scape-painter, son of a small farmer, was born at Houghton-on-the-Hill, Leicestershire, on 18 Feb. 1767. He profited so well by plain education as to be appointed master (one ac- count says writing-master) of the free school at Appleby in 1786. From a boy he had been fond of drawing, and in 1794 he removed to Lichfield, and set up as an artist and draw- ; ing-master. He is said to have been entirely self-taught, and he soon began to paint in oils and to etch. He quickly attracted admi- ration, and in 1805 was one of the original | members of the (now Royal) Society of Painters in Water-colours. In this year he \ came to London, when he took up his re- sidence at 61 Montagu Square. From 1805 to 1813 he contributed 182 works to the ex- hibitions of the society, and ultimately be- i came one of the most fashionable drawing- ; masters of the day. Though his method was based on that of William Payne [q. v.], the | style of his execution was entirely his own. | A critic writing in 1824 states that it ' ex- cited increasing curiosity and a desire of imitation in a thousand admirers. The ap- parently careless scumbling of black and grey, the absence of defined forms, the dis- tinct unbroken patches of yellow, orange, green, red, brown, &c., which upon close inspection made up the foreground, middle- grounds, and off-skip in his compositions, seemed entirely to preclude all necessity for the labour of previous study.' One of his most dexterous devices was the twisting of camel-hair brushes together and spreading their hairs so as to produce rapid imitation of foliage. He was very clever also in his aerial perspective and in eifects of sunbeams striking through clouds and trees. He went to Paris in 1814, and while there painted in the Louvre a large landscape composition, which attracted the attention of Louis XVIII at the Paris exhibition of that year. This picture, for which the king granted him a gold medal, was exhibited at the Water- colour Society's exhibition in 1817, under the title of ' Landscape Composition.' In 1815 Glover was elected president of the Water-colour Society, but was not re- elected in the following year. He went to Paris again in 1 815, and afterwards to Switzer- land and Italy, bringing home portfolios full of sketches, from which he painted some large pictures in oil. Owing, it is said, to his advocacy, the Society of Water-colours for a few years (1816-20) admitted oil-pictures to their exhibitions. Several of Glover's works in oil brought large prices. Lord Dur- ham gave 500/. for his view of ' Durham Cathedral,' which is now at Lambton Castle. Though his art was generally confined to landscape, with an occasional sea picture, he sent to the society's exhibition in 1817 a com- position of cattle with a life-size bull, a pic- ture of goats, and two pieces of sculpture, one of a cow and the other of an ass and foal, modelled from nature. In 1818 he withdrew from the society in order to be a candidate for the honours of the Royal Academy. Hitherto he had rarely contributed to the exhibitions of the Academy, but he now sent seven pic- tures, all of scenery in England and Wales, and in the next year five, four of which were Italian in subject. But his hopes were dis- appointed, and the year after (1820) he did not send anything to the Academy, but held an exhibition in Old Bond Street of his works in oil and water-colour. In 1824 he was one of the founders of the Society of British Artists. To the exhibitions of this society he contributed till 1830, and he remained a member of it till his death. It had been his intention to retire to Ulls- water, where he had purchased a house and some land, but in 1831 he emigrated to the Swan River settlement (now Western Aus- tralia). He sent home'some pictures of colo- nial scenery, but they did not attract pur- chasers. He died at Launceston, Tasmania, on 9 Dec. 1849, aged 82, having spent his later years in reading, chiefly religious works. Glover was an artist of considerable skill and originality, especially in the rendering of transparent aerial effects, and although his style became mannered, he deserves to be honourably remembered among the founders of the English school of water-colours and the modern school of landscape. His skill in oil-painting was also considerable, and the National Gallery has recently acquired an excellent example of his work in this medium by the bequest of Mrs. Elizabeth Vaughan ('Landscape with Cattle,' No. 1186 in the catalogue). Examples of his skill are also to be seen at the British and South Kensing- ton Museums. [Redgrave's Diet, of Artists, 1878; Redgraves' Century of Painters ; Somerset House Gazette, i. 132 ; Annals of the Fine Arts, 1817, p. 81 ; Mag. of the Fine Arts, i. 312, &c. ; Portfolio, August 1888; Bryan's Diet, of Painters (Graves); Cat. of National Gallery, British School, 1888]. C. M. B2 Glover GLOVER, SIR JOHN HAWLEY (1829- 1885), captain in the navy, administrator of Lagos, and governor of Newfoundland, son of the Rev. John Glover, English chaplain at Cologne, entered the navy in 1841 on board the Queen, flagship of Sir Edward Owen in the Mediterranean, and, after eight years' junior service, passed his examination in April 1849. On 24 Oct. 1851, while serving on board the Penelope on the west coast of Africa, he was promoted to be lieutenant, and j in May 1852 was appointed to the Royalist j in the East Indies. From her he was moved i to the Sphinx, and, in command of her boats, i took part in the disastrous affair at Dona- ' bew in Burmah on 4 Feb. 1853 [see LOCH, i GRANTILLE GOWER], where he was severely j wounded, a ball entering under the right eye i and passing out at the ear. In the summer he | returned to England, and in October was . appointed to the Royal George, from which j he was moved in February 1854 to be first lieutenant of the Rosamond paddle-sloop in the Baltic. From 1855 to 1857 he had com- mand of the Otter, a small steamer, and then joined the expedition to the Niger, with Dr. William Balfour Baikie [q.v.] In 1861 he returned to England and was appointed to the Aboukir, but was almost immediately moved into the Arrogant, going out as flag- ship on the west coast, where for the next year he commanded the Arrogant's tender Handy, a small gunboat. On 24 Nov. 1862 he was advanced to commander's rank, and his service at sea came to an end. On 21 April 1863 he was appointed ad- ministrator of the government of Lagos ; in May 1864 became colonial secretary in the same place ; and was from February 1866 till 1872 again administrator. While hold- ing that office, especially in 1870, he was actively engaged in suppressing the maraud- ing incursions of the Ashantees in the neigh- bourhood of the river Volta. W7hen, in 1873, war with Ashantee became imminent, Glover, who was at the time in England, volunteered for special service, representing that his in- fluence with the natives would probably be useful. He was sent out with vague in- structions to raise a native army among the tribes to the east of the British territory and to act as seemed best, subject to the general control of Sir Garnet (now Lord) Wolseley, who went out as commander-in-chief and go- vernor of the Gold Coast. He arrived at Cape Coast in the early days of September, and, taking thence some three hundred Houssas, already trained to arms, pushed on to Accra, where, in the course of a few weeks, he gathered together a native force of from six- teen to twenty thousand men. He soon found, however, that they were almost useless. They stood in terror of the Ashantees, and refused to advance. Glover proposed to employ them in the first instance in some desultory raids, till, flushed with victory, their unwilling- ness would be overcome ; but Wolseley di- rected him to advance into the Ashantee country, simultaneously with the main attack, and with such force as he could command. On 15 Jan. 1874, with not more than eight hundred Houssas, Glover crossed the Prahr threatened the left flank of the Ashantees, and thus eased the work of the main force under Wolseley. He was never seriously engaged, though there was occasional skir- mishing, but the villages in his line of march were captured or burnt, and he overcame with remarkable skill the great difficulty of transporting his guns and ammunition. His success encouraged the unwilling tribes to- come up, and he eventually approached Coo- massie with a force of something like five thousand men. Peace was concluded on 14 Feb. 1874, and Glover's distinguished and difficult service was rewarded by the thanks of both houses of parliament, by his being nominated (8 May) a G.C.M.G., and appointed in the following year governor of Newfoundland. In 1877 he was put on the retired list of the navy with the rank of captain, but continued at Newfoundland till 1881, when he was trans- ferred to the governorship of the Leeward Islands. In 1883 he was moved back ta Newfoundland. He died in London on 30 Sept. 1885. He married in 1 876 Elizabeth Rosetta, eldest daughter of Mr. J. Butler Scott of Anne's Grove Abbey, Mountrath, Queen's County. [Times, 2 Oct. 1885; Annual Eegister, 1885, p. 181 ; Illustrated London News, 25 April, 1874, with a very indifferent portrait; Times bulletin, 1853 ; Brackenbury's Ashanti War ; Royal Navy List.l J. K. L. GLOVER, MRS. JULIA (1779-1850), actress, was born in Newry 8 Jan. 1779. Her father, an actor named Betterton or Butterton, is said to have claimed descent from Thomas Betterton [q. v.] About 1789 she joined with her father the York circuit, and ap- peared under Tate Wilkinson as the Page in the 'Orphan.' She is said, like Mrs. Davison [q.v.], to have played the Duke of York to the Richard III of George Frederick Cooke [q.v.] She also acted Tom Thumb to the Glumdalca of the same actor. After accompanying her father on country tours, she made her first appearance at Bath, 3 Oct. 1795, as Miss Bet- terton from Liverpool, playing Marianne in the ' Dramatist ' by Reynolds. In the course Glover 5 Glover of this and the following season she enacted Desdemona to the Othello of II. Siddons, Lady Macbeth, Lady Amaranth in ' Wild Oats/ and many other important characters in tragedy and comedy. On 12 Oct. 1797 she appeared at Covent Garden as Elwina in Hannah More's ' Percy.' Her engagement was for five years, at terms then considered high, rising from 15£. to '201. a week, her father being also engaged. Mrs. Abington, to whom she bore a marked resemblance, Mrs. Crawford, and Mrs. Pope were opposed to her. Her second appearance as Charlotte Rusport in the ' West Indian ' pleased the author (Cumberland) so much that he gave her the part of the heroine, Emily Fitzallan, in his new play, 'False Impressions,' 23 Nov. 1797. She was the original Maria in T. Dib- din's 'Five Thousand a Year,' 16 March 1799, and was the heroine of other plays. She then played Lydia Languish, Lady Amaranth, and other comic parts. Under pressure from the management, which preferred Mrs. II. John- stone in her parts, she took serious charac- ters, such as Lady Randolph, the Queen in ' Richard III/ &c., for which she was less suited. She contracted an affection for James Biggs, an actor at Drury Lane, whom she had met at Bath. After his death (December 1798) her father, who took her salary and treated her with exceptional brutality, sold her for a consideration, never paid, of 1,000/. to Samuel Glover, the supposed heir to a large fortune. She was married 20 March 1800, and on the 27th played Letitia Hardy as ' the late Miss Betterton.' On 10 May she was announced as Mrs. Glover, late Miss Betterton. Towards the end of the season 1800-1 she reappeared, though she did not often perform. On 21 Oct. 1802, as Mrs. Oakly in the ' Jealous Wife/ she made her first appearance at Drury Lane. Next season she was again at Covent Garden, where she remained for four years. On 28 Sept. 1810 she appeared for the first time at the Lyceum, playing with the Drury Lane company, •driven from their home by fire. With them she returned (1812-13) to the newly erected house in Drury Lane. She was, 23 Jan. 1813, the original Alhadra in Coleridge's * Remorse.' On 12 Feb. 1814 she was the Queen in ' Richard III ' to Kean's Richard, and on 5 May Emilia to his Othello. On 16 Sept. 1816, on the first appearance of Macready at Covent Garden, she played Andromache — her first appearance there for ten years — to Macready's Orestes. She then played with Thomas Dibdin [q. v.] at the Surrey in 1822, and again returned to Drury Lane. When, 27 Oct. 1829, at Drury Lane, she played Mrs. Subtle in ' Paul Pry/ it was announced as her first appearance there for five years. The last chronicle of Genest concerning her is her original performance, 13 Sept. 1830, at the Haymarket, of Ariette Delorme in 'Ambition, or Marie Mignot.' Her Mrs. Simpson, in ' Simpson & Co./ 4 Jan. 1823, was one of the most successful of her original parts ; Estifania, Mrs. Mala- prop, Mrs. Candour, Mrs. Heidelberg, and Mrs. Subtle were also characters in which her admirable vein of comedy and her joyous laugh won high recognition. After seceding from Webster's management of the Hay- market, she engaged with James Ander- son in his direction of Drury Lane. Subse- quently she joined William Farren [q. v.] at the Strand, where she went through a round of her best characters, including Widow Green in the ' Love Chase ' of Sheridan Knowles, of which, at the Haymarket in 1837, she was the original exponent. What was called a professional farewell took place at her benefit at Drury Lane, Friday, 12 July 1850, when she played for the last time as Mrs. Malaprop. She had been ill for weeks, and was scarcely able to speak. On the fol- lowing Tuesday she died. On Friday the 19th she was buried near her father in the churchyard of St. George the Martyr, in Queen Square, Bloomsbury. She had in 1837 two sons and two daughters living. Her sons, Edmund and William Howard, are separately noticed. On 29 April 1822 a daughter made her first appearance at Drury Lane as Juliet to the Romeo of Kean, when Mrs. Glover was the Nurse. A writer in the ' New Monthly Magazine ' (probably Talfourd) says ' that sometimes her mother, in her anxiety, forgot a disguise extremely difficult for her rich and hearty humour to assume ' (vi. 250). Mrs. Glover was very unhappy in her domestic relations. Her father preyed upon her until he died, aged over eighty. Her husband did the same for a time, but failed in a dishonour- ing proceeding he brought against her. Mrs. Glover was plump in figure, and in the end corpulent. Leslie, in his ' Autobiography/ speaks of her as ' monstrously fat.' She was fair in complexion, and of middle height. She was the first comic actress of the period of her middle life, and had a wonderful me- mory. Benjamin Webster speaks of her re- citing scene after scene verbatim from Han- nah More's ' Percy ' after it had been with- drawn from the stage thirty years. ' The Stage ' (1814-15, i. 162) says*: ' Mrs. Glover is indeed a violent actress ; it is too much to say that she is a coarse one.' She is gene- rally credited, however, with refinement and distinction, and in her closing days was called the ' Mother of the Stage.' Boaden. Glover Glover in 1833, declared her the ablest actress in existence. She once, according to Walter Donaldson, played in 1822 at the Lyceum Hamlet for her benefit (Recollections of an Actor, p. 137). The same authority (p. 138) says her brother, John Betterton, was a good actor and dancer. [Works cited ; biography by Benjamin Web- ster, prefixed to his edition of the Country Squire of Dance; Genest's Account of the English Stage ; Oxberry's Dramatic Biog. ; Era news- paper, 21 July 1850 ; Actors by Daylight.] J. K. GLOVER, MOSES QZ. 1620-1640), painter and architect, is principally known from the large survey by him, drawn on vellum in 1635, of Syon House and the hun- dred of Isleworth, which is preserved at Syon House. A plan for rebuilding Pet- worth House, dated 1615, and preserved there, has also been attributed to him, and it has been conjectured that he had a share in building the Charing Cross front of North- umberland House, which was completed in 1605. On 30 Sept. 1622 a license was issued from the Bishop of London's office for Moses Glover of Isleworth, Middlesex, painter- stainer, and Juliana Gulliver of the same, widow of Richard Gulliver, painter, to marry at St. Botolph's, Aldersgate, London. He was probably employed principally at Syon House. [Diet, of Architecture ; Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting (notes by Dallaway) ; Aungier's History of Syon Monastery, &c. ; Marriage Li- cences, Bishop of London (Harl. Soc. Publica- tions).] L. C. GLOVER, RICHARD (171 2-1785), poet, born in St. Martin's Lane, Cannon Street, in 1712, was the son of Richard Glover, a Ham- burg merchant in London. He was educated at Cheam in Surrey. In 1728 a poem upon Sir Isaac Newton, written by him in his sixteenth year, was prefixed to ' A View of Newton's Philosophy,' by Henry Pernberton, M.D. Glover entered his father's business, but continued his poetical efforts, and be- came, according to Warton, a good Greek scholar. In 1737 he published ' Leonidas,' an epic poem in blank verse and in nine books. It went through four editions, was praised by Lord Lyttelton in a periodical paper called ' Common Sense,' and by Fielding in the ' Champion.' Pemberton extolled its merits in a pamphlet called ' Observations on Poetry, especially epic, occasioned by ... Leonidas,' 1738. Glover republished it, enlarged to twelve books, in 1770. Two later editions appeared in 1798 and 1804 ; and it has been translated into French (1738) and German (1766). It was taken as a poetical manifesto in the interests of Walpole's antagonists. In 1739 Glover published ' London, or the Pro- gress of Commerce,' also in blank verse ; and his one still readable ballad, ' Hosier's Ghost/ referring to the unfortunate expedition of Admiral Hosier in 1726. It was spirited enough to survive the immediate interest due to the 'Jenkins's ear' excitement, and was republished in Percy's ' Reliques.' Glover opposed the nomination of a partisan of Wai- pole as lord mayor, and in 1742 took part ! in one of the assaults upon the falling minis- ter. The lord mayor, Sir Robert Godschall, presented a petition signed by three hun- dred merchants, and drawn up by Glover (20 Jan.), complaining of the inadequate pro- tection of British commerce, and Glover af- terwards attended to sum up their evidence before the House of Commons. His fame as a patriot was recognised in the Duchess of Marlborough's will. She died in 1744, leaA-- ing 500A apiece to Glover and Mallet to write the duke's life. He refused to undertake the task, although he is said to have been in diffi- culties. He was a proprietor at this time of the Temple Mills, near Marlow. Although intimate with Lyttelton, Cobham, and others, he got nothing by their political victory. In 1751 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the office of chamberlain of the city of London. He lost a patron by the death of Frederick, prince of Wales, who is said to have sent him ' a complete set of all classics, elegantly bound,' and at another time 5001. The money left, however, is denied by Duppa. He now tried the stage, and wrote ' Boadicea,' per- formed at Drury Lane for nine nights in December 1753, and praised in a pamphlet ; by his old admirer, Pemberton. In 1761 he published ' Medea,' a tragedy on the Greek model, not intended for the stage, but thrice acted for Mrs. Yates's benefit (1767, 1768, and ! 1776). He also presented to Mrs. Yates a I continuation called ' Jason,' which was never l acted, but published in 1799. Glover's affairs improved, and in 1761 he was returned to ! parliament for Weymouth, doubtless through | the interest of his friend, Bubb Dodington, l who enlisted him in support of Bute. His ! only recorded speech was on 13 May 1762, j when he opposed a subsidy to Portugal, and j was answered by Pitt. He is said to have supported George Grenville, but did not sit after the dissolution of 1768. He took a prominent part in arranging the affairs of Douglas, Heron, & Co., whose failure in 1762 made a great sensation ; and appeared twice before committees of the House of Commons to sum up evidence as to commercial griev- ances (1774 and 1775). His statements were Glover Glover published, and on the last occasion he received a piece of plate worth 300Z. from the West India merchants in acknowledgment of his services. He died at his house in Albemarle Street, 25 Nov. 1785. His will mentions property in the city of London, in South Carolina, and in Kent, where he was lord of the manor of Down. He married Hannah Nunn, a lady of property, 21 May 1737, and had two sons by her, but was divorced in 1756. A second wife survived him. A son, Richard Glover, was M.P. for Penryn, and presented to the Inner Temple Hall a por- trait of Richard West, lord chancellor of Ire- land, who was the elder Glover's maternal uncle, and father of Gray's friend. His ponderous ' Athenaid,' an epic poem in thirty books, was published in 1787 by his daughter, Mrs. Halsey. It is much longer and so far worse than ' Leonidas,' but no one has been able to read either for a century. A diary called ' Memoirs by a Distinguished Literary and Political Character [Glover] from the resignation of Sir Robert Walpole in 1742 to the establishment of Lord Chatham's se- cond administration in 1757 ' was published in 1813 (by R. Duppa [q. v.]) It was followed in 1814 by ' An Inquiry concerning the Author of the Letters of Junius,' also by Duppa, who convinced himself but nobody else that Junius was Glover. The ' Memoirs ' are of little value, though they contribute something to our knowledge of the political intrigues of the time. [European Magazine for January 1786 (by Isaac Keed), with a ' character' by Dr. Brock- lesby from the Gent. Mag., is the only life, and is reproduced by Anderson and Chalmers in their Collections of English Poets. See also Inquiry, as above ; Dodington's Diary ; Horace Walpole's Letters (Cunningham), i. 31, 117, 136; Parl. Hist. xv. 1222; Genest's Hist, of the Stage, iv. 381, v. 123.] L. S. GLOVER, ROBERT (d. 1555), protestant martyr, came of a family of some wealth and position in Warwickshire, is described as gentleman, and resided at Mancetter. He was elected from Eton to King's College, Cambridge, in 1533, and proceeded B.A. 1538 and M.A. 1541. In common with his eldest brother, John of Bexterley, and an- other brother named William, he embraced protestant tenets. In 1555 the Bishop of Lichfield (Ralph Bayne) sent a commission to the mayor of Coventry and the sheriff to arrest either John or all three brothers, being especially anxious to take John. The mayor, who was friendly with the Glovers, gave them timely notice, and John and William fled, but Robert, who was sick, was taken in his bed, though the mayor tried to prevent the officer from making the arrest. He appears to have been a man of tall stature and reso- lute will, and though when he was first taken the mayor pressed him to give bail, he refused to do so. He was examined by the bishop at Coventry and at Lichfield, where he was lodged in a dungeon, and was finally handed over to the sheriffto be executed. On 20 Sept. he was burnt at Coventry along with Cor- nelius Bungey, a capper. Shortly before his execution he was attended and comforted by Augustine Bernher [q. v.] About 1842 tablets were erected in Mancetter Church to the me- mory of Glover and Mistress Joyce Lewis, another martyr. Glover left a wife named Mary, and children. Letters from him to his wife and to the ' mayor and bench 'of Coventry are printed by Foxe. In an inquisition taken after his death he is described as late of New- house Grange, Leicestershire. [Foxe's Acts and Monuments, vi. 63o, vii. 389- 399, viii. 776, ed. Townsend ; Philpot's Exami- nations (p. 243) contains a letter from Philpot to R. G., Original Letters, Zurich, iii. 360, and Eidley, p. 383 (all Parker Soc.) ; Strype's Memo- rials, in. i. 228, from Foxe ; Ritchings's Narra- tive of Persecution of R. G., also mainly from Foxe ; Cooper's Athenae Cantab, i. 129.] W. H. GLOVER, ROBERT (1544 - 1588), Somerset herald, son of Thomas Glover of Ashford, Kent, and Mildred his wife, was born there in 1544. His grandfather, Thomas Glover, was one of the barons of the Cinque ports at the coronation of Henry VIII. He entered the College of Arms at an early age, was appointed Portcullis pursuivant in 1567, and created Somerset herald in 157 1 . Several of the provincial kings-at-arms availed them- selves of his rare skill as a herald and gene- alogist, and employed him to visit many of the counties within their jurisdictions. In company with William Flower [q. v.], Norroy, he made the heraldic visitation of Durham in 1575, and of Cheshire in 1580. In 1582 he attended Lord Willoughby when that noble- man bore the insignia of the Garter to Frederick II of Denmark [see BERTIE, PE- REGRINE], and in 1584 he, with Robert Cooke, Clarenceux, accompanied the Earl of Derby on a similar mission to the king of France. In 1584 and 1585 he was engaged in the heraldic visitation of Yorkshire. He died in London on 10 April 1588, and was buried in the church of St. Giles Without, Cripplegate. Over his grave there was placed a comely monument, m the south wall of the choir, with an in- scription, which is printed in Weever's 'Fune- rall Monuments.' He married Elizabeth, daughter of William Flower, Norroy king-of-arms, and left three sons, one of whom, Thomas, was born in 1576, Glover Glover and two daughters, Elizabeth, bom in 1573, and Ann, born in 1575. Glover was certainly one of the most ac- complished heralds and genealogists that this country has produced. No work of his was printed in his lifetime, but he left an enor- mous quantity of manuscript collections, which have been utilised, often with scanty or no acknowledgment, by subsequent writers, who have thus gained credit properly due to him. Dugdale declared that Camden and Glover were the two greatest ornaments of their profession. Many suppose that Glover collected the valuable materials afterwards arranged and published by Dugdale in the ' Baronage ' which bears his name (GotTGH, British Topography, ii. 406). Some of Glover's collections were purchased by his friend the lord-treasurer Burghley, who deposited them in the College of Arms, but there yet remain scattered in different libraries throughout the kingdom scores of volumes which, though un- known as his, have afforded matter for nearly all the topographical surveys which have been written since his time (ib.) He assisted Cam- den in his pedigrees for the 'Britannia,' com- municated to Dr. David Powell a copy of the ' History of Cambria ' translated by H. Lloyd, made a collection of the inscriptions upon the funeral monuments in Kent, and in 1584 drew up a most curious survey of Herewood Castle, Yorkshire. His ' Catalogue of Northern Gen- try whose surnames ended in son ' was for- merly in the possession of Thoresby. The ' Defence of the Title of Queen Elizabeth to the English Crown' against the book by John Lesley, bishop of Ross, in 1584, in favour of Mary Stuart, queen of Scots, was considered by Dugdale to be one of Glover's best perfor- mances. It has never been published. A work entitled ' Nobilitas Politica et Civilis,' Lon- don, 1608, fol., was edited from Glover's manu- scripts, with many additions, by his nephew Thomas Milles, who afterwards inserted a translation of it in the ' Catalogue of Honor.' Glover's manuscript genealogies of the no- bility in Latin were reduced to method by Milles, with the assistance of Sir Robert Cotton, Robert Beale, clerk to the council, William Camden, Clarenceux king-of-arms, Nicholas Charles, Lancaster herald, Michael Heneage, keeper of the records in the Tower, Thomas Talbot, and Matthew Pateson. They appeared under the title of ' The Catalogue of Honor, or Treasury of true Nobility, pe- culiar and proper to the Isle of Great Britaine,' London, 1610, fol. Milles explains that his intention in bringing out this work was to revive the name and memory of his uncle, ' whose private studies for the public good deserved a remembrance beyond forgetful time.' The ' Catalogue of the Chancellors of England,' edited by John Philipot in 1636, was principally based on Glover's collections. This was also the case with Arthur Collins's ' Proceedings, Precedents, and Arguments on Claims and Controversies concerning Baronies by Writ and other Honours,' 1735. Glover's famous ' Ordinary of Arms ' is printed in an augmented and improved form in vol. i. of Edmondson's ' Complete Body of Heraldry,' 1780. His and Flower's ' Heraldic Visita- tione of ye Countye Palatyne of Durham in 1575 ' was published at Newcastle in 1820, fol., under the editorship of N. J. Philipson ; their 'Visitation of Cheshire in 1580' forms vol. xviii. of the publications of the Harleian Society, London, 1882, 8vo ; and Glover's ' Visitation of Yorkshire, made in 1584-5,' edited by Joseph Foster, was privately printed in London in 1875. 8vo. a [Addit. MSS. 12453, 86800 ff. Ib. 32, 30323 f. 2 ; Dallaway's Inquiry, p. 243 ; Gent. Mag. j 1820, i. 596 ; Hari. MSS. 245 art. 1, 374 art. 6, ' 1160 art. 1 et seq. 1388, 6165 art. 30; Hasted's j Kent (1790) iii. 262 ; Kennett's MS. 48, f. 108; Lansd. MSS. 58 art. 4", 205 art. 3, 843 art. 8, 872 ; Moule's Bibl. Heraldica, pp. 30, 66, 67, '119; Noble's College of Arms, pp. 180, 186; Calendars of State Papers, Dom. 1547-80 p. 458, 1581-90 pp. 360, 448, 636, Addend. 1566-79 p. 475, 1580-1625 p. 199 ; Stow's Survey, 1720, | bk. iii. p. 83 ; Weever's Funerall Monuments, pp. 676, 682.] T. C. GLOVER,, STEPHEN (d. 1869), author and antiquary, compiled the ' Peak Guide,' Derby, 1830, and assisted Bateman in his j ; Antiquities of Derbyshire,' 1848. Glover's best known work is the ' History and Gazet- teer of the County of Derby, illustrated. The materials collected by the publisher, Stephen : Glover; edited by Thos. Noble, Esq., Derby, I 4to.' Vol. i. pt. i. was published in 1831 ; ! vol. ii. pt. i. in 1833. These volumes had been delayed some time owing to the disputes between the compiler and the engravers, and the work was never completed. It contained a mass of valuable but ill-arranged informa- tion, and is frequently quoted as an authority. Glover died on 26 Dec. 1869, and was buried ; at Moreton, Cheshire. [Glover's works mentioned above ; information kindly given by Mr. W. P. Edwards of the Derby : Mercury.] L. M. M. GLOVER, STEPHEN (1812-1870), com- poser and teacher, brother to Charles Wil- liam Glover [q. v.j, was born in London in 1812, and became a popular composer of songs, ballads, and duets. The ' Monks of Old,' I 1842, ' What are the Wild Waves saying,' 1850, ' Excelsior,' and ' Songs from the Holy Glover < Scriptures/ illustrate the range and taste of the fourteen or fifteen hundred compositions Glover presented to the public from 1847 till his death, on 7 Dec. 1870, at the age of 58. [Appendix to Grove's Diet. p. 648 ; Brown's Biog. Diet. p. 273.] L. M. M. GLOVER, WILLIAM HOWARD {1819/1875), musical composer and writer, was Ime second son of Mrs. Julia Glover, the actress [q. v.], and said to be descended from Bettertons. He was born at Kilburn, Dndon, on 6 June 1819 ; entered the Lyceum Opera orchestra, conducted by his master, / Wagstaff, as violinist when fifteen ; con- tinued his studies on the continent, and was soon afterwards employed as accompanist and solo violinist in London and the provinces. He founded, in conjunction with his mother, the Musical and Dramatic Academy in Soho Square, and was encouraged by its success to open a season of opera at Manchester, his pupils forming the nucleus of the company. Glover was joined in this or similar enter- prises by his elder brother Edmund [q. v.] and Miss Romer. Returning to London he gave annual monster concerts at St. James's Hall and Drury Lane Theatre. His pupils Miss Emily Soldene, Miss Palmer, and many first-rate artists appeared, the length of the entertainments inspiring more than one foreign critic with philosophic reflections upon the English amateur's capacity of en- durance. To Glover belongs the credit of initiating the performance of Beethoven's * Pastoral Symphony ' with pictorial and cho- regraphic illustrations in 1863 ; and 'Israel in Egypt ' with scenery, dresses, and poses, in 1865. His cantata, ' Tarn o' Shanter,' for tenor solo, chorus, and orchestra, was pro- duced at the New Philharmonic, Berlioz con- ducting, on 4 July 1 855, and pleased so greatly by its pleasant melodies, local colouring, and lively effects, that it was given at the follow- ing Birmingham festival, 30 Aug. ' Ruy Bias,' opera,written and composed by Glover, was produced on 24 Oct. 1861 at Covent Gar- den, and was successful enough for frequent repetition and a revival two years later ; the comic opera, ' Once too Often,' was first per- formed at Drury Lane on 20 Jan. 1862, 'The Coquette ' in the provinces, ' Aminta ' at the Haymarket, and 'Palomita' in New York. The overtures ' Manfred ' and ' Comala,' the songs, ' Old Woman of Berkeley,' ' Love's Philosophy,' ' The Wind's a Bird,' are only a few of his compositions, many of which were published in America. From about 1849 to 1865 Glover undertook the musical criticisms for the 'Morning Post;' in 1868 he settled in New York as professor and conductor of Glyn Niblo's orchestra, and he died there on 28 Oct. 1875. [Musical World, 1855 to 1875; Grove's Diet, i. 600; Brown's Biog. Diet. p. 275.] L. M. M. GLYN, GEORGE GRENFELL, second BARON WOLVERTON (1824-1887), eldest son of George Carr Glyn, banker (1797-1873), created baron Wolverton 14 Dec. 1 869, was born on 1 0 Feb. 1 824. Sir Richard Carr Glyn [q.v.] was his grandfather. He was educated at Rugby and University College, Oxford, where he matriculated 26 May 1842. On coming of age he became a partner in the metropo- litan banking firm of Glyn, Mills, Currie, & Co., and continued in the business until his death. He was some time chairman of the Railway Clearing House, and a lieutenant of the city of London. Glyn sat as M.P. for Shaftesbury in the liberal interest from 1857 to 1873, when he succeeded his father in the peerage. He was joint secretary to the trea- sury from 1868 to 1873, during which period he officiated as a most energetic whip. He was then sworn of the privy council. In the liberal ministry of 1880 to 1885 he was pay- master-general, and his zealous adherence to Mr. Gladstone after the promulgation of his scheme of home rule for Ireland was rewarded by the appointment of postmaster-general (February to July 1886). A personal friend of Mr. Gladstone, Wolverton during the re- mainder of his life gave valuable support, both oratorical and pecuniary, to the home rule cause. On 2 Oct. 1887 he presided at a great ' anti-coercion ' demonstration at Temple- combe, Dorsetshire, when he was presented with an address from eight parliamentary dis- tricts. He died suddenly at Brighton on 6 Nov. 1887. His personal estate amounted to more than 1,820,000*. AVolverton was a model landlord and a staunch supporter of fox-hunting in Dorset- shire. At Iwerne Minster in that county, where was one of his country seats, he and Lady Wolverton supported two orphanages in connection with the Home Boy Brigade originated by her. He gave his salary as postmaster-general to secure beds in a con- valescent home for sick London postmen. He married, 22 June 1848, Georgiana Maria, daughter of the Rev.George Frederick Tuftnell of Uffington, Berkshire ; had no issue, and was succeeded as third baron by his nephew, Henry Richard, eldest son of Vice-admiral Hon. Henry Carr Glyn, C.B., C.S.I, (d. 1884). The third baron died on 2 July 1888, and his brother Frederick succeeded him. [Debrett's Peerage for 1887 ; Times and Daily News, 7 Nov. 1887; Foster's Peerage; Foster's Alumni Oxon.] L. C. S. Glyn 10 Glyn GLYN, ISABELLA DALLAS (1823- 1889), actress, was born in Edinburgh on 22 May 1823. Her father, Mr. Gearns, a strong presbyterian, was an architect with a turn for preaching. After taking part in London in amateur theatricals, she went with her first husband, Edward Wills, to Paris, where she studied acting. Returning to England in 1846, she received lessons from Charles Kemble,and on 8 Nov. 1847, under her mother's maiden name of Glyn, made at the Theatre Royal, Manchester, her appearance as Constance in ' King John.' Lady Macbeth and Hermione followed. On 26 Jan. 1848 she appeared at the Olympic in ' Lady Macbeth,' and on 16 Feb. as Juliana in the ' Honeymoon.' At the invitation of Pritchard she went on the York circuit, playing many Shakespearean parts. On 27 Sept. 1848, after the retirement of Mrs. Warner, Miss Glyn appeared at Sadler's Wells as Volumnia in ' Coriolanus.' At this house she remained until 1851, ob- taining practice and winning recognition in characters such as Cleopatra and the Duchess of Malfi, and playing the heroines of some new dramas, among which may be counted Garcia in the ' Noble Error' by F. G. Tomlins. In 1851 she undertook a country tour, and in September gave the first of her Shake- searean readings. On 26 Dec. 1851, as Bianca in 'Fazio,' she made her first ap- pearance at Drury Lane. This was followed, 16 Jan. 1852, by Julia in the ' Hunchback.' At the St. James's Theatre, 2 Oct. 1854, she was the original Miss Stewart in the ' King's Rival ' of Tom Taylor and Charles Reade. After performing at the Standard she reap- peared in 1859 at Sadler's Wells, and in May 1867 played Cleopatra at the Princess's. From this time her appearances on the stage were infrequent, and her time was principally occupied with theatrical tuition and with Shakespearean readings or 'recitals.' In 1870 she gave ' recitals ' with much success in Boston, U.S.A., and in 1878 and 1879 de- livered at Steinway Hall and the St. James's Hall a series of readings from Shakespeare, which elicited very favourable crit icism. Dur- ing her later years her earnings diminished. She died, after long suffering from cancer, on 18 May 1889, at her residence, 13 Mount Street, Grosvenor Square. A subscription for her benefit was opened just before her death. Miss Glyn married in Edinburgh, according to Scottish law, in December 1853, Eneas Sweetland Dallas [q. v.J On 12 July 1855 the pair were again married at St. George's, Hanover Square. They were divorced on Mrs. Dallas's petition, 10 May 1874. Mrs. Dallas was buried 22 May 1889 at Kensal Green Cemetery. She had a fine figure, in the end a little inclined to portli- ness. Her complexion was dark, her features were strong and expressive, and her voice was powerful and well modulated. Short of inspiration, she had most gifts of the tra- gedian of the Kemble school, of which she was one of the very latest adherents. Her ges- tures were large, and she had the power in a reading of marking the different characters. Her success was most distinct in characters in which her commanding figure was of ad- vantage. A vein of comedy which in her early life she exhibited was less evident in later years. In character she was generous, good-hearted, frank, and impetuous. Self- confidence and a tendency to be exacting were professional rather than individual de- fects. [Phelps and Eobertson's Life of Phelps ; Stir- ling's Old Drury Lane ; Tallis's Dramatic Mag. ; Pascoe'sDramaticList, 1879; Athenaeum, various years; St. James's Gazette, 20 May 1889; Era, 25 May 1889; private knowledge and informa- tion.] J. K. GLYN, SIR RICHARD CARR (1755- 1838), lord mayor of London, eldest son, by his second marriage, of Sir Richard Glyn, bart., lord mayor in 1759, was born 2 Feb. 1755. His mother was Elizabeth, daughter and co- heiress of Robert Carr, brother of Sir Robert Carr, bart., of Etall in Northumberland. He and his brother Thomas were educated at Westminster School. On the death of his father in 1773, Glyn succeeded him as part- ner in the banking firm of Hallifax, Mills, Glyn, & Mitton, of 18 Birchin Lane, and afterwards of Lombard Street, a firm which has the reputation of having a larger business than any other private banking house in the city of London (F. G. HILTON PRICE, Hand- book of London Bankers, 1876, pp. 55-6). Glyn was elected alderman of Bishopsgate ward in September 1790, and on Midsummer day in the same year sheriff of London and Middlesex. He was knighted at St. James's 24 Nov. following. At the general election of 1796 he was returned to parliament for the borough of St. Ives, Cornwall, for which he sat until the dissolution in 1802. In politics he was a firm supporter of Pitt's administra- tion. He served the office of lord mayor in 1798-9, and in 1798 was elected president of Bridewell and Bethlehem hospitals. His por- trait in full length by Hoppner is preserved in the hall of Bridewell. He was created a baronet by patent dated 22 Nov. 1800. On the death of Alderman Sir William Curtis in 1829 he removed to the ward of Bridge Without, and became the father of the corpora- tion, but resigned his gown in 1835. He died at his house in Arlington Street on 27 April Glyn Glyn 1838. Glyn married, 2 July 1 785, Mary, only daughter of John Plumptre of Nottingham and of Fredville in Kent, by whom he had five sons and a daughter. His wife died in 1832. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his eldest son, Sir Richard Plumptre Glyn. His fourth son, George Carr (1797-1873), was created Baron Wolverton 14 Dec. 1869. [Gent. Mag. 1838, pt. ii. pp. 211-12; City Biography, 1800, pp. 47-8 ; London and Middle- sex Archaeological Soc. Trans, ii. 73; Foster's Baronetage. Particulars concerning his sons will be found in Joseph Welch's Alumni Westmonast. 1852, pp. 467-8, 484.] C. W-H. GLYN, WILLIAM (1504P-1558), bishop of Bangor, was born about 1504 in Hen- eglwys parish in Anglesey. Foxe, however, says that he was forty-one years old in 1551 (Acts and Monuments, vi. 242, ed. Townsend). His father's name is said to have been John Glyn, rector of Heneglwys, while that of his mother was Joan, daughter of Maredudd ab Gwilym. The church's rule of celibacy was but little regarded among the Welsh parochial clergy. He had several brothers, one of whom, Dr. Jeffry Glyn, was a distinguished advocate at Doctors' Commons, and founded the Friars' School, Bangor ( WILLIS, Survey of Hangar, p. 47). Another brother, John Glyn, was dean of Bangor between 1508 and 1534, and on his death in the latter year made William his executor and heir. Glyn was educated at Queens' College, Cambridge. He became a fellow of his col- lege in 1530, junior bursar in 1533, senior bursar in 1534, and dean in 1540. He pro- ceeded B.A. in 1527, M.A. in 1530, B.D. in 1538, and D.D. in 1544. In 1544 he vacated his fellowship and became Lady Margaret's professor of theology, ' being,' as Sir John Wynne says, ' a great scholar and a great hebrician,' though Hebrew was ' rare at that time.' He was one of the original fellows of Trinity College, named in the charter of foundation (19 Dec. 1546), and he became the first vice-master of the new college. He was opposed to the protestant innovations of Edward VI's reign, and being inhibited from lecturing resigned his professorship in June 1549. He was oneof thedisputantswho main- tained the doctrinesof transubstantiation and the eucharistic sacrifice before the royal com- missioners for the visitation of Cambridge in the June of that year. The voluminous argu- ments at the three disputations are all given by Foxe (Acts and Monuments, vi. 306 sq., 319 sq., 332 sq., ed. Townsend). Glyn's institution on 7 March 1550 to the rectory of St. Martin's, Ludgate, on the pre- sentation of Bishop Thirlby, whose chaplain he became in 1551, and his appointment to his father's living of Heneglwys on 13 Feb. 1552 (WILLIS, Bangor, p. 104), show that he must have conformed to the new services. After Mary's accession, however, in December 1553, he was made president of Queens', his old college, where the spirit of Erasmus was more powerful than anywhere at Cambridge, except St. John's (MULLINGER, ii. 45). In April 1554 he was one of the six delegates sent to Oxford to dispute with Cranmer, Latimer, and Ridley. He arrived at Oxford on 13 April and lodged at the Cross Inn (FoxE, vi. 439). He was now incorporated D.D. of Oxford. In 1554 Glyn became vice- chancellor of Cambridge, but before the end of the year he was called away by state busi- ness and was succeeded by Cuthbert Scott, the master of Christ's College. In 1555 he was sent with Thirlby and others on a mission to Rome, to obtain a confirmation of Pole's acts as legate. He arrived there on 24 May, and returned to London on 24 Aug. (MACHYN, Diary, p. 93, Camel. Soc.) He was already destined for the bishopric of Bangor, the conge d'elire for his election being issued as early as 4 March 1555 (Fadera, xv. 415). His election duly followed, but his final appoint- ment was due to papal provision (ib. xv. 426 ; BRADY, Episcopal Succession, i. 83). He was consecrated on 8 Sept. 1555 at London House by Bonner (STTJBBS, Reg. Sacrum Anglicanum, p. 81 ; MACHYN, Diary, says at St. Paul's, p. 94). He assisted at the consecration of Pole. He held several diocesan synods, which he compelled his clergy to attend, as a means of enforcing his doctrines upon them. He deprived the married clergy of their livings. He only resigned his headship of Queens' Col- lege, Cambridge, in the latter part of 1557. Glyn died on 21 May 1558, and was buried in his cathedral on the north side of the choir, where a brass plate commemorates his powers of preaching, and his great knowledge of his own, the Welsh tongue. Sir John Wynne describes him as ' a good and religious man after the manner of that time ' ( Gwydir Family, p. 94). ' He was,' says Fuller, ' an excellent scholar, and none of the papists pressed their arguments with more strength and less passion. Though constant to his own he was not cruel to opposite judgments, as appeareth by there being no persecution in his diocese ' ( Worthies of England, ii. 571, ed. Nichols). It is said that the house of Treveiler, which belonged to his ancestors, remained in his family till 1775 (ib. note). He must be distinguished from his senior contemporary, Dr. William Glyn, archdeacon of Anglesey, who belonged to a different family. Glynn i; [Sir John Wynne's Hist, of the Gwydir Family, ' «d. 1878, p. 94 ; Wood's Athenae Oxon. ii. 765, ! ed. Bliss ; Le Neve's Fasti Ecclesise Anglicanae, i. j 104, iii. 604, 654, 685 ; Eymer's Fcedera, xv. 415, 426 ; Machyn's Diary, pp. 93-4 (Camd. Soc.); Baker's Hist, of St. John's Coll., Cambridge (Mayor), i. 126 ; Mullinger's Hist, of the Univ. ofCambridge, 1535-1625,pp. 45,84, 114; Willis's Survey of Bangor, pp. 30, 47, 104-5; Wood's Athenae Oxon. ii. 764-6, ed. Bliss ; Williams's Diet, of Eminent Welshmen, p. 173 ; Foxe's Acts and Monuments, vol. vi. ed. Townsend. Most of j the facts of his life are collected in Cooper's Athenae Cantabr. i. 175 ; the Eev. W. G. Searle gives a full account of his life and an exhaustive account of his acts as president of Queens' in his Hist, of Queens' Coll. Cambridge, pt. i. pp. 245- 263, in Nos. ix. and x. of the publications of the Cambridge Antiquarian Soc.] T. F. T. GLYNN, JOHN (1722-1779), politician and lawyer, second son of William Glynu of Glynn in Cardinham, Cornwall, who mar- ried Rose, daughter of John Prideaux of Prideaux Place, Padstow, was baptised at Cardinham on 3 Aug. 1722. He matricu- j lated at Exeter College, Oxford, on 17 May i 1738, but did not proceed to a degree. He j was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1748. His elder brother died in June j 1744, leaving an only son of wreak intellect, against whom his uncle took out a commis- sion in lunacy, and was appointed receiver of the family estates. The youth's mother was so much incensed that she left all her own property to distant connections. The lunatic died in December 1762, whereupon Glynn came into the possession of his nephew's property. On 24 Jan. 1763 he was created a serjeant-at-law, but, through his ardent opinions in opposition to the court, he was never promoted to the rank of king's ser- jeant. In 1764 he was appointed recorder of Exeter. His powers of pleading and his knowledge of legal practice cannot be ques- tioned. Nicholls records that when he first attended Westminster Hall as a law student Glynn stood first for legal knowledge, and, according to Serjeant Hill, knew ' a great deal more ' than Dunning, though Dunning's ' knowledge was invariably accurate. His posi- tion at the bar and his liberal opinions entitled 'Glynn to take the lead in the cases connected with Wilkes. They were in close consultation throughout the summer of 1763, and Glynn's arguments in his friend's legal action increased ' a very great stock of reputation.' He acted for Wilkes in his application for a writ of habeas corpus in May 1763 ; in the action against Dunk, lord Halifax [q. v.] ; and in the trial which took place in 1764 on there- publication of the 'North Briton' in volumes. He was the advocate of John Almon in 1765 ; Glynn he pleaded in the king's bench against the outlawry of Wilkes in 1768 ; and he was counsel for Alderman Townsend in his action in June 1772 against the collector of land tax, which the alderman had refused to pay, urging the nullity of parliament through the irregularity of the Middlesex election. In many smaller actions of the same nature Glynn often rendered gratuitous assistance. He also enjoyed a large share of general busi- ness. His advocacy secured the acquittal of Miss Butterfield, accused of poisoning William Scawen. On a by-vacancy in the representation of Middlesex in 1768 he was named by Wilkes, at the request of the ma- jority of its freeholders, as the candidate in the 'Wilkes and liberty' interest; Home Tooke was active in raising subscriptions to defray the election expenses. The ministerial candidate was Sir William Beauchamp Proc- tor, who had been ousted from the repre- sentation by Wilkes in March 1768. On the first day of polling (8 Dec.) ' a desperate set of armed ruffians with " Liberty " and ' ' Proctor " in their hats ' stormed the polling-booth at Brentford, when one man was killed. This affair created intense indignation, and was the subject of numerous popular engravings. After six days' polling Glynn won by 1,542 votes to 1 ,278. Boundless rejoicings followed, the ribbons supplied for his 'favours' cost- ing over 400/. When 1,565 freeholders of Middlesex addressed George III against the illegal act of the majority in the House of Commons, Glynn presented their petition, and in three cartoons at least he is repre- sented on his knees presenting their address to the monarch (24 May 1769). At the dis- solution in 1774 he was re-elected without opposition,when Governor Hutchinson enters a note in his diary (i. 267) : 'A vast train of carriages and horses attend Wilkes to Brent- ford, where Glynn and he are elected for Middlesex without opposition. In the even- ing were illuminations in many parts of Lon- don and Westminster.' In the winter of 1770 Glynn, ' tutored by Shelburne, who in his turn had been inspired by Chatham,' moved for a committee to inquire into the administration of justice in cases relating to the press, and to settle the power of juries, and, in conjunction with Dunning and Wed- derburne, argued the question ' with much dignity and great abilities.' About the same time he was associated with Fox, Sir William Meredith, and others, in a committee on the modification of the criminal laws. They de- liberated for two years, and on their report a bill was introduced for the repeal of eight or ten statutes, but it was thrown out in the lords. He was one of the leading members Glynn Glynn of the Society of the Bill of Eights, which at the end of 1770 addressed a letter to the American colonies almost inciting them to rebellion, and there was some talk in April ! 1771 among the wilder courtiers of com- mitting Glynn and Lee ' for pleading before Lord Justice de Grey against the privileges of the house.' His speeches in parliament have been warmly praised for their candour and elevated tone, and Horace Walpole as- serts that he ' was applauded by both sides . . . and defended himself with a modesty that conciliated much favour.' On 27 Sept. > 1770, after the recorder, Eyre, had refused to attend the lord mayor in presenting the j city remonstrance to the king, it was re- | solved, at a meeting in the Guildhall, by 106 I votes to 58, that Glynn should in all their legal affairs be ' advised with, retained, and • employed.' In 1772 Eyre was raised to the ! bench as a baron of the exchequer, and on 17 Nov., when every alderman was present, ' Glynn was elected recorder in his place, the votes being Glynn, 13 ; Bearcroft, a king's counsel, and afterwards chief justice of Ches- ter, 12 : and Hyde, the senior city counsel, 1 ; and on 24 Nov. he was sworn in. The salary of the post was at the same time raised from 600/. to 1,000/. per annum. Chatham was j delighted, and calls Glynn ' a most ingenious, solid, pleasing man, and the spirit of the con- stitution itself.' He suffered greatly from gout, and had to be carried into the house in April 1769 to vote against the motion for seating Luttrell for Middlesex. In 1778 a deputy was allowed on account of his illness to act for him as recorder. On 16 Sept. 1779 he died, and was buried at Cardinham on 23 Sept. He married, on 21 July 1763, Su- sanna Margaret, third daughter of Sir John Oglander of Nunwell in the Isle of Wight ; she was born 1 Sept. 1744, and died at Catherine Place, Bath, 20 May 1816. They had issue three sons and one daughter. Glynn's character was beyond suspicion, and his abilities and his political sincerity were unquestioned. It was of him that Wilkes remarked to George III, ' Sir, he was a Wilkite, which I never was.' The por- traits of these two politicians with Home Tooke were painted and engraved by Richard Houston, and published by Sayer on 6 Feb. 1769. A print of Glynn alone is prefixed to vol. iv. of the ' North Briton,' 1772. Several letters and papers relating to him are noticed in the 'Bibliotheca Cornubiensis,' vol. iii. He edited in 1775-6 eight numbers of ' The Whole Proceedings on the King's Commis- sion of the Peace for the City of London.' [Cavendish's Debates, vols. i. and ii. : Horace Walpole's George III, vols. iii. and iv. ; Walpole's Last Journals (1771-83). i. 117-18, 124-6, 189, 197, 301 ; Chatham Corresp. iii. 474-5, 481-3, iv. 35, 48, 144, 234; Trevelyan's Fox, pp. 185, 188, 212, 277, 335-6; Twiss's Eldon, ii. 356; Grenville Papers, ii. 61-5, 71-3, 430, ii . 46-8, iv. 2, 291 ; Almon's Biog. Aneed. i. 236-8, 244 ; Nicholls's Recollections (1822), i. 342; Oldfield's Parl. Hist. iv. 176-9 ; Grego's Parl. Elections, 178, &c. ; Noorthouck's London, pp. 448-509; Merivale's Sir P. Francis, i. 87-9 ; satirical prints at Brit.Mus. iv. 465-77, 528-30, 640-1 ; Srephens's Home Tooke, i. 102-14, 182-5, ii. 279-80; J. Chaloner Smith's Portraits, ii. 661-2 ; Hansard, xxxix.781 (1819); Gent. Mag. 1772 p. 540, 1779 p. 471; Woolrych's Serjeants, ii. 572-604; Maclean's Trigg Minor, ii. 61-2, 70; Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Corrnib.] W. P. C. GLYNN, ROBERT, afterwards CLOBERY (1719-1800), physician, eldest and only sur- viving son of Robert Glynn of Erodes in Helland parish, near Bodmin, Cornwall, who married Lucy, daughter of John Clobery of Bradstone, Devonshire, was born at Erodes on 5 Aug. and baptised at Helland Church on 16 Sept. 1719. After some teaching from a curate named Whiston, he was placed on the foundation at Eton. In 1737 he was elected scholar of King's College, Cambridge, where he took the degrees of B.A. 1741; M.A. 1745, and M.D. 1752, and became a fellow. His medical tutor at Cambridge was the elder William Heberden of St. John's College. Glynn himself announced in March 1751 a course of lectures at King's College on the medical institutes, and next year gave a second course on anatomy. For a short time he practised at Richmond, Surrey, but soon returned to Cambridge, and never again left the university. In 1757 he competed success- fully for the Seatonian prize out of dislike for one Bally, who gained the same prize in 1756 and 1758. He did not attempt poetry again, and it was unfairly insinuated that he was not the author of his own poem. On 5 April 1762 he was admitted a candidate, and on 28 March 1763 became a fellow, of the Col- lege of Physicians at London. He accepted no further distinctions, though the second William Pitt (whom he had attended in the autumn of 1773, when Lord Chatham wrote a letter of congratulation on the patient's re- covery from sickness, with the hope that he was ' enjoying the happy advantage of Dr. Glynn's acquaintance, as one of the cheerful and witty sons of Apollo, in his poetic not his medical attributes ') offered him in 1793 the professorial chair of medicine at Cambridge. He was at the close of his life the acknow- ledged head of his profession in that town, and his medical services were in great repute at Ely, where he regularly attended every Glynn week. Late in life Glynn inherited a con- siderable property from a maternal uncle, and with it took the name of Clobery, though still called Glynn by others. He died at his rooms in King s College, Cambridge, on 6 Feb. 1800, and, according to his own direction, was buried in the vault of the college chapel by torchlight, between the hours of ten and eleven at night on 13 Feb., in the presence of members of the college only. A tablet to his memory was placed in the chapel, in a little oratory on the right hand after entering its south door. Though he was in good practice and lived economically as a fellow, he was too generous to be rich. He left his lands in Helland to the Rev. John Henry Jacob, some- time a fellow of King's College, and son of John Jacob of Salisbury, M.D., a particular friend. The college received a legacy of 5,883/. 6s. 8d. stock. It was chiefly ex- pended on some buildings erected under super- intendence of Wilkins the architect about the years 1825-30; but a prize of '201. a year, annually divided between two scholars ' for learning and regularity 0f conduct,' was also provided. To the Rev. Thomas Kerrich of Magdalene College, Cambridge, his friend and executor, he bequeathed the sum of 5,000/. His portrait, an extremely good likeness, was drawn by Kerrich. An en- graving, now scarce, was executed by J. G. and G. S. Facius in 1783. Glynn was eccen- tric in manner and dress. Professor Pryme de- scribes him as usually wearing ' a scarlet cloak and three-cornered hat ; he carried a gold- headed cane. He also used pattens in rainy weather.' Another contemporary, Sir Egerton Brydges, records the doctor's pride ' on saying whatever came uppermost into his mind.' His tea parties were famous, and frequented by many undergraduates. As a physician he showed judgment and attention, but with characteristic eccentricity he almost invari- ably ordered a blister, ' emplasma vesicatorium ! amplum et acre.' He resolutely refrained from prescribing opium, cathartics, or bleed- ! ing. He recommended and practised an open- j air life. He was very friendly with Mason and attended Gray in his last illness. Bishop Watson was one of his patients in 1781, when • he unfortunately gave his opinion that re- covery was hopeless. He gave advice gratis to patients from the Fens, and would take ' no fee from a Cornishman or an Etonian. His kindness to one of his poor patients was j celebrated by a younger son of Dr. Plumptre, president of Queens' College, in verses called ' Benevolus and the Magpie.' An anecdote imputing inhumanity to him in Parr's ' Works,' i. 41, doubtless arises from a mis- j apprehension. His poem of ' The Day of Judg- Glynn ment' was printed at Cambridge in 1757, 2nd edit. 1757,3rd edit. 1758, and again in 1800. It was included in the various impressions of the ' Musae Seatonianae,' Davenport's ' Poets,' vol. | Iviii., Park's ' Poets,' vol. xxxiii., and in many similar publications. Some stanzas by him beginning ' Tease me no more ' appeared in the ' General Evening Post,' 23 April 1789, and have been reprinted in the ' Poetical Register' for 1802, p. 233, and H. J. Wale's ' My Grandfather's Pocket-Book,' pp.299-300. He believed in the authenticity of the Rowley poems, and his faith was confirmed by a visit to Bristol in 1778. The Latin letter intro- duced by William Barrett [q. v.] into his history of Bristol (preface p. v) is said to have been written by him, and on Barrett's death the original forgeries by Chatterton were presented to Glynn, who bequeathed them to the British Museum, where they are now known as Addit. MSS. 5766, A, B, and C. He had a bitter quarrel with George Steevens over these manuscripts; the particu- lars of an interview which took place between them at Cambridge in 1785 are given in a letter from Mansel to Mat-bias, printed in ' Notes and Queries,' 2nd ser. x. 283-4. The essay of Mathias in the Chatterton contro- versy is said to have been augmented by the learning of Glynn, who is referred to more than once with profound respect in the ' Pursuits of Literature,' particularly in dia- logue iv. 599-600. Gilbert Wakefield used to say (according to Samuel Rogers) that ' Rennell and Glynn assisted Mathias ' in this satire, and Rogers was accustomed to add that ' Wakefield was well acquainted with all three' (Table Talk of Rogers, p. 135). Three letters from Glynn to Hardinge are in Nichols's ' Illustrations of Literature,' iii. 221-3. WTadd in his 'Nugse Chirurgicae' quotes a poetical jeu d'esprit on Glynn as a physician. Horace Walpole called him in 1792 ' an old doting physician and Chatter- tonian at Cambridge,' and professed to believe that some falsehoods current about himself had been invented or disseminated by Glynn (Letters, ix. 380-3). His library was sold in 1800, and many of the books were said to abound ' with MS. notes by the late learned possessor.' [Nichols's Lit, Anecd.viii. 211-15, 520, 632, ix. 687-8 ; Nichols's Illustr. of Lit. viii. 555 ; Munk's Coll. of Phys. (1878), ii. 247-50; Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub. vols. i. and iii. ; Gray's Works, ed. Gosse, iii. 296 ; Gosse's Gray, p. 205 ; Bishop Watson's A utobiog. i. 142 ; Pryme's Autobiog. p. 46; Gent. Mag. 1800 pp. 276-8, 1814 pt. ii. 323; Jesse's Etonians, ii. 86-8; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. xii. 221, 5th ser. ix. 321-2; Gunning's Reminiscences, ii. 96-103 ; Glynne i •Carlyon's Early Years, ii. 1-49; Jeaffreson's Doctors, i. 197, ii. 179; Maclean's Trigg Minor, ii. 32, 66-7, 74; Wordsworth's ScholaeAcad. pp.1 73-7; Autobiog. of Sir E. Brydges, i. 64 ; Chatham Corresp. iv. 309 ; Harwood's Alumni Eton. p. 326 ; European Mag. 1800, pp. 355-7.] W. P. C. GLYNNE, SIR JOHN (1603-1 666),judge, eldest son of Sir William Glynne, by Jane, daughter of John Griffith of Carnarvon, was born in 1603 at Glynllifon, Carnarvonshire, where his ancestors had been settled from very ancient times, and was educated at West- minster School and Hart Hall, Oxford, since merged in New College, which he entered at Michaelmas 1621, and where he resided three years. He seems to have been early designed for the legal profession, if, as is most proba- ble, he is to be identified with the John Glynne for whom Sir Julius Caesar solicited from the Lord Mayor the reversion of an attorney or clerk sitter's place in the sheriff's court in 1615 (Remembrancia, 302). He was admitted a member of Lincoln's Inn as «arly as 27 Jan. 1620, but he was not called to the bar until 24 June 1628. He argued his first reported case in Hilary term 1633 (CROKE, Sep. Car. I, p. 297). It was proba- bly soon after this, certainly before 1639, that he was appointed steward of Westminster {Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1638-9, p. 351). On 7 Aug. 1638 he obtained the reversion of the office of keeper of the writs and rolls in the common pleas (RYMER, Fcedera, Sanderson, xx. 305). He was returned to parliament both for Westminster and for the borough of Carnarvon in March 1639-40, and it is not clear for which constituency he sat. He was re-elected for Westminster in Oct. 1640. Glynne's abilities were early recognised by the presbyterian party, with which he uniformly acted during the Long parliament. In November 1640 he was placed on a com- mittee of inquiry into the conduct of Sir Henry Spiller, a justice of the peace, suspected of showing undue leniency towards popish priests, and from that date forward he is frequently mentioned in Nalson and Rush- worth as sitting on, or reading reports from, committees charged with business of more or less importance, such as ship money ; the course of procedure in the exchequer ; the administration of the laws against recu- sants ; misdemeanors of lieutenants, deputy- lieutenants, and other county officials ; the practice of issuing and executing warrants of commitment signed only by officers of state ; the ' new canons ' recently framed by convocation, and which the commons had voted to be contrary to the fundamental laws of the realm, and the part played by Archbishop Laud in connection with them ; Glynne the proceedings taken against Sir John Eliot and other members who had been subjected to fine and imprisonment for resisting the adjournment of the house by the speaker on 25 Feb. 1628-9. On 23 Jan. 1640-1 he was appointed to manage a conference with the lords on the case of Thomas Goodman, a Jesuit, who had been found guilty of high treason, but had been reprieved by the king. He was also one of the managers of the im- peachment of Strafford, but took little part in the proceedings until the third article was concluded. He then had the conduct of the case as far as the ninth article, and also spoke on most of the subsequent articles. On 13 April he replied to Strafford's defence in a long and closely reasoned speech, the gist of which was that, though none of the acts alleged might amount to treason per se, yet taken together they were evidence of a treasonable intent, and that the essence of treason was intention not perpetration. He signed the protestation of 3 May in defence of the protestant religion, the power and privileges of parliament, and the rights and liberties of the subject. On 22 July he was added to the committee which was investi- gating the conspiracy commonly known as ' the army plot,' and he was one of a com- mittee appointed in September to act during the recess with large executive powers. He took part in the debate on the remonstrance (22 Nov.), was a member of the committee on Irish affairs (29 Dec.), and on the com- mons resolving to impeach the bishops he was chosen to denounce their lordships at the bar of the House of Lords (30 Dec.) He was also one of the committee which sat at Guildhall and Grocers' Hall in January 1641-2 to consider the attempt to arrest the five members, and spoke at length and with much energy in vindication of the privileges of the house. On the 29th he opened the case against the Duke of Rich- mond in a conference with the House of Lords (NALSON, Impartial Collection, i. 330, 569, 571 ; RUSIIWORTH, Hist. Coll. iv. 54, 63, 68, 98, 142, 153, 229, 244, 387, 466-7,viii. 10, 21, 40, 45, 47, 76,706-33 ; Comm. Journ. 11. 41, 52, iv. 497; VERNEY, Notes of Long Parliament, Camd. Soc. 60, 84, 110, 125; COBBETT, State Trials, iii. 1421, 1428, 1431, 1468, iv. 112; Parl. Hist. ii. 1023, 1062). After the militia ordinance in May 1642, he accepted the office of deputy-lieutenant of one of the counties, probably Carnarvonshire, and in the following June he engaged to con- tribute 100/. and maintain a horse for the defence of the parliament (Notes and Queries, 1st ser. xii. 358). In May 1643 he was ap- pointed recorder of the city of London, and Glynne 16 Glynne in that capacity was busily occupied for some weeks in unravelling a plot to deliver the city into the hands of the king which had recently come to the knowledge of parlia- ment, and the principal agents in which, Tompkins and Chaloner [q. v.], were executed on 5 July (RusHWORTH, Hist. Coll. v. 322- 326). He subscribed the solemn league and covenant on 22 Sept. (ib. p. 480). In the following November he did good service by a speech deprecating the consideration of the question whether presbyterianism was jure divino, which had been forced on the con- sideration of the House of Commons by the assembly of divines. Glynne spoke for an hour, ' during which,' says Whitelocke, who followed him, ' the house filled apace.' In the end the question was shelved (WHITE- LOCKE, Mem. pp. 110-11). Clarendon (Re- bellion, v. 89) says that he was opposed to the self-denying ordinance, but it does not appear that he spoke on the question. On 14 March 1645 he was appointed protho- notary and clerk of the crown for the counties of Flint, Denbigh, and Montgomery (Comm. Journ. iv. 474). He became in 1647 very suspicious of the army, and was one of a junto of eleven members who were most active in attempting to disband it. In order to destroy their influence, Fairfax, on 15 June, presented to the House of Commons a ' re- monstrance,' praying that the house might be speedily purged of delinquents, which he followed up on the 24th by charging the eleven with designing * the abuse and dis- honour of the parliament, the insufferable injury of the army,' and so forth. Much de- bate followed, but the house on 12 July passed a resolution which excluded the eleven members. Soon afterwards much offence was occasioned in the city of London by an ordinance vesting the command of the city militia in a new committee, and on 26 July a rabble of apprentices and ' rude boys ' entered the house and compelled the rescission of the ordinance. The house ad- journed in confusion till the 30th, and on its reassembling the speaker did not attend. Pelham of Lincoln's Inn was chosen speaker for the occasion, the eleven were readmitted, and a committee of safety was appointed, of which Glynne and others of the eleven were members. This gave rise to a suspicion that the tumult of the 20th was the work of the eleven, and on 4 Sept. Glynne was charged with having been accessory to it, and ordered to attend at the bar of the house. He at- tended the next day, and made ' a large defence in a very well composed and devised speech,' which occasioned a prolonged de- bate. On the 7th, however, the house voted his expulsion, and committed him to the Tower. A resolution to impeach him of high crimes and misdemeanors was passed on the 16th. No active steps, however, were taken t to carry this into effect. On 29 Jan. the house requested the Earl of Pembroke to deprive him of his office of steward of Westminster ; but it is not clear whether this was actually ; done. On 23 May 1648 he was released, and j all proceedings in the impeachment were stayed. On 7 June he was readmitted on j the petition of the electors of Westminster to the House of Commons ; in September he was nominated one of the commissioners to treat with the king in the Isle of Wight ; on 12 Oct. he was created serjeant-at-law. When, however, the independent party re- gained its ascendency, the order readmitting- him to the house was rescinded (12 Dec.) (Comm. Journ. v. 305, 570, 588; WHITE- LOCKE, Mem. 248, 253, 258, 334; RTJSH- AVORTH, Hist. Coll. vi. 634, 640, 646, 652, viii. 800 ; Parl. Hist. iii. 1247 ; Comm. Journ. v. 294, 450; Hist, MSS. Comm. 7th Rep. App. 6 a, 6b, lob, 224). This was imme- diately before Colonel Pride applied his purge, and accounts for the fact that Glynne's name is not to be found in the lists of the secluded and imprisoned members. An attempt was made in January 1647-8 to compel or induce him to resign his recorder- ship (Comm. Journ. v. 450) in favour of the independent William Steele [q. v.] Glynne, however, stuck tenaciously to his place until July 1649, when he retired, receiving 300/. from the corporation as a small douceur (WHITELOCKE, Mem. p. 412). In the parlia- ment of 1654 he sat for Carnarvonshire. In June of this year he was engaged as counsel for the Commonwealth in the prosecution of the conspirators against the life of the pro- tector, John Gerard [q. v.], Vowell, and Somerset Fox. About the same time he was appointed serjeant to the Protector, and com- missioned as justice of assize for the Oxford circuit. He sat at Exeter in April 1655 with Recorder Steele to try Colonel Penruddock for his part in the late rebellion, and passed sentence upon him as for treason. He was rewarded on 15 June by the place of chief justice of the upper bench, vacant by the re- tirement of Rolle (THURLOE, State Papers, iii. 332, iv. 171 ; COBBETT, State Trials, v. 767; STYLE, .Re;). 450; Hut. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. App. 173). In November he was placed on the committee of trade, and also added to that appointed to consider the pro- posals of Manasseh ben Israel concerning the Jews. He was also a member of the com- mittee for collecting funds for the relief of the persecuted protestants of Piedmont in Glynne January 1655-6 (C'al. State Papers, Dom. 1655, p. 90, 1655-6, pp. 1, 23, 100). At the general election in October he was returned to parliament for both Flint and Carnar- vonshire, electing to sit for Flint. In February 1655-6 he tried Miles ^£jnder- combe, a plotter against the life of tKe Pro- tector, who was found guilty and sentenced to a traitor's death, but anticipated justice by poisoning himself in the Tower (CoBBETT, State Trials, v. 842). Glynne appears to have shared Hobbes's belief in the necessity of monarchy, while caring little for the hereditary principle. He accordingly sup- ported Alderman Packe's ' petition and ad- vice ' that Cromwell should assume the title of king, and was one of the committee ap- pointed on 9 April to receive his ' doubts and scruples ' in regard to that matter and en- deavour to remove them, to which end, on 21 April, he made a long address to the Pro- tector, which he printed on the Restoration as evidence that he had always been at heart a monarchist. He was continued in office by Richard Cromwell, and presided in the upper bench until Trinity term 1659, when, in view of the approaching revolution, he re- signed. He sat for Carnarvonshire in the Convention parliament which met on 25 April 1660, was created serjeant-at-law on 1 June, and on 8 Nov. king's Serjeant, in which cha- racter he acted for the crown in the prosecu- tion of Sir Henry Vane for high treason in June 1662 (Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. App. 63, 153, 154, 168, 196; WYNNE, Miscellany, p. 295; SIDERFIN, Rep.-pt.ii. 161-2; BURTON, Diary, \\i. 175, 182). On 16 Nov. 1660 he was knighted by the title of Sir John Glynne of Henley Park, in Surrey, of which manor he was lord. He rode in the coronation procession of 23 April 1661, and was thrown from his horse and all but killed by the animal falling upon him. Pepys, regarding him as a rogue and a turncoat, saw the hand of God in this event. Of Glynne's immense ability as an advocate there has never been any question, nor could have been after Ms speech on the impeachment of Strafford. He was equally distinguished as a judge, his judgments being much admired for their lucidity and method, which, says Siderfin (J2ep.pt. ii. 189) brought an intricate case down to the apprehension of every stu- dent. His reputation for political honesty suffered severely at the hands of Anthony a Wood, who bore him a special grudge for his part in the suppression of Penruddock's rising. His accuracy, however, may be gauged by the fact that, quoting, as from the 1074 edition of ' Hudibras,' the following couplet : VOL. XXII. Glynne Did not the learned Glynne and Maynard To make good subjects traitors strain hard ? he says that it was written by Butler on the occasion of Penruddock's trial, but not al- lowed to stand in the 1663 edition, because Glynne and Maynard were then living. In fact, however, Maynard had nothing to do with Penruddock's trial, and was living in 1674. Moreover, the couplet is not to be found in the edition of 1674, or in any sub- sequent edition, or in the list of various read- ings appended to Gilfillan's edition. That it was not written by Wood is clear, for it plainly refers to the impeachment of Straf- ford, which Glynne and Maynard practically managed between them. That Glynne was not particularly scrupulous either as an advocate or as a politician is probable, but neither was he a mere time-server. Only prej udice would doubt his honesty so long as he acted with the presbyterian party. He appears to have been equally opposed to arbitrary govern- ment and to anarchy, and to have seen in the monarchical principle, duly limited, the only hope of reconciling stable and strong govern- ment with individual liberty. Thus he was equally consistent in urging the crown upon Cromwell and in taking office under Charles II. ' He and Maynard,' says Foss, l divided the shame of appearing against Sir Harry Vane, their old coadj utor and friend.' In fact, how- ever, Vane, as the head of the independent party, can hardly be described as a coadjutor of Glynne, though he may have been a per- sonal friend ; and, in any case, Glynne in ap- pearing on the prosecution was merely dis- charging his professional duty as king's ser- jeant, nor does he appear to have taken more than a formal part in the proceedings. Glynne died on 15 Nov. 1666 ( Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1666-7, p. 263). He married first, Frances, daughter of Arthur Squib (subsequently through Glynne's influence, Clarenceux he- rald and teller of the exchequer) ; secondly, Anne, daughter of John Manning of Cralle, Sussex, and relict of Sir Thomas Lawley, bart., by both of whom he had issue. His eldest son, William, was created a baronet in 1661. Besides the speeches delivered on the impeachment of Strafford, printed in Rush- worth's eighth volume, Glynne published : 1 . ' Speech on the presenting of the Sheriffs of London, in Oct. 1644.' 2. ' A Speech to the point of Jus Divinum and the Pres- byterian Governments.' 3. 'Monarchy as- serted to be the best, most ancient, and legal Form of Government, in a Conference at Whitehall with Oliver, Lord Protector, and a Committee of Parliament, in April, 1658, and made good by several arguments.' London, 1660, 8vo. Glynne 18 Goad [Lists of Members of Parliament (Official Re- turn of); Wotton's Baronetage, iii. pt. i. 290; Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 752; Foss's Lives of the Judges.] J. M. R. GLYNNE, SIR STEPHEN RICHARD (1807-1874), M.P. and antiquary, was eldest son of Sir Stephen Richard Glynne, eighth baronet, of Hawarden Castle, Flintshire, who was createdD.C.L. at Oxfordo July 1810,and died at Nice, 5 March 1815. His mother was Mary, daughter of Richard Neville, second Lord Braybrooke. The father was descended in direct line from the judge under the commonwealth, Sir John Glynne [q. v.], whose son William (d. 1690) was created a baronet 20 May 1661. Sir Stephen, born in 1807, succeeded as ninth baronet in 1815, and was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford (B.A. 1828, M.A. 1831). From 1832 to 1837 he sat as a liberal in the House of Commons as M.P. for Flint Burghs, and from 1837 to 1847 as M.P. for Flintshire. He was for many years lord-lieutenant of the same county, where the family estates lay. He died suddenly in London, 17 June 1874. He was not married, and on his death the baronetcy became extinct. His elder sister, Catherine, was married (25 July 1839) to Mr. (afterwards the Right Hon.) W. E. Gladstone, and the Hawarden estate with the castle is now owned by their eldest son, Mr. W. H. Gladstone. Mr. W. E. Gladstone, Glynne's brother- in-law, describes him as ' a man of singular refinement and of remarkable modesty.' ' His memory,' Mr. Gladstone adds, ' was on the whole decidedly the most remarkable known to me of the generation and country.' He was a learned antiquary and interested him- self especially in the architectural history of churches, ' of which,' writes Mr. Glad- stone, ' his knowledge was such as to be probably without example for extent and accuracy.' In the course of his life he per- sonally surveyed and made notes on the archi- tectural details of 5,530 English churches. His manuscripts are still extant at Hawar- den Castle. His nephew and successor, Mr. ~W. H. Gladstone, published in 1877 his notes concerning Kent, which dealt with nearly three hundred churches. [Letter to the •writer from the Right Hon. W.E.Gladstone; Foster's Alumni Oxon.; Burke's Baronetage, 1874 ; Glynne's Churches of Kent, •with preface by Mr. W. H. Gladstone, 1877.] S. L. L. GOAD, GEORGE (d. 1671), master at Eton College, a native of Windsor, Berk- j shire, was younger brother of Thomas Goad (d. 1666) [q. v.j After passing through Eton he was admitted into King's College, Cam- bridge, in 1620, proceeded M.A. in 1627, and returned to his old school as a master. In 1637 he was chosen senior university proctor (LE NEVE, Fasti, ed. Hardy, iii. 623). His college presented him in 1646 to the rectories of Horstead and Coltishall, Norfolk. On 18 Oct. 1648 he was appointed fellow of Eton by the parliamentarians in the place of John Cleaver, who had been ejected. He died on 10 or 16 Oct. 1671. In his will, dated 20 Aug. 1669 (registered in P. C. C. 132, Duke), he mentions his property in Bray and Eton. He left three sons, George, Thomas, and Christopher, and a daughter, Jane. His wife, Jane, had died before him in 1657, at the age of thirty-four. Goad continued the catalogues of the members of the foundation of Eton College from those of Thomas Hatcher and John Scott to 1646, of which Fuller and Wood made considerable use, and which Cole transcribed (cf. Addit. MSS. 5814-17, 5955). He has Latin elegiacs ' in felicem Natalem illustrissimi Principis Ducis Eboracensis' at pp. 40-1 of ' Ducis Eboracensis Fasciae.' [Harwood's Alumni Eton. pp. 72, 73, 220 ; Smyth's Obituary (Camd. Soc.), p. 93.] G. G. GOAD, JOHN (1616-1689), head-master of Merchant Taylors' School, son of John Goad of Bishopsgate Street, London, was born in St. Helen's parish there on 15 Feb. 1615-16. After a preliminary training in Merchant Taylors' School he was admitted to St. John's College, Oxford, in 1632, of which he became a fellow (B.A. 1636, M.A. 1640, B.D. 1647). In 1643 he was presented by his college to the vicarage of St. Giles, Oxford, and during the siege performed divine service under fire of the parliamentary cannon ( WOOD, Athena Oxon., ed. Bliss, iv. 267). On 23 June 1646 he was presented by the university to the vicarage of Yarnton, Oxfordshire, which ' with much ado ' he contrived to retain until the Restoration. Wood's brother Christopher went daily to school to Goad while vicar of Yarnton in 1649, and Wood himself received instruction from him, and found him ' an ex- ceedingly loving and tender man ' (Autobio- graphy, ed. Bliss, pp. xvi, xvii). In 1660 he accepted the head-mastership of Tunbridge school, Kent, but was appointed head-master of Merchant Taylors' School on 12 July 1661. He was very successful in this position until the agitation at the time of the ' popish plot.' He was charged in March 1680-1 with certain passages that ' savoured strongly of popery ' in a ' Comment on the Church of England Catechism,' written for the use of his scholars. The grand jury of London presented a complaint to the Mer- Goad Goad chant Taylors' Company respecting the re- ligious doctrines taught in their school. His principal opponent was Dr. John Owen, who succeeded in obtaining Goad's place for his nephew, John Hartcliffe. After hearing Goad's defence the company decided on 13 April 1681 that he was ' popishly and er- roneously affected.' He was dismissed, but in recognition of his past services they voted him 4 701. as a gratuity, including the IQl. by him paid for taxes, trophies, and chimney money' ( WILSON, Hist, of Merchant Taylors' School, ii. 379-81). Goad's friends protested against his dismissal as the work of a factious party. Full particulars are given in the postscript to ' Contrivances of the Fanatical Conspira- tors in carrying on the Treasons under Um- brage of the Popish Plot laid open, with Depositions,' London, 1683, fol., written by William Smith, a schoolmaster of Islington, who describes Goad as a person of unequalled qualifications for the post. He now took a house in Piccadilly, and ; opened a private school, which was resorted to by many of the ' genteeler sort ' of his previous scholars. This school he continued until j shortly before his death. In the beginning of 1686 he openly declared himself a Roman ca- j tholic, in accordance with convictions formed j many years previously. Indeed Wood states j that he had been reconciled to the Roman ! communion as early as December 1660 in Somerset House by a priest in the household of Queen Henrietta Maria, then lately re- turned from France. Mr. Gillow argues that the sermons which he published after this ' date are inconsistent with this story {Diet, of English Catholics, ii. 501). Goad died on , 28 Oct. 1689, and was buried near the graves of his relations in the church of Great St. Helen's in Bishopsgate Street- Wood says he ' had much of primitive Christianity in him, and was endowed with most admirable morals.' His works are : 1. Several printed sermons, some of which were preached at St. Paul's. 2. ' A Treatise concerning Plagues, their Natures, Numbers, Kinds, &c.,' which was destroyed in the press during the great fire of London in 1666. 3. ' Genealogicon Latinum. A previous Method of Dictionary of all Latin Words . . . &c., for the use of the Neophyte in Merchant Taylors' School,' 2nd edition, Lon- don, 1676. 4. ' Comment on the Church of England Catechism.' 5. ' Declamation, whether Monarchy be the best form of Go- vernment.' Printed at the end of ' The Eng- lish Orator or Rhetorical Descants by way of Declamation,' by William Richards of Trinity College, Oxford ;London,1680,8vo. 6,'Astro- Meteorologia : or Aphorisms and Discourses of the Bodies Coelestial, their Natures and Influences, Discovered from the Variety of the Alterations of the Air, temperate or in- temperate, as to Heat or Cold, Frost, Snow, Hail, Fog, Rain, Wind, Storm, Lightnings, Thunder, Blasting, Hurricane, &c. Collected from the Observation . . . of thirty years,'Lon- don, 1686, fol. This work gained him great reputation. The subject of it is a kind of astrology, founded for the most part on sacred authority, reason, and experiment. 7. ' Diary of the Weather at London from July 1, 1677, to the last of October 1679,' Bodl. Libr. Ashmol. MS. 367. 8. ' Astro-Meteorologia sana; sive Principia Physico-Mathematica, quibus Mutationum Aeris, Morborum Epide- micorum, Cometarum, Terrse Motuum, alio- rumqueinsigniorum Naturae Effectuum Ratio reddi possit. Opus multorum annorum ex- perientia comprobatum,' London, 1690, 4to. Anonymously edited after Goad's death by Edward Waple, archdeacon of Taunton and vicar of St. Sepulchre's, London ; with por- trait of the author, engraved by R. White, prefixed. 8. ' Autodidactica : or a Practical Vocabulary, being the best and easiest Method yet extant for young Beginners to attain to the Knowledge of the Latin Tongue,' London, 1690, 8vo. [Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), iv. 711, Fasti ii. 362 ; Dodd's Church Hist. iii. 461 ; Robinson's Register of Merchant Taylors' School, i., hist, sketch p. xiv and p. 116; Kennett's Register, p. 837; Granger's Biog. Hist, of England, 1824, v. 53; Catholic Miscellany, v. 153.] T. C. GOAD, ROGER, D.D. (1538-1610), pro- vost of King's College, Cambridge, born at Horton, Buckinghamshire, in 1538, was edu- cated at Eton, and elected thence to King's College, Cambridge, of which he was admitted a scholar 1 Sept. 1555, and a fellow 2 Sept. 1558. He went out B.A. in 1559, and com- menced M.A. in 1563. On 19 Jan. 1565-6 he was enjoined to study theology, and he pro- ceeded B.D. in 1569. At this period he was master of the free grammar school at Guild- ford, where one of his pupils was George Abbot [q. v.], ultimately archbishop of Canterbury. On the deprivation of Dr. Philip Baker, Goad was recommended as his successor in the office of provost of King's College, Cam- bridge, by Bishop Grindal, Walter Haddon, and Henry Knollys. On 28 Feb. 1569-70 the vice-provost and fellows addressed a letter to the queen asking for a free election, and an- other to Sir William Cecil recommending Goad, who was nominated by the queen in a letter dated Hampton Court, 4 March follow- ing. He was accordingly elected, being pre- sented to the visitor on the 10th of the same Goad 20 Goad month, and admitted on the 19th. On 3 Nov. 1572 he was elected Lady Margaret's preacher, which office he held till 1 57 7. He was created D.D. in 1573, and was vice-chancellor of the university for the year commencing November 1576. On 6 March 1576-7 he became chan- cellor of the church of Wells. He was also chaplain to Ambrose Dudley, earl of War- wick, and held the rectory of Milton, Cam- bridgeshire. In October 1580 he was, with Dr. Bridgwater and Dr. Fulke, engaged in examining some of the Family of Love who were confined in Wisbech Castle, and in September 1581 he and Dr. Fulke had con- ferences in the Tower of London with Ed- mund Campion, the Jesuit, of which an ac- count appeared in Nowell and Day's ' True Eeport,' 1583. In 1595 and in 1607 he was vice-chancellor for a second and third time. He died on 24 April 1610, and was buried in a chantry on the north side of King's Col- lege Chapel. He married Katharine, daughter of Richard Hill of London. Six sons were elected from Eton to King's, viz. Matthew, Thomas [q.v.], Robert, Roger, Christopher, and Richard. Although his government of the college is commended, he met much opposition from the ] unior members. He re-established the col- lege library, and by his will was a benefactor to the society (COOPER, Aihence Cantabr. iii. 20). He was author of: 1. 'To Sir Wylliam More,' a poem. Manuscript in the Cambridge University Library, Ff. v. 4 f. 81. 2. An answer to articles exhibited against him by four of the younger company of King's Col- lege, 1576. Manuscript in the State Paper Office ; Lansd. MS. 23, art. 38 ; Baker MS. iv. 9. 3. Letters principally on the affairs of the university and his college. Several have been printed. [Baker's MSS. iv. 9-20, 28, 188, 206, xx. 90, 113 ; Blomefield's Collectanea Cantabr. pp. 136, 172; Carlisle's Grammar Schools, ii. 572; Bishop Fisher's Sermon for Lady Margaret (Hymers), p. 98 ; Fuller's Worthies (Bucks) ; Harwood's Alumni Eton. pp. 43, 171, 198, 201, 205, 212; Heywood and Wright's Univ. Transactions; Ledger Coll. Regal, ii. 189; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), i. 176. iii. 605, 683; Lib. Protocoll. Coll. Eegal. i. 176. 197, 228, 243; Pigofs Had- leigh, 166-8, 175, 176 ; Manning and Bray's Sur- rey, i. 79; Smith's Cat. of Caius Coll. MSS. p. 19; Cat. of MSS. in Cambridge Univ. Library, ii. 483 ; Strype's Works (general index) ; Willett's Sacra Emblemata, p. 20 ; Wright's Elizabeth, i. 464.1 T. C. GOAD, THOMAS, D.D. (1576-1638), rector of Hadleigh, Suffolk, born at Cambridge in August 1676, was the second of the ten sons of Roger Goad (1538-1610) [q. v.], by his wife, Katharine, eldest daughter of Richard Hill, citizen of London (BRA.MSTON, Auto- biography, Camd. Soc. p. 12). He was edu- cated at Eton, and thence elected to a scholar- ship at King's College, Cambridge, on 1 Sept. 1592; on 1 Sept. 1595 he became fellow, B.A. in 1596, and lecturer in 1598. At col- lege he distinguished himself by his skill in writing verses, and contributed to the collec- tions on the death of Dr. Whitaker, 1597 ; on the accession of James I, 1603 ; on the death of Henry, prince of Wales, 1612 ; on the return of Prince Charles from Spain, 1623 ; and on the king's return from Scotland in 1633. In 1600 he proceeded M.A., and was incorporated on the same degree at Ox- ford on 16 July of that year (Reg. of Univ. of O.rf. Oxf. Hist. Soc. vol. ii. pt. i. p. 355). Wood wrongly identifies him with the Thomas Goad who was incorporated on 15 July 1617; the latter was probably a cousin, Thomas Goad,LL.D. (d. 1666) [q. v.] (Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 374). At Christmas 1606 he was ordained priest, and commenced B. D, in 1 607 . In 1 609 he was bursar of King's ; in 1610 he succeeded his father in the family living of Milton, near Cambridge, which he held together with his fellowship ; in 1611 he was appointed dean of divinity, and very shortly afterwards he quitted Cambridge to reside at Lambeth as domestic chaplain to Abbot, archbishop of Canterbury, his father's old pupil at Guildford Free School. In 1615 he took the degree of D.D. ; on 16 Feb. 1617-18 he was made precentor of St. Paul's Cathedral (LE NEVE, Fasti, ed. Hardy, ii. 351); and in 161 8 he was presented by Abbot to the rectory of Hadleigh, Suffolk. He also held the rectory of Black Notley, Essex (NEWCOTTRT, Reper- torium, ii. 443), and probably that of Merst- ham, Surrey. In 1619 the king, at the in- stance, it is said, of Abbot, sent him out to supply Joseph Hall's place at the synod of Dort. Hall spoke highly of the qualifications of his successor (FULLER, Church Hist. ed. Brewer, v. 467-9). At Dort Goad, previously a Calvinist, went over to the Arminians (ib. v. 475 n.) He is supposed to have lost in con- sequence a share in the high ecclesiastical preferments which were granted to his col- leagues by James, and his name was omitted, accidentally perhaps, in the ' acts ' of the synod. He and his colleagues received the acknowledgments of the States-General, 2001. for their travelling expenses home, and a gold medal apiece weighing three quarters of a pound in weight. Goad returned to his chaplaincy (ib. v.476). He became on 25 Aug. 1621 prebendary of the tenth stall in Win- chester Cathedral (LE NEVE, iii. 41). In 1623 he was engaged as assistant to Daniel Goad 21 Goad Featley [q. v.] in various disputations which were held with the Jesuits, Muskett (with whom he had previously disputed), John Fisher [q. v.], and others. He distinguished himself in the discussion which charged the Jesuits with a wilful misrepresentation of Featley's arguments (FBATLET, The Romish Fisher caught and held in his owne Net, 4to, 1624, pt. i. pp. 37-8, 42). About 1624 Prynne showed Goad a portion of his' Histriomastix,' but failed to convince him of the soundness of his arguments (GARDINER, Hist. England, vii. 327-8). Goad was twice proctor in con- vocation for Cambridge, and was prolocu- tor of the lower house in the convocation which was held at Oxford in 1625, acting in the stead of Dr. Bowles, who absented himself through fear of the plague. About 1627 he became a constant resident at Had- leigh, the most important and pleasantest of his preferments, and wrote ' A Disputation,' posthumously published. He wrote the in- scription upon Casaubon's tomb in West- minster Abbey. He had an odd fancy for em- bellishing Hadleigh church and rectory with paintings and quaint inscriptions. These pictures, of which traces remain, were mostly executed, after Goad's own design, by one Benjamin Coleman, a Hadleigh artist. It is said that he intended to turn the so-called ' south chapel ' of Hadleigh Church into a public theological library, and many shelves (but no books) were extant in 1727. On 22 Oct. 1633 he was made dean of Bocking, Essex, jointly with Dr. John Barkham [q. v.] (NEWCOURT, ii. 68), and on 17 Dec. of the same year was appointed an ecclesiastical commissioner for England and Wales (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1633-4, p. 327). He died on 8 Aug. 1638, and was buried in the chancel of Hadleigh Church next day. ' Till the day of his death,' says Fuller, ' he de- lighted in making of verses ' ( Worthies, ed. 1662, ' Cambridgeshire,' p. 159). He left land at Milton and his Dort medal (stolen in the present century) to King's College, the rent of the land to be applied in the purchase of divinity books for the library. According to Fuller ( Worthies, loc. cit.) Goad ' had a commanding presence, an uncontrolable spirit, impatient to be opposed, and loving to steere the discourse (being a good Pilot to that purpose) of all the Company he came in.' He wrote a painfully interesting tract en- titled 'The Dolefvll Euen-Song, or a trve . . . Narration of that fearefull and sudden calamity,which befell the Preacher Mr. Drvry, a lesuite [see DRURY, ROBERT, 1587-1623], ... by the down ef all of the floore at an as- sembly in the Black-Friers on Sunday the 26. of Octob. last, in the after noone . . .,' 4to, London, 1623. During the same year he is believed to have edited a collection of filthy stories by an apostate catholic, entitled ' The Friers Chronicle : or the trve Legend of Priests and Monkes Lives,' 4to, London, 1623. The epistle dedicatory to the Countess of Devonshire is signed T. G. Appended to Bishop Lawrence Womack's anonymous trea- tise on ' The Result of False Principles,' 4to, London, 1661, is a tract by Goad, ' Stimvlvs Orthodoxvs ; sive Goadus redivivus. A Dis- putation . . . concerning the Necessity and Contingency of Events in the World, in re- spect of God's Eternal Decree ' (republished in ' A Collection of Tracts concerning Pre- destination and Providence,' 8vo, Cambridge, 1719). An ' approbation ' by Goad appeared in the 1724 edition of Elizabeth Jocelin's ' The Mother's Legacy to her unborn Child,' 1st edition, 1624. [Pigot's Hadleigh, pp. 166-76, and elsewhere ; Pigot's Guide to Hadleigh, p. 9, and elsewhere ; Harwood's Alumni Eton. p. 198 ; Addit. MS. 19088,ff. 156, 167, 1716, 1726, 175-6; Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy, pt. ii. p. 256 ; New- court's Repertorium, i. 101 ; Wood's Fasti Oxon. (Bliss), i. 374 ; Rymer's Fcedera (Sanderson, 1726), xviii. 660.] ' G. G. GOAD, THOMAS (d. 1666), regius pro- fessor of laws at Cambridge, elder brother of George Goad (d. 1671) [q. v.], was elected from Eton to King's College, Cambridge, in 1611, and proceeded M.A. and LL.D. In 1613 he became a member of Gray's Inn (Harl. MS. 1912). On 15 July 1617 he was incorporated master of arts at Oxford (WooD, Fasti Oxon., ed. Bliss, i. 374, where he is confounded with his cousin, Thomas Goad, D.D. (1576-1638) [q. v.]) He was appointed reader of logic in the university in 1620, pro-proctor in 1621, poser in 1623, and senior proctor in 1629 (Ls NEVE, Fasti, ed. Hardy, iii. 622). In 1635 he was elected to the regius professorship of laws. He died in 1666 possessed of property in New and Old Windsor and elsewhere in Berkshire. His will, dated 16 April 1666, was proved at London on the following 6 July (registered in P. C. C. 117, Mico). By his wife Mary he had two daughters : Grace, married to John Byng, and Mary, married to John Clenche. He contributed Latin elegiacs to ' Ducis Eboracensis Fasciae ' (p. 8), and was probably the author of ' Eclogae et Musse Virgiferse ac Juridicfe,' 8vo, Cambridge, 1634, which is attributed to Thomas Goad, D.D., by Thomas Baker, who professes to quote from the epi- taph at Hadleigh (WoOD,-Fa$£i O.row.,loc. cit.) [Harwood's Alumni Eton. p. 213 ; Le Neve's Fasti, ed. Hardy, iii. 657.] G. G. Goad by 22 Gobban GOADBY, ROBERT (1721-1778), printer and compiler, of Sherborne, Dorsetshire, was born in 1721. He was an indefatigable book- maker. His greatest production was the ' Il- lustration of the Holy Scriptures,' in three large folio volumes (1759). Goadby also compiled and printed a popular book entitled 'The Christian's Instructor and Pocket Com- panion, extracted from the Holy Scriptures,' which was approved by Bishop Sherlock. ' Apology for the Life of Bamfylde Moore Carew ' [see CAREW, BAMFYLDE MOORE] was printed by Goadby in 1749, and has often been reprinted. Goadby and his wife have both been claimed as the author. Nichols says that Goadby was a man of modesty and in- tegrity. His publishing business was large for a small provincial centre, and his ' Sherborne Mercury' was an influential journal in the south-west of England. Goadby was a strong whig, and made many enemies as well as friends by his plain speaking, though per- sonally he was much respected. He was a great lover of botany and natural history, and bequeathed an endowment providing for the preaching of a sermon on the first Sunday of May in every year in Sherborne Church on the beauties of nature. As the endowment became too valuable for its purposes, pro vision for the poor was made with the surplus. He was a deeply religious man. Every morning before breakfast he walked from his house to the spot he had chosen for his grave, so that he might ' keep mindful of his latter end.' He died of atrophy after a long and painful ill- ness on 12 Aug. 1778. Other works published by Goadby, besides those mentioned already, were ' The Universe Displayed,' ' A Rational Catechism on the Principles of Religion drawn from the Mind itself/ and ' Goadby's British Biography.' Goadby was at one time con- nected with ' The Western Flying Post.' [Nichols's Lit. Anecd. iii. 723-6 ; Dr. Beard's art. in Unitarian Herald, July 1873, where there is much biographical and bibliographical infor- mation.] J. B-Y. GOBBAN SAER, or the Artificer (fl. 7th century), a prominent figure in Irish tradition, is said by Petrie in his ' Essay on the Round Towers of Ireland,' upon the au- thority of the Dinnsenchus preserved in the books of Lecan and Ballymote, to have been the son of a skilful artisan in wood named Tuirbi, from whom Turvey in the barony of Nethercross, co. Dublin, is named, and to have flourished (according to O'Flaherty's chrono- logy) A.M. 2764. But O'Curry has shown that this is an error due to a mistranslation fur- nished to Dr. Petrie. O'Curry is probably right in saying 'there is little doubt that Gobban was a descendant of Tadg,son of Cian, son of Olioll Olum, who settled in Meath in the third century.' Gobban is first mentioned in an Irish poem attributed to a lunatic protected by St. Moi- ling, preserved in a manuscript belonging to the monastery of St. Paul in Carinthia, and assigned by Herr Mone to the eighth century. It speaks of a fort made by Gobban in Tuaim Inbir (West Meath). In the life of St. Aedh or Maedhog of Ferns (d. 032) Gobban is said to have been employed by the saint in build- ing a church (basilica, said by Petrie to imply a stone building), and Aedh's successor, Mo- chua of Luachair (d. 652), is said to have employed him upon a wooden church. But the saint whose life contains most informa- tion about Gobban is St. Daircell or Moiling [q. v.], who lived to the age of eighty-four, | and died 690. After the fall of a famous j yew tree named the Eo Rossa, celebrated in a ' poem in the ' Book of Leinster ' as ' noblest of trees, the glory of Leinster,' some of the wood was presented to Gobban by St. Molaisse, and Gobban was engaged to make an oratory out of it. The first chip which Gobban cut struck Daircell in the eye, and a passage in the Brehon laws implies that the injury was in- tentional. Gobban's wife urged him to de- mand as payment for the work as much rye as the oratory would contain. Daircell as- sented ; but being unable to get rye enough filled it instead with nuts and apples, which he made to appear like rye, but which changed to worms when Gobban took them home. There is also a mention of his having constructed a building for St. Abban, who died in the seventh century. Gobban is said to have been blind at the time, and to have received a temporary gift of his sight from Abban until the completion of the work. The ecclesiastics who employed Gobban complained that bis charges were too high, and it was generally believed that his blindness was a visitation due to their anger. Among the buildings traditionally ascribed to him are the tower of Antrim, the tower and church of Kil- macduagh, and, according to Dr. Petrie, the tower and church of Glendalough. His work was confined chiefly to the north and east of Ireland, and there is no tradition that he ever visited or was employed south-west of Gal way or Tipperary. In the north-east of Antrim in the parish of Ramoan is a building described on the ordnance map as ' Gobbin's Heir's Castle/ The first two words, as BishopReeves observes, are evidently a corruption of Gobban Saer, but the term castle is a complete perversion. The cave near, also connected with him, has a large cross carved on the roof stones over the entrance of the ante-chamber. It is a Latin cross, formed by double incised lines Godbolt Goddam carved on a sandstone slab — very regular, and extremely well executed. There is also a smaller cross with equal arms. The traditions respecting him all refer to the seventh century, when he must have lived, lie employed workmen, and erected duns or fortresses, churches, oratories, and towers, the existing buildings attributed to him giving evidence of his skill. According to the tra- dition of the neighbourhood he was buried at Derrynavlan, parish of Graystown, barony of Slieveardagh, county of Tipperary. [Petrie's Round Towers of Ireland, pp. 345, 383, 401, 402 ; Brehon Laws, iii. 226 n. • Betha Moiling, Brussels, 48 o-51 a ; Reeves's Eccles. Antiq. p. 285 ; Codex Salmanticensis, pp. 483, 532 ; O'Curry's Manners and Customs, iii. 45, 46 ; Annals of the Four Masters, i. 404 n. ; Goidelica, p. 177 ; Book of Leinster (facsimile), p. 199, b. 51.] T. 0. GODBOLT, JOHN (d. 1648), judge, was of a family settled at Toddington, Suffolk. He was admitted a member of Barnard's Inn on 2 May, and of Gray's Inn 16 Nov., 1604, and was called to the bar by the latter inn in 1611, and was reader there in the autumn of 1627. He soon obtained a good practice, and is frequently mentioned in Croke's re- ports. In 1636 he became a serjeant, and was promoted to the bench of the common pleas by vote of both houses of parliament on 30 April 1647, and was also in the com- mission to hear chancery causes. He died at his house in High Holborn on 3 Aug. 1648. A volume of reports of cases in the reigns of Elizabeth, James I, and Charles I revised by him was published in 1653. [Foss's Lives of the Judges ; Whitelocke's Memorials, folio ed. p. 245 ; Parliamentary Jour- nals ; Barnard's Inn Book ; Dugdale's Origines, p. 296.J J. A. H. GODBY, JAMES (Jt. 1790-1815), stipple- engraver, worked in London. His earliest known engraving is a portrait of Edward Snape, farrier to George III, engraved in 1791, after a portrait by VVhitby. He en- graved two large plates after H. Singleton, representing ' Adam bearing the Wounded Body of Abel' and ' The Departure of Cain,' published in 1799 and 1800 respectively. In 1810 he engraved a full-length portrait of 'Edward Wyatt, Esq.,' after Sir Thomas Lawrence. Godby was then residing at 25 Norfolk Street, near the Middlesex Hos- pital. Later in life he engraved several plates after Friedrich Rehberg, including portraits of Madame de Stael and Sir John Herschel, and a fancy group entitled ' Bacchus's and Cupid's Vintage.' lie also engraved plates for the ' Literary Magazine ' and ' The Fine Arts of the English School.' He engraved exclusively in the stipple manner, often with pleasing and delicate effect. [Redgrave's Diet, of Artists; Dodd's MS. Hist, of English Engravers (Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 33401).] L. C. GODDAM or WOODHAM, ADAM (d. 1358), Franciscan, was born towards the end of the thirteenth century, and attended Ockham's lectures on the ' Sentences ' of Peter Lombard at Oxford, where he was presum- ably a member of the Franciscan convent. His studies under Ockham must have ended in the first years of the fourteenth century, when his master went to Paris, and Goddam, who became a doctor of divinity, resorted to the theological teaching of Walter Catton [q. v.], the minorite of Norwich. It may be confidently conjectured that Goddam entered the Franciscan convent of that city, and it is supposed that he spent most of his life there, though the reference made by John Major to his residence in the king's palace in London suggests that his services were for a time employed by the court. He is said by Pits to have died in 1358, and to have been buried at ' Babwell,' near Bury. His only published work is a commentary ' Super IV libros Sententiarum,' printed at Paris in 1512, and extending to 152 leaves. An earlier edition, cited by Sbaralea as printed by Henry Stephanus in 1510, is not mentioned by Panzer ; and the book in question is pro- bably the commentary on the first book of the ' Sentences,' which was published by Stephanus in that year, and is the work of the Scottish doctor of the Sorbonne, John Major, who edited Goddam's book in 1512. But the latter work itself, though published under Goddam's name, is avowedly not the actual commentary which he wrote, but an abridgment of it made by Hendrik van Oyta, a divine who taught at Vienna in the latter part of the fourteenth century and died in 1397 (see concerning him ASCHBACH, Ge- schichte der Wiener Universitdt, i. 402-7, 1865). The commentary enjoyed a very high reputation, and John Major, its editor, in his work ' De Gestis Scotorum ' (Hist. Maj. Brit. p. 188, ed. Edinburgh, 1740), judged the author to be ' vir modestus, sed non inferioris doctrinse aut ingenii quam Ockam.' Other works assigned to him by Bale are a com- mentary on the canticles (mentioned also by LBLAND, Collectanea, iii. 50), 'Postilla in Ecclesiasticum,' ' De foro poenitentiario fratrum,' ' Contra Ricardum Wethersete ' (a younger contemporary divine, probably at Cambridge), 'Sententise Oxoniensis Concilii,' Goddard Goddard and ' Determinationes XI.' To these Sbaralea adds a ' Collatio ' and ' Postilla de Sacramento Eucharistise.' A confusion between Goddam and ' Adam Anglicus,' who wrote against the doctrine of the immaculate conception, has been dis- cussed in the latter article, supra. Another identification with ' Adam Hibernicus ' pro- posed by Ware lacks evidence or probability. The name ' Goddam ' is that offered by the printed edition of his commentary on the ' Sentences,' but it is a manifest ' classical ' adaptation of Wodeham or Woodham, de- rived from one of the five places of that name in England. Pits's suggestion that the Wode- ham in question is in Hampshire rests evi- dently upon a mistake. [John Major's Vita, prefixed to Goddam's commentary Super Sententias ; Leland's Comm. de Scriptt. Brit. pp. 269, 377 ; Bale's Scriptt. Brit. Catal. v. 98, p. 447 (cf. xii. 19, pt. 2, 82 f.); Ware, De Scriptoribus Hiberniae, p. 66 (1639); Pits, De Angl. Scriptt. p. 482; Wadding's Scriptt. 0. M. p. 1, ed. Rome, 1806 ; Wharton's App. to Cave's Hist. Liter. 30 f., ed. 1743; Quetif and Echard's Soriptt. 0. P. i. 739 b, Paris, 1719; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. p. 329; Sbaralea's Suppl. to Wadding's Scriptt. 0. M. 2 f.] R. L. P. GODDARD, GEORGE BOUVERIE (1832-1886), animal painter, was born at Salisbury, 25 Dec. 1832. At ten his draw- ings were in demand as the productions of youthful genius, yet he received no artistic training, and it was in the face of much oppo- sition that he adopted art as a profession. He came to London in 1849, and spent up- wards of two years in making studies of animal life in the Zoological Gardens. During this time he supported himself mainly by drawing on wood sporting subjects for 'Punch ' and other illustrated periodicals. He then returned to Salisbury, where he received many commissions, but finding his sphere of work too limited, he settled in London in 1857. He began to exhibit at the Royal Academy in 1856, sending a painting of ' Hunters.' To this and other works suc- ceeded 'The Casuals' in 1866; 'Home to die : an afternoon fox with the Cots wolds,' in 1868 ; ' The Tournament,' his first work of note, in 1870; and 'Sale of New Forest Ponies at Lyndhurst' in 1872. In 1875 he exhibited a large picture, fourteen feet long, representing ' Lord Wolverton's Blood- hounds,' which was highly praised in Whyte- Melville's ' Riding Recollections.' This was followed in 1876 by ' Colt-hunting in the New Forest;' in 1877 by 'The Fall of Man,' from Milton's ' Paradise Lost,' and in 1879 by 'The Struggle for Existence,' now in the Walker Fine Art Gallery in Liverpool. In 1881 he sent to the Royal Academy ' Rescued ' ; in 1883 'Love and War: in the Abbot sbury Swannery,' and in 1885 'Cowed!' Goddard was a lover of all field sports, and at home equally in the covert and the hunting-field. He died at his residence at Brook Green, Hammersmith, London, on 6 March 1886, after a very short illness, from a chill caught during a visit to his dying father, whom he survived only by a few hours. [Times, 18 and 29 March 1886 ; Art Journal, 1886, p. 158; Royal Academy Exhibition Cata- logues, 1856-86.] R. E. G. GODDARD, JOHN (Jl. 1645-1671), en- graver, one of the earliest English engravers, is known for a few portraits and book illus- trations of no great proficiency. He en- graved a portrait of Martin Billingsley, the writing master, in 1651, Dr. Bastwick, and one of Dr. Alexander Ross, chaplain to Charles I, in 1654, as frontispiece to Ross's continuation of Raleigh's ' History of the World.' He en- graved the title-page to W. Austin's trans- lation of Cicero's treatise, 'Cato Major,' published in 1671. For Fuller's 'Pisgah- sight of Palestine,' published in 1645, God- dard engraved the sheet of armorial bearings at the beginning, and some of the maps, in- cluding a ground plan of the Temple of Solomon. A few other plates by him are known, including a rare set of ' The Seven Deadly Sins' in the Print Room at the British Museum. [Strutt's Diet, of Engravers ; Dodd's MS. His- tory of English Engravers (Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 33401).] L. C. GODDARD, JONATHAN, M.D.(1617 ?- 1675), Gresham professor of physic, son of Henry Goddard, shipbuilder, of Deptford, was born at Greenwich about 1617. In 1632, at the age of fifteen, he entered at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, where he remained three or four years, leaving without a degree. An- thony a Wood, who was at Merton College when Goddard was warden, says that on leaving Oxford he ' went, as I presume, be- yond the seas,' which later biographers have changed into the definite statement that he studied medicine abroad. In 1638 he gradu- ated M.B. at Cambridge (Christ's College), and in 1643 M.D. (Catharine Hall). In 1640 he had bound himself to observe the rules of the College of Physicians in his London prac- tice, in 1643 he joined the college, and in 1646 was made a fellow. At that time he had lodgings in Wood Street, where Wilkins, Ent, Glisson, Wallis, and others used to meet to discuss the new philosophy. On his Goddard Goddard election to the fellowship of the College of Physicians in November 1646, he was ap- pointed to read the anatomy lectures before the college on 4 March of 'the ensuing year' (' Gulstonian lecturer in 1648,' MUNK). These lectures were the beginning of his public reputation ; from the account in the ' Biographia Britannica ' they would ap- pear to have been largely teleological, or illustrative of the wisdom and goodness of God in the structure of the human frame. About this time he came under the notice of Cromwell, ' with whom he went as his great confidant ' (Wooa) on the Irish campaign of 1649 and the Scotch campaign of 1650-1, his public rank being physician in chief to the army of the parliament. On his return to London with the lord general after Wor- cester (September 1651), he was made by the parliament warden of Merton College, Ox- ford, on the resignation of Sir Nathaniel Brent. In 1653 he was among the 140 sum- moned by the lord general to constitute the Little parliament, and was chosen a member of the council of state (one of the new fif- teen balloted for on 1 Nov. 1653). In the parliament of 1654 he was replaced (as repre- sentative of Oxford University) by the Rev. Dr. Owen. The same year he was named by the Protector one of a board of five to dis- charge his duties as chancellor of the univer- sity. In November 1655 he was appointed professor of physic at Gresham College ; for that, also, he may have been indebted to Cromwell, who is known to have interposed in the choice of the geometry professor by a letter of 9 May 1656 (Letters and Speeches, iii. 146). He continued to be warden of Merton (and probably resided at Oxford) until 3 July 1660, when Charles II, ignoring Goddard's nine years' tenure, appointed his chaplain Reynolds to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Brent in 1651. Goddard now took up his residence permanently at Gres- ham College, where he remained until his death (except during the years when the col- lege was given up to business purposes owing | to the destruction of the Royal Exchange and other buildings by the great fire). His re- j turn to Gresham College in 1660 coincides with the formation of the society there which, in 1663, received a charter of incorporation as the Royal Society. Goddard used his laboratory to make numerous experiments for the society (' when any curious experiment was to be done, they made him their drudge till they could obtain to the bottom of it,' WOOD) ; various communications by him, from 1660 onwards, are entered in its register. He was named one of the first council in the charter of 1663. He used his laboratory also for the compounding of his own arcana, or . secret remedies. The chief of these was' God- I dard's drops,' or 'guttae Anglicanae,' a pre- paration of spirit of hartshorn (ammonia) with a few irrelevancies added, such as skull of a person hanged, dried viper, and the like (Biog. Brit.} The drops were used in faint- ings, apoplexies, lethargies, or other sudden and alarming onsets. Sydenham preferred them to other volatile spirits ; but in refer- ring to them in 1675, after Goddard's death, he says that the medicine known by the name of Dr. Goddard's drops is prepared by Dr. Goodall, a most learned and expert man (Obs. Med., pref. to 3rd ed.) Goddard was currently believed to have communicated the secret of the drops to Charles II for a con- sideration of 5,0001. (WADD says 6,000/., but does not name the purchaser, Mems., Maxims, fyc., p. 150). Dr. Martin Lister says that the king showed him the receipt, and that the drops were nothing more than the volatile spirit of raw silk rectified with oil of cinnamon, and no better than ordinary spirit of hartshorn and sal ammoniac. This traffic in arcana was not thought improper at that period ; Goddard was a censor of the College of Physicians for some years down to 1672, and, as such, a stickler for profes- sional etiquette. Long after his death a collection of ' arcana Goddardiana ' (said by Wood to have been written out by Goddard) was published as an appendix to the second edition of Bate's 'Pharmacopoeia' (1691). His communications to the Royal Society numbered at least fourteen. Two of them were published after his death in the ' Philo- sophical Transactions ' (' Observations on a Cameleon,' xii. 930, and ' Experiments of Refining Gold with Antimony,' xii. 953). Another is reproduced from the manuscript archives in Sprat's ' History of the Royal Society ' (1667) as a striking instance of the utility of that body's labours; it is a proposal to make wine from the sugar-cane, and inci- dentally to give a fillip to the languishing prosperity of the British plantations in Bar- badoes. To illustrate the marvels of science in another direction, Sprat prints from the archives another paper by Goddard on a pebble called ' oculus mundi,' which, being or- dinarily opaque, becomes translucent in water. Evelyn gave a place in his ' Silva' to a paper of Goddard's ' on the texture and similar parts of the body of a tree ; ' and Wallis rescued still another from the Royal Society's archives ('Experiments of Weighing Glass Canes with the Cylinders of Quicksilver in them ') by printing it in his ' Mechanica.' Eight other communications have not been published; they include an enumeration of tea things Goddard Goddard •whereby a stale egg may be known from a fresh one, and a demonstration that a muscle loses in volume when it contracts. Besides the writings enumerated, he published two essays, 'Discourse concerning Physick,' London, 1668, and ' Discourse on the Un- happy Condition of the Practice of Physick/ London, 1670 ; both are directed against the pretensions of the apothecary class, and one of them recommends that physicians should compound their own prescriptions. Anthony a Wood observes : ' He is said to have written of this matter more warily and with greater prudence than Christ. Merret.' Besides these writings, he is stated (by Wood) to have left two quarto volumes of manuscript ready for the press, containing lectures read in Sur- geons' Hall and other matters. Seth Ward, afterwards bishop of Salisbury, who knew him when warden of Merton, in dedicating an astronomical book to him, takes occasion to credit him with many accomplishments and virtues, and with having been the first Eng- lishman to make telescopes. He died in a fit of apoplexy at the corner of Wood Street at eleven of the evening of 24 March 1674-5, on his way home from a club of virtuosi who were wont to meet at the Crown in Blooms- bury. He is buried in the middle of the chancel of Great St. Helen's Church. [Wood's Athense Oxon. iii. 1024 ; Ward's Lives of the Gresham Professors, p. 270 ; Biog. Brit. ; Sprat's Hist, of Royal Society; Weld's Hist, of Royal Society.] C. C. GODDARD, THOMAS (d. 1783), Indian general, born probably not later than 1740, is said by Jefferies (Memoir of the Goddards of North Wilts) to have been of the family of that name at Hartham Park in Wiltshire, and grandson of Thomas Goddard, a canon of Windsor. In 1759 he became a lieutenant in the 84th regiment of infantry, then raised for service in India, at the request of the court of directors of the East India Com- pany, and placed under the command of Lieu- tenant-colonel Coote [see COOTE, SIB EYRE, 1726-1783]. This regiment arrived at Madras on 27 Oct. 1759. Though destined for Ben- gal it was detained for service in the Madras presidency, and took a principal part in the campaign against the French which ended with the surrender of Pondicherry on 16 Jan. 1761. In the same year Goddard accom- panied the 84th to Bengal, and took part in the campaign of 1763, at the end of which the regiment was disbanded, permission being given to the officers and men to enter the company's service. Goddard took advantage of this permission, and went in as captain in October 1763. Early in the following year he raised at Moorshedabad a battalion of sepoys, called subsequently the 1st battalion 7th regiment Bengal native infantry, which was long known as Goddard's battalion. Be- fore Goddard's battalion could be armed it was ordered, in April 1764, to join the force marching to quell the mutiny at Patna, and in the following year it was sent, together with another native battalion, to Monghyr. In May 1766 Goddard was promoted to the rank of major, and in September 1768 to that of lieutenant-colonel. He took part with his battalion in 1770 at the capture of Burrareah, and was employed in 1772 in expelling the Mahrattas from Rohilcund. In September 1774 he succeeded to the command of the troops stationed at Barhampore in Bengal. Goddard's extant correspondence with War- ren Hastings commences at this period, and continues until his departure from India. The governor-general placed the utmost con- fidence in his ability and tact. Goddard was in command of the troops at Chunar from January 1776 till the following June, when he was appointed chief of the contingent stationed with the nawab vizier of Oude at Lucknow. When the supreme council determined in 1778 to despatch a force from Bengal to assist the Bombay army against the Mahrat- tas, Goddard was appointed second in com- mand under Colonel Leslie. The expedition started from Calpee in May, and was delayed by the rains in the neighbourhood of Chatter- pore, the capital of Bundelcund, from 3 July to 12 Oct. In that interval a detachment under the command of Goddard took the fortress of Mhow by storm. The supreme council, dissatisfied with Leslie's conduct of the expedition, decided to entrust the chief command to Goddard, but Leslie's death assured him this promotion (3 Oct.) before the orders arrived. Goddard energetically continued the march, and on 1 Dec. reached the banks of the Nerbudda, where he awaited instructions. He had already been employed by the governor-general in a semi-political capacity, and he was now invested with diplomatic powers to secure if possible an alliance with Mudaji Bhonsla, the regent of Berar. The negotiations proved futile, and on 16 Jan. 1779 he resumed his march. The conduct of the expedition increased in difficulty. The control, originally vested in the Bombay authorities, had been resumed by the supreme council, but Goddard's course was necessarily influenced by the fortunes of the Bombay army. For a long time he was left entirely without information from Bom- bay, and at length received two contradictory despatches, one advising his retreat and the Goddard Goddard other urging him to proceed. In this dilemma | he waited at Burhanpur, on the banks of the Tapti, from 30 Jan. to 6 Feb., when, hearing from other quarters of the defeat of the Bom- bay army, he hastened to Surat, 223 miles from Burhanpur and 785 from Calpee, where he arrived on 25 Feb. The Bombay council requested Goddard's assistance at its deliberations, and recom- mended him for the post of commander-in- chief on the next vacancy. Shortly after- wards he received from the supreme council of Bengal full powers to negotiate a peace with the Mahratta government of Poonah on the basis of the treaty of 1776, and which overruled the recent convention entered into by the Bombay council. Negotiations went on for some months, but the Mahratta govern- ment made impossible demands for the re- storation of Salsette and the surrender of Ragoba, who had escaped from the custody of Scindia and taken refuge in Goddard's camp. Goddard recommenced hostilities in January 1780, and after some minor successes captured Ahmedabad on 15 Feb. He then marched against Holkar and Scindia, and routed the forces of the latter on 3 April. In Novem- ber of the same year he attacked Bassein, which surrendered on 11 Dec. The war had severely taxed the resources of the government, and Goddard received instructions from Bengal to use every means of bringing the Mahrattas to terms. He therefore determined to threaten Poonah itself. With this object he marched from Bassein in January 1781, and took posses- i sion of the Bhore Ghaut, which he held till ! April. His scheme was frustrated by the Mahrattas, who determined to burn Poonah and cut off a great portion of his supplies. Goddard retreated with great difficulty and loss. In August of the same year overtures on the part of Scindia led to a treaty on 13 Oct. Goddard was subsequently promoted to the brevet rank of a brigadier-general, and remained in India until failing health obliged him to go home. He died on 7 July 1783, just as the ship reached the Land's End. His body was embalmed, landed at Pendennis Castle, Falmouth, and buried at Eltham in Kent. [Brit. Mus. Addit. MSS. 29119, 29135-93; Philippart's East India Register ; Mill's, Orme's, ' Thornton's, and Wilks's Histories of India; Broome's Bengal Army ; Williams's Bengal Na- tive Infantry ; Dodwell and Miles's East India Military Calendar.] E. J. K. GODDARD, WILLIAM (fl. 1615), sati- rist, probably belonged to the Middle Temple. He lived at the beginning of the seventeenth century in Holland, where he seems to have been employed in a civil capacity. In July 1634 one William Goddard, ' doctor of physic ot Padua,' was incorporated in the same degree at Oxford, but his identity with the satirist seems doubtful. Goddard's volumes are very rare. His satire is gross, and is chiefly di- rected against women. The British Museum Library possesses only one of his volumes, that entitled ' A Satyricall Dialogue, or a shaplye invective conference between Allex- ander the Great and that truelye woman- hater Diogynes. . . . Imprinted in the Low countryes for all such gentlewomen as are not altogeather Idle nor yet well occupyed ' [Dort? 1615?]. Some lines seem to refer to the burning of Marston's satires. Mr. Collier suggested that this volume might be identical with ' The batynge of Dyogenes,' licensed for printingto Henry Chettle 27 Sept. I591(Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. i. 141). In the library of Worcester College, Oxford, and at Bridg- water House, are copies of Goddard's ' A Neaste of Waspes latelie found out and dis- covered in the Law [Low] Countreys yeald- ing as sweete hony as some of our English bees. At Dort . . . 1615.' A third work, from which Dr. Bliss prints extracts in his edition of Wood's ' Fasti ' (i. 476-8), is ' A Mastif Whelp, with other ruff-Island-lik Currs fetcht from amongst the Antipedes. Which bite and barke at the fantasticall humorists and abusers of the time. . . . Im- printed amongst the Antipedes, and are to bee sould where they are to be bought,' 4to, n.d. This was published after 1598, for Bastard's ' Chrestoleros,' 1598, is one of the books specially abused. A copy is in the Bod- leian Library. Bibliographers have wrongly assumed that ' Dogs from the Antipodes ' — the sub-title of the ' Mastif Whelp ' — is the title of another of Goddard's volumes. Dr. Furnivall printed in 1878 Goddard's three known books, with a view to republishing them, but they have not yet been issued. [Wood's Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 476; Collier's Bibl. Cat. i. 313 ; Hazlitt's Handbook.] S. L. L. GODDARD, WILLIAM STANLEY, D.D. (1757-1845), head-master of Winches- ter College, son of John Goddard, a merchant, was born at Stepney on 9 Oct. 1757. He was educated at Winchester, first as a chorister, afterwards as a scholar under Dr. Warton (1771-6), and then went as a commoner to Merton (B.A. degree 1781, M.A. 1783, D.D. 1795). In 1784 he was appointed hostiarius or second master of Winchester, and appears to have done what he could to counteract the lax discipline of Dr. Warton, which resulted in the famous ' rebellion ' of 1 793, during which Goddard's house was broken into. Sydney Godden Godden Smith, who was under Goddard, described his life at Winchester as one of misery (LADY HOLLAND, Memoir of Sydney Smith, i. 7, 4th ed.) ; but his experience seems to have been an exceptional one (see the evidence collected by the Rev. H. C. ADAMS in Wykehamica at p. 160). In 1796 Goddard succeeded Dr. Warton as head-master, and retained the appointment until 1809, when he retired. He was one of the best head-masters Win- chester has ever had. Within three years he had raised the numbers of the school from 60 to 144, and its scholarship showed imme- diate improvement. Among his pupils were Bishops Lipscombe and Shuttleworth, Lords Cranworth and Eversley, Sir Robert Inglis, Augustus Hare, and Dr. Arnold, and it is probable that many of the educational prin- ciples which Dr. Arnold is supposed to have invented, especially that of governing by re- liance on boys' sense of honour, were really derived by him from Goddard. He was an able teacher, a firm disciplinarian, and the only outbreak under his rule, that of 1808, was of a mild character (AUGUSTUS HAKE, Memorials of a Quiet Life, vol. i. ch. iv. ; STANLEY, Life of Dr. Arnold, i. 2). After his resignation of the head-master- ship Goddard was made a prebendary of St. Paul's in January 1814, and canon of Salis- bury in October 1829 ; he was also presented to the living of Bapton in Sussex, and for several years held that of Wherwell, near Andover, in commendam. His last years were spent partly in Cadogan Place, Chelsea, London, partly at Andover, where, besides numerous benefactions, he rebuilt Foxcote Church, at the cost of some 30,000/. To Win- chester College he presented 25,000£, to pro- vide for the annual salaries of the masters, which had previously been charged in the accounts of the boys' parents. In grateful memory of him a scholarship of the value of 251. a year, and tenable for four years, was founded at Winchester in 1846. Goddard's literary remains consist of a Latin elegy on Dr. Warton (WooL, Life of Warton, i. 191) and some sermons, one of which was preached on the occasion of the consecration of his old schoolfellow, Dr. Howley, as bishop of Lon- don (1813). [' Wykehamica,' by the Eev. H. C. Adams, men- tioned above; Gent. Mag. 1845, xxiv. 642-4.1 L. C. S. GODDEN, vere TYLDEN, THOMAS, D.D. (1624-1688), controversialist, son of Wil- liam Tylden, gentleman, of Dartford, Kent, was born at Addington in that county in 1624, and educated at a private school kept by Mr. Gill in Holborn. He was entered as a commoner of Queen's College, Oxford, on 3 July 1638, his tutor being Randall Sander- son, fellow of that society. Removing to Cambridge, he was on 3 July 1639 admitted a pensioner of St. John's College in that uni- versity. He was admitted as a Billingsley scholar of St. John's on 4 Nov. 1640, on the recommendation of John Williams, bishop of Lincoln, and he graduated B.A. in 1641-2. During his residence at Cambridge he formed an acquaintance with John Sergeant [q. v.], who became a convert to Catholicism, and con- verted Godden. They both proceeded to the English College at Lisbon, where they arrived on 4 Nov. 1643. After eight months spent in devotional exercises, they were on 20 June 1644 admitted alumni. In due course God- den was ordained priest, and he lectured on philosophy in the college from 1650 till January 1652-3. After having been succes- sively professor of theology, prefect of studies, and vice-president, he was on 29 June 1655 appointed president of the college, in suc- cession to Dr. Clayton. In April 1660 he was created D.D. He became renowned for his eloquence as a preacher in the Portuguese In 1661 he was appointed chaplain and pre- ceptor to the Princess Catharine of Braganza, the destined consort of Charles II, and the year following he accompanied her to Eng- land, and had apartments assigned to him in the palace of Somerset House. In 1671 he was engaged in a controversy with Stilling- fleet, upon the question whether salvation was attainable by converts from protest- antism, as well as by persons bred in the catholic religion. In 1678 Godden was ac- cused of complicity in the murder of Sir Ed- mund Berry Godfrey [q.v]. His lodgings in Somerset House were searched, and his ser- vant, Lawrence Hill, was executed as an ac- complice in the crime on the false testimony of Miles Prance, who swore that the corpse was concealed in Godden's apartment. God- den escaped to the continent, and retired to Paris. In the reign of James II he was re- instated in Somerset House, where he was almoner to the queen dowager and chaplain as before. On 30 Nov. 1686 he and Dr. Bona- venture Giffard [q. v.] attended a conference held before the king and the Earl of Rochester concerning the real presence, and defended the catholic doctrine in opposition to Dr. William Jane, dean of Gloucester, and Dr. Simon Patrick, who appeared on the pro- testant side (MACAULAY, Hist, of England, ed. 1858, ii. 149). He died in November 1688, while the nation was in the throes of the revolution, and was buried on 1 Dec. in the vaults under the royal chapel in Somerset Godel 2 House (LtTTTRELL, Hist. Relation of State Affairs, i. 482). Dodd says that he was equal m learning to his Anglican opponents, ' but much superior to them in his modest be- haviour, which gained him great applause, even from those of the adverse party ' ( Church Hist. iii. 470). He was author of : 1. ' Catholicks no Ido- laters ; or a full Refutation of Dr. Stilling- fleet's Unjust Charge of Idolatry against the Church of Rome,' London, 1671 and 1672, 8vo. This was in reply to ' A Discourse of the Idolatry practis'd in the Church of Rome,' 1671, by Stillingfleet. 2. ' A Just Discharge to Dr. Stillingfleet's Unjust Charge of Ido- latry against the Church of Rome. With a Discovery of the Vanity of his late Defence. . . . By way of Dialogue between Eunomius, a Conformist, and Catharinus, a Non-conform- ist,' 3 pts., Paris, 1677, 12mo. Stillingfleet replied with ' Several Conferences between a Romish Priest, a Fanatic Chaplain, and a Divine of the Church of England, . . .'1679. 3. A Treatise concerning the Oath of Su- premacy. Manuscript (Memoirs of Gregorio Panzani, p. 326). 4. ' A Sermon of St. Peter, preached before the Queen Dowager ... on 29 June 1686,' London, 1686, 4to, reprinted in ' Catholick Sermons,' 1741. The publica- tion of this sermon gave rise to a controversy on the questions of St. Peter's residence at Rome and the pope's supremacy. 5. ' A Sermon of the Nativity of our Lord, preached before the Queen Dowager ... at Somerset House,' London, 1686, 8vo. [Addit. MS. 5870, f. 99 ; Baker's Hist, of St. John's (Mayor), i. 525. 526 ; Cath. Mag. v. 621, vi. 59; Cooke's Preacher's Assistant, ii. 141; Dodd's Certamen Utriusque Ecclesise, p. 16 ; Billow's Bibl. Diet. ii. 503, iii. 307 ; Jones's Popery Tracts, pp. 126, 127, 257, 423, 453, 466, 483; Luttrell's Hist. Relation of State Affairs, i. 391; Mayor's Admissions to St. John's Coll. p. 48 ; Panzani's Memoirs, p. 338 ; Tablet, 16 Feb. 1889, p. 257 ; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iv. 93, 674.] T. C. GODEL, WILLIAM (fi. 1173), historian, is only known from the allusions in his chro- nicle, in which he never mentions himself by name. Under the year 1145 he says : ' This year I, who compiled this work from various histories, entered a monastery; in age a youth, and by race an Englishman/ But at the end of the manuscript (Bibliotheque Nationals, 4893, sec. xiii) there is a note in a hand of the fourteenth century, stating that the author was William Godel, a monk of St. Martial at Limoges. The writer, however, never men- tions St. Martial, nor even the town of Li- moges. Probably he was a Cistercian of some monastery in the diocese of Sens, or of Godfrey Bourges ; for at the date of the foundation of Citeaux he gives very exactly the succession of its abbots, and under the year 1145 he reports the death of Henri Sanglier, archbishop of Sens, who was succeeded byllugues of Touci, from whom he received all the orders except the priesthood. He was ordained priest of Leuroux by Pierre de la Chatre, archbishop of Bourges, who died in 1171. Godel seems to have been fond of travel, and so perhaps often changed his monastery till, dying at St. Mar- tial, he left his chronicle there. The chroni- cle is a history from the creation to 1173 A.D., with some additions by a later writer down to 1320. It must have been written before 1 180, for under date 1137 he speaks of Louis VII as ' qui nunc rex pius superest,' and later he refers to Philip Augustus as ' qui nunc regni coronam expectat.' The chronicle is very brief till 1066, then rather fuller on English affairs, but contains little that is new or im- portant, and has some gross errors. Godel used as his English authorities Geoffrey of Monmouth, Bede, William of Malmesbury, Henry of Huntingdon (from whose work to the accession of Henry I he had made extracts in a monastery in England), and Florence of Worcester. This chronicle closely resembles the anonymous continuation from 1124 to 1184 of the « Chronicle of S. Pierre de Sens ' by Clarius, with which it is in many places literally identical. The writers of the ' His- toire Litteraire' hold that it was the conti- nuator who had borrowed, while the editors of the 'Recueil' incline to the belief that Godel was himself the continuator. This is additional reason for believing that Godel's original monastery was in the diocese of Sens. Almost all Godel's chronicle from the tenth century to 1173 is printed in the ' Recueil dea Historiens de la France,' x. 259-63, xi. 282- 285, and xiii. 671-7, where also extracts from the continuation of Clarius will be found, xii. 283-5. [Histoire LitteVaire de la France, xiii. 508 ; Hardy's Cat. of Brit. Hist. ii. 402-3 ; notes in Recueil as above, and pref. to vol. xiii. p. lxviii.1 C. L. K GODERICH, VISCOUNT. [See ROBINSON, FREDERICK JOHN, EARL OF RIPON, 1782- 1859.] GODFREY OF MALMESBURY (fl. 1081) is supposed author of a chronicle in the British Museum (MS. Cott. Vesp. D. iv. 73). Bishop Tanner erroneously identified this writer with Godfrey, abbot of Malmesbury in the eleventh century. Godfrey the abbot was a native of Jumieges, who accompanied his townsman, Theode win, when he was made abbot of Ely in 1071. Two years and a Godfrey 3° Godfrey half later Theodewin died, and Godfrey be" came procurator, a position which he filled with ability for seven years. He is said to have obtained from William I an inquiry into the property of his abbey, and a con- firmation of its customs (Anglia Sacra, i. 610, and Monasticon, v. 460, 476, where the do- cuments are given). In 1081 William ap- pointed him abbot of Malmesbury, where he adorned the church, and laid the foundations of a library; in the latter work he was as- sisted by William of Malmesbury, who de- scribes him as a man of courteous manner and temperate life, whose abbacy was sullied only by his stripping the treasures of the monastery to pay the tax imposed by William II on the occasion of the mortgage of Normandy by Duke Robert. Godfrey must have died about 1107, in which year Edulf became abbot. Despite his literary tastes, he cannot have been the author of the chronicle, which, ac- cording to Sir T. Hardy, is almost entirely based on Geoffrey of Monmouth. Tanner says that it is nothing else than part of the annals of Alfred of Beverley (fl. 1143), and conjec- tures that the name ' Godfridus De Malves- bury ' on the manuscript is that of an owner, not of the writer. Perhaps this is correct ; in any case the chronicler is a different person from the abbot. Baptista Fulgosus, an Italian writer of the fifteenth century, cites among his authorities Gotfredus Anglus Historicus, who is perhaps our chronicler. The chro- nicle, which extends from the coming of the Saxons to 1129, is merely a compilation and without historical value. It is quoted by Selden, ' Titles of Honour,' pt. ii. chap. v. [William of Malmesbury, Gesta Pontificum, v. sects. 271-4; Mabillon, Annales Benedictini, vol. v. ; Tanner, p. 329 ; Hardy's Cat. of Brit. Hist. i. 667.] C. L. K. GODFREY OF WINCHESTER (d. 1107), Latin poet, was a native of Cambrai, and was appointed prior of St. Swithin's, Winchester, by Bishop Walkelin in 1081 (Ann. Wint.] William of Malmesbury (Gest. Reg. v. 444, and Gest. Pont. ii. 877) says that be was dis- tinguished for his piety and literary ability, which was shown by his epistles written in a pleasant and familiar style, as also by his epigrams ; but that, despite his store of learn- ing, he was a man of great humility. The monastery profited by Godfrey's liberality, and under his rule it acquired its high reputa- tion for hospitality and piety. He was bed- ridden for many years before his death, which took place on 27 Dec. 1107 (Ann. Wint. and his epitaph in Eodl. MS. 535, f. 37 b, printed by Tanner). Godfrey was the author of a large number of epigrams, in which he imi- tated Martial with some success ; they are divided by Pits into disticha,tetrasticha,&c. ; the collection is entitled in Bodl. MS. Digby 112, ' Liber Proverbiorum,' in Cott. MS. Vit. A. xii. ' De moribus et vita instituenda,' and no doubt is the same as the ' De diversis ho- minum moribus' given by Pits. These two manuscripts also contain nineteen short poems 'De Primatum Anglise Laudibus' (or 'Epi- grammata Historica '), as for instance on Cnut, Edward the Confessor, and Queen Matilda. These epigrams and poems are printed in 'Latin Satirical Poets of the Twelfth Century,' Rolls Series, edited by Mr. T. Wright. In MS. Digby 65 there are also sixteen other short pieces ascribed to Godfrey, and including an ' Epita- phium Petri Abelardi,' which of course is not by him. Clearly there has been some confusion, and even of the nineteen ' Epigrammata His- torica ' printed by Mr. Wright, ten are also ascribed to Serlo of Bayeux. In the same manuscript (Digby 65) there is a ' Carmen de Nummo,' which is there ascribed to Godfrey, and probably correctly, though Twine (in C. C. C. MS. 255) claimed it for Hildebert, bishop of Mans. In Digby 112 three short poems, one beginning ' Res odiosa nimis,' printed by Mr. Wright (ii. 161), 'Versus de historiis Veteris Testamenti,' and ' Versus de historia Romana,' are inserted between the ' Liber Proverbiorum ' and ' Epigrammata Historica,' and the whole ends ' Explicit Li- bell us Domini Godfridi ; ' they may therefore be his compositions. Pits also names an ' Epi- thalamium Beatae Marise Virginis,' and the prologue of such a poem ascribed to Godfrey is given by Twine (MS. C. C. C. Oxford, 255) ; but this is only the prose prologue of the Epithalamium in Digby 65, which is probably by John Garland [q. v.] Godfrey's epistles seem to have perished. [Pits, p. 192 ; Tanner, p. 328 ; Anglia Sacra, vol. i.; Hardy's Cat. of Brit, Hist. ii. 100; Wright's Prefaces to Latin Satirical Poems, and Literature and Superstition of England ; War- ton's Hist, of English Poetry, i. 240, ed. 1871 ; Hist. Litt. de la France, ix. 352-8.] C. L. K. GODFREY or GODFREY-HANCK- WITZ, AMBROSE (d. 1741), chemist, was employed for many years as operator in the laboratory of Robert Boyle (Addit. MS. 25095, f. *103). He was indebted to Boyle, whom he mentions with gratitude, for the first hints of ' better -perfecting that wonder- ful preparation, the phosphorus glacialis ' (Introduction to Account, &c., 1724, pp. x, xi). His laboratory was in Southamp- ton Street, Covent Garden. In 1719 he ex- amined and analysed the water of the medi- cinal spring at Nottington, near Weymouth, Dorsetshire, and made a report of the result of his inquiry to the Royal Society (H Godfrey 2 Dorsetshire, 2nd edit., ii. 107). On 22 Jan. 1729-30 he was elected F.R.S. (THOMSON, Hist, of Hoy. Soc., Appendix iv.) His two contributions to the ' Philosophical Transac- tions ' are ' An Account of some Experiments upon the Phosphorus Urinse' (xxxviii. 58- 70), and 'An Examination of Westashton Well-waters' (vol. xli. pt. ii. pp. 828-30). He invented and patented a machine for ex- tinguishing fires ' by explosion and suffoca- tion,' an exhibition of which he announced to take place at Belsize. To his 'Account of the New Method,' 8vo, 1724, he appended a * short narrative ' of the dishonourable be- haviour of Charles Povey of Hampstead ' in relation to this useful invention, by which it will appear that the said Mr. Povey's pre- tended Watch Engine is at best a precarious and often dangerous remedy imperfectly stolen from Ambrose Godfrey's Method.' A second edition of this pamphlet, without the narra- tive, appeared in 1743. Godfrey's method was tried in a house erected for the purpose by the Society of Arts in Marylebone Fields 19 May 1761, when it seems to have proved entirely successful (Gent. Mag. xxxi. 235). He died 15 Jan. 1741, and on the same day his will, dated5 May 1732, was proved at Lon- don (registered in P. C. C. 12, Spurway). His wife Mary, widow of Joseph Pitt, apothecary to Queen Anne and Prince George of Den- mark (LYSONS, Parishes in Middlesex,^. 163), died in 1754 (will registered in P. C. C. 106, Pinfold). His three sons, Boyle, Ambrose, and John, all able chemists, are noticed below. His letters to Sir Hans Sloane, 1721- 1733, are in the British Museum, Addit. MS. 4045, ff. 299-314 ; one to Dr. J. Woodward, 1724, is Addit. MS. 25095, f. 103. A portrait of Godfrey, painted by R. Schmutz, was en- graved by G. Vertue in 1718 (NOBLE, Con- tinuation of Granger, iii. 289). He used his first surname only, but in formal docu- ments the name always appears as ' Godfrey- Hanckwitz.' BOYLE GODFREY (eZ.1756 ?) developed, much to his father's annoyance, an unmistakable passion for alchemy, and ruined himself in the prosecution of costly futile experiments. The importunities of his creditors obliged him to retire to Rotterdam in 1731, where he at- tempted to practise medicine without having taken a degree. In December 1734 he was in Paris endeavouring to bring to the king's notice some wonderful remedy ' contra pro- fluvia sanguinis.' By December 1735, while still in Paris, he had received from a foreign university the diploma of M.D. The follow- ing year he ventured to return to his home in Tavistock Street, Covent Garden, only to lead a miserable existence in consequence of Godfrey his debts. Sir Hans Sloane did what he could to help him (cf. his letters to Sloane, 1733- 1742, Addit. MS. 4045, ff. 317-49). In the hope of obtaining practice he published about 1735 ' Miscellanea vere Utilia ; or, Miscellane- ous Experiments and Observations on various subjects.' A second edition, ' with additions,' came out in 1737. By his will his father, from whom he had had ' many thousand pounds,' which he ' squander'd away in a very profuse manner,' bequeathed him the sum of ten shillings a week ' that he might not want bread,' besides making a separate provision for his wife and children. Boyle ultimately sought a refuge in Dublin, from which he addressed a letter to Thomas Birch, dated 13 Jan. 1752-3, enclosing a few of his in- numerable ' observations ' for the edification of the Royal Society (id. 4308, ff. 122-3). He died (presumably in 1766), aged seventy. A witty epitaph on him, made up of a long and appropriate striiJg of chemical definitions, scientifically arranged, and forming a very curious specimen of the terminology of che- mistry, written by Charles Smith, M.D. [q.v.], was read at a meeting of the Dublin Medico- Philosophical Society on 1 July 1756, and in- serted in the minutes on the 15th of the same month. (An accurate copy is given in Notes and Queries, 5th ser. xi. 213 ; cf. HACKETT, Col- lection of Epitaphs, ii. 191-2). He married Elizabeth, sister of Towers Ashcroft, rector of Meppershall, Bedfordshire, by whom he left a son, Ambrose, and a daughter, Mary (Notes and Queries, 5th ser. xi. 128, 177, 197, 234). AMBROSE the younger (d. 1756) and JOHN GODFREY (Jl. 1747) carried on their father's laboratory in Southampton Street, but were declared bankrupts in 1746 (Gent. Mag. xvi. 45, 108). In 1747 they published ' A Curious Research into the Element of Water, con- taining many . . . experiments on that fluid body. . . . Being the conjunctive trials of Ambrose and John Godfrey, chymists, from their late Father's Observations,' 4to, Lon- don, 1747. Ambrose, who died in Decem- ber 1756 (will registered in P. C. C. 338, Glazier), took into partnership his nephew Ambrose, son of Boyle. The name survives in the firm of Godfrey & Cooke, a partnership created in 1797 under the will of Ambrose Godfrey, the nephew, but it is believed that the latter's descendants are extinct. [Authorities as above.] G. G. GODFREY, ARABELLA. [See CHTTRCHILL, ARABELLA.] GODFREY, SIR EDMUND BERRY*^ (1621-1678), justice of the peace for West- sre. minster, born 23 Dec. 1621, probably at Sel- at b Godfrey 32 Godfrey linge, Kent, was eighth son of Thomas God- frey, esq., by his second wife Sarah, daugh- ter of Thomas Isles, esq., of Hammersmith. The father, born 3 Jan. 1585-6, belonged to an old Kentish family, and lived at different times at Winchelsea, Haling, and Selling, all in Kent, and at St. Giles's, Cripplegate, Lon- don. He had twenty children by his two wives. He was M.P. for Winchelsea in 1614, and sat for New Romney in Charles I's third parliament (1628-9), and in the Short parliament of 1640. He died 10 Oct. 1664, and was buried beneath an elaborate monu- ' ment in Sellinge Church. His domestic diary (1608-55), preserved in Brit. Mus. Lansd. MS. 235, was printed by Mr. J. G. Ni- chols in the ' Topographer and Genealogist,' 11. 450-67. Peter, the eldest son by his se- i cond wife, inherited the estate of Hodiford, Kent (BERRY, Kentish Genealogies). Ed- j ward, another son, died in June 1640, aged j 12, just after his election to a king's scholar- ship at Westminster School, and was buried ! in the east cloister of Westminster Abbey. The ninth son, Michael, a London merchant \ (1624-1691), was foreman of the jury at the trial of Fitzharris in 1681, and had two sons, ' (1) Michael [q. v.], first deputy governor of the Bank of England, and (2) Peter, M.P. for London from 1715 till his death in November 1724. Edmund was ' christened the 13° January ' [1621-2].' 'His godfathers,' writes his father in his diary, ' were my cousin, John Berrie, esq., captain of the foot company of ] . . . Lidd ... his other godfather was Edmund Harrison, the king's embroiderer i . . . They named my son Edmund Berrie, j the one's name and the other's Christian name.' Macaulay, J. R. Green, and others, have fallen into the error of giving Godfrey's Christian name as * Edmundsbury ' or ' Ed- mundbury.' Edmund was educated at West- minster School, but was not on the founda- tion. He matriculated at Oxford as a com- moner of Christ Church 23 Nov. 1638, tra- velled abroad, entered Gray's Inn 3 Dec. 1640, and retired to the country in consequence of ' a defect in his hearing' (Extract from Christ Church Reg.] FOSTER, Gray's Inn Reg. ; TUKE, Memoires). His father's family was too large for him to give Edmund, one of his youngest sons, a competency. Edmund accordingly returned to London to take up the trade of a wood-monger. Together with a friend and partner named Harrison he acquired a wharf at Dowgate. The business prospered, and before 1658 he set up a wharf on his own account at ' Hartshorn Lane, near Charing Cross,' now Northumberland Street, Strand. He resided in an adjoining house described at the time as in ' Green's Lane in the Strand, near to Hungerford Market.' His prosperity and public spirit led to his appointment a» justice of the peace for Westminster, and he took an active part in the affairs of his own parish of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields. He re- mained in London throughout the plague of 1665, and his strenuous efforts to maintain order and relieve distress were rewarded by knighthood (September 1666). The king at the same time presented him with a silver tankard. Godfrey showed much belief in and many attentions to Valentine Greatrakes, the Irish 'stroker' [q. v.], on his visit to London in 1666 (GREATRAKES, Account, ed. 1723, pp. 36, 45). In 1669 he came into collision with the court. A customer, Sir Alexander Fraizer [q. v.], the king's physician, was ar- rested at his suit for 30/. due for firewood. The bailiffs were soundly whipped by the king's order ; Godfrey, who was committed to the porter's lodge at Whitehall, narrowly escaped the like indignity, ' to such an un- usual degree,' writes his friend Pepys,' was the king moved therein.' Godfrey asserted that the law was on his side, and that he ' would suffer in the cause of the people ' (PEPTS). For a time he refused nutriment. He was- released after six days' imprisonment (TTJKE). Godfrey moved in good society. He knew Danby, who became lord treasurer in 1673. His friends Burnet and William Lloyd, vicar of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, both affirm that ' he was esteemed the best justice of the peace in England.' His civility and courtesy were always conspicuous. He spent much in private charity. Some thought him 'vain and apt to take too much upon him,' but Burnet disputes this view. He was a zealous protestant, but ' had kind thoughts of the nonconformists, and consequently did not strictly enforce the penal laws against either them or the Roman catholics.' ' Few men/ says Burnet, ' lived on better terms with the papists than he did.' In 1678 ' he was en- tering upon a great design of taking up all beggars and putting them to work,' but gave at the same time 100/. for the relief of the necessitous poor of the parish of St. Martin's- in-the-Fields ( True and Perfect Narrative). Godfrey went to Montpellier for his health early in 1678, and returned, after much travel in France, greatly benefited. Soon after his return Titus Gates brought his narrative of his 'Popish plot 'to Godfrey (6 Sept. 1678), and made his first depositions on oath in sup- port of his charges. Three weeks later he signed further depositions in Godfrey's pre- sence, and on 28 Sept. laid his informations before the privy council. Oates swore that Godfrey complained to him on 30 Sept. of Godfrey 33 Godfrey affronts offered him by both parties in the council — some condemning his officiousness and others his remissness in not disclosing his interviews with Gates earlier. Threats, adds Gates, were held out that his conduct would form a subject for inquiry when parliament met on 21 Oct. As the panic occasioned by Oates's revelations increased, Godfrey, accord- ing to Burnet, became ' apprehensive and re- served ; ' ' he believed he himself should be knocked on the head.' ' Upon my conscience,' he told a friend, 'I shall be the first martyr; but I do not fear them if they come fairly : I shall not part with my life tamely' (TuKE). But he declined the advice of his friends to go about with a servant. On Saturday morning, 12 Oct. 1678, God- frey left home at nine o'clock, was seen soon afterwards at Marylebone, called about paro- chial business on one of the churchwardens of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields at noon, and ac- cording to somewhat doubtful evidence was met late in the day between St. Clement's Church in the Strand and Somerset House. He did not return home that night. His servants, knowing his regular habits, grew alarmed. On the following Thursday even- ing (17 Oct.) his dead body was found in a ditch on the south side of Primrose Hill, near Hampstead. He lay face downwards, trans- fixed by his own sword. Much money and jewellery were found untouched in his pockets ; his pocket-book and a lace cravat were alone missing. Next day an inquest was held at the White House, Primrose Hill. Two surgeons swore that there were marks about the neck which showed that Godfrey died of suffocation, and was stabbed after death. Other witnesses showed that the body was not in the ditch on the preceding Tuesday, and that it must have been placed there when dead. An open verdict of wilful murder was returned. The body was carried to Godfrey's house. Burnet saw it, and noticed on the clothes ' drops of white wax lights,' such as Roman catholic priests use, but no mention was made of this circum- stance at the inquest. The funeral was de- layed till 31 Oct. On that day the body was borne to Old Bridewell, and publicly lay in state. A solemn procession afterwards ac- companied it through Fleet Street and the Strand to the church of St. Martin's-in-the- Fields, where it was buried, and a sermon preached by William Lloyd, the vicar. Two proclamations, offering a reward of 5001. for the discovery of the murderers, were issued respectively on 20 and 24 Oct. Godfrey was undoubtedly murdered. The public, panic-stricken by Oates's desperate allegations, promptly laid the crime at the VOL. XXII. door of Roman catholic priests, and popular indignation against the papists was roused to fever heat. Medal-portraits of Godfrey were struck, in which the pope was represented as directing the murder. Ballads and illus- trated broadsides expressed similar senti- ments. ' An Hasty Poem,' entitled ' Pro- clamation promoted ; or an Hue and Cry and inquisition after treason and blood,' appeared as early as 1 Nov. 1678 (LEMON, Cat. Broad- sides in possession of Soc. Antiq. Lond. 134). Sober persons who mistrusted Oates from the first, and were convinced of the aimlessness from a catholic point of view of Godfrey's murder, suggested that ' being of a melan- choly and hypochondriacal disposition ' God- frey might have committed suicide. It was also rumoured that he was pursuing some secret amours, and was in heavy debt to the parish of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields. But these allegations were unsupported by evidence, and the theory of suicide is quite untenable. A parliamentary committee under the pre- sidency of Shaftesbury sat to investigate Oates's statements and Godfrey's murder. On 10 Nov. Bedloe, one of Oates's chief allies, informed the committee that the murderers were two of Lord Belasyse's servants. The king disbelieved the allegation. Danby, lord high treasurer, who discredited the testi- mony of Oates and his gang, was himself charged in a paper signed ' J. B.' and sent to members of parliament with being privy to a plot to take Godfrey's life. Danby's secretary, Edward Christian, deemed it wise to rebut in a pamphlet the absurd charge, which was repeated by Fitzharris in 1680 (cf. Reflec- tions upon a Paper entitled Reflections upon the Earl of Danby in relation to Sir Edmund Barry Godfrey's murder, 1679; Vindication of the Duke of Leeds, 1711). At length on 21 Dec. 1678, Miles Prance, a Roman ca- tholic silversmith, who sometimes worked in the queen's chapel at Somerset House, was arrested on the false testimony of a default- ing debtor as a catholic conspirator. Much tor- ture and repeated cross-examinations elicited from him a confession of complicity in God- frey's murder, 24Dec. Certain catholic priests, according to Prance, decided on Godfrey's murder because he was a zealous protestant and a powerful abettor of Oates, and they and their associates dogged his steps for many days. On 12 Oct. he was enticed into the courtyard of Somerset House, where the queen lived, on the pretext that two of her servants were fighting there. The murderers were awaiting him. He was straightway strangled in the presence of three priests, Vernatti, Gerald, and Kelley, by Robert Green, cushionman in the queen's chapel, D Godfrey 34 Godfrey Lawrence Hill, servant to Dr. Thomas God- den [q. v.], treasurer of the chapel, and Henry Berry, porter of Somerset House. Meanwhile Prance watched one of the gates to prevent interruption. The body was kept at Somerset House till the following Wednesday night, when it was carried by easy stages in a sedan chair to Primrose Hill, and left as it was found. Prance said that he afterwards at- tended a meeting of Jesuits and priests at Bow to celebrate the deed. Green, Hill, and Berry j were arrested. Before the trial Prance re- canted his story, but a few days later reas- serted its truth. On 5 Feb. 1678-9 he swore , in court to his original declaration. Bedloe appeared to corroborate it, and deposed to offers of money being made to him by Lefaire, Pritchard, and other priests early in October j to join in the crime. But his allegation did ! not agree in detail with Prance's statement. ' One of Godfrey's servants swore that Hill' and Green had called with messages at her master's house on or before the fatal Satur- day. The prisoners strenuously denied their j guilt, and called witnesses to prove an alibi. They were, however, convicted. Green and Hill, both Roman catholics, were hanged at Tyburn on 21 Feb., and Berry, in considera- tion of his being a protestant, a week later. On 8 Feb. Samuel Atkins, a servant of Pepys, was tried as an accessory before the fact on Bedloe's evidence. But Bedloe's story was so flimsy that Atkins was acquitted. The populace was satisfied. Primrose Hill, which had been known at an earlier period as Greenberry Hill, was rechristened by that name in reference to the three alleged mur- derers. Somerset House was nicknamed God- frey Hall. Illustrated broadsides set forth all the details of the alleged murder there. But Prance was at once suspected by sober critics of having concocted the whole story, which Bedloe alone had ventured to corrobo- rate. He was soon engaged in a paper war- fare with Sir Roger L'Estrange and other pamphleteers who doubted his evidence. 'A Letter to Miles Prance,' signed Trueman (1680), was answered by Prance in 'Sir E. B. G.'s Ghost,' which in its turn was an- swered by ' A second Letter to Miles Prance ' (13 March 1681-2). The ' Loyal Protestant Intelligencer' on 7 and 11 March 1681-2 severely denounced the trial of Green, Berry, j and Hill as judicial murder. Immediately j afterwardsthe theory of Godfrey's suicide was revived. On 20 June 1682 Nathaniel Thomp- son, William Pain, and John Farwell were found guilty at Westminster of having cir- culated pamphlets discrediting the justice of the trial of Green, Berry, and Hill, and with having asserted that Godfrey killed himself. They were sentenced to fines of 100/. each, while Thompson and Farwell had in addition to stand in the pillory in Old Palace Yard. Some new evidence was adduced at their trial to show that Godfrey was undoubtedly mur- dered, but no clue to the perpetrators was discovered. Prance's story was finally de- molished when on 15 June 1686 he pleaded guilty to perjury in having concocted all his evidence. He was fined 100/., and was or- dered to stand in the pillory, and to be whipped from Newgate to Tyburn. The mystery remains unsolved. The most probable theory is that Gates and his despe- rate associates caused Godfrey to be murdered to give colour to their false allegations, and to excite popular opinion in favour of their agitation. A portrait of Godfrey hangs in the vestry- room of the parish of St. Martin's-in-the- Fields. An engraving by Van Houe is pre- fixed to Tuke's ' Memoires,' 1682. In 1696 Godfrey's brotherBenjamin repaired the tablet above the grave of their younger brother (1628^tO) in the east cloister of Westminster, and added a Latin inscription giving the date of Sir Edmund's murder. A silver tankard, now belonging to the borough of Sudbury, Suffolk, bears Godfrey's arms and an inscrip- tion recounting his services at the plague and fire of London. It is apparently a copy, made for Godfrey for presentation to a friend, of the tankard presented to him by Charles II in 1666. An engraving is in the ' Gentleman's Maga- zine,'1848, pt. ii. p. 483. Seven medallion-por- traits of Godfrey are in the British Museum. (For engravings of these see PINKEKTON, Me- dallions relating to History of England, plate xxxv.) [Tuke's Memoires of the Life and Death of Sir Edmondbury Godfrey, Lond. 1682, dedicated to Charles II, with two poems on the murder ap- pended, ' Bacchanalia ' and ' The Proclamation Promoted ; ' Nichols's Topographer and Genealo- gist, 1852, ii. 459 et seq. ; W. Lloyd's Funeral Sermon, 1678; Howell's State Trials, vi. 1410 et seq., vii. 159 et seq., viii. 1378-80; Aubrey's Lives in Letters from the Bodleian Library, ii. 359 ; Pepys's Diary ; Luttrell's Brief Relation ; Reres- by's Memoirs, ed. Cartwright ; Burnet's History of his Own Time: Gent. Mag. 1848, ii. 483-90; Cat. of Prints and Drawings in the British Mu- seum (Satirical), i. ; Thornbury and Walford's Old and New London; Macaulay's History; Hal- lam's History. The True and Perfect Narrative, 1678, supplies an impartial account of the.finding of the body and the inquest. Prance's True Narrative and Discovery, 1679; his Additional Narrative, 1679; his Lestrange a Papist, 1681 ; his Solemn Protestation against Lestrange, 1 682, and A Succinct Narrative with Prance's story repeated, 1683, give Prance's allegations. The Godfrey 35 Godfrey Letters to Prance and the Anti-Protestant, or Miles against Prance, 1682, contain the chief con- temporary criticism of his testimony. England's Grand Memorial, 1679 (with Godfrey's character); The Solemn Mock Procession of Pope, Cardinals, &C..1679 and 1680; London Drollery, 1680; The Popish Damnable Plot, 1680; the Dreadful Appari- tion— the Pope Haunted, 1680 ; A True Narrative of the . . . Plot, 1680, give broadside illustrations of the murder and recapitulate Prance's story. For other ballads see Bagford Ballads, ed. Ebs- worth, ii. 662-85, and Roxburghe Ballads, ed. Ebsworth, iv.] S. L. L. GODFREY, MICHAEL (d. 1695), finan- cier, was the eldest son of Michael God- frey (1624-1689), merchant, of London, and Woodford, Essex, eleventh son of Thomas Godfrey of Hodiford, Kent, by his wife, Anne Mary Chambrelan. His father was brother of Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey [q. v.], and foreman of the grand jury who found a true bill against Edward Fitzharris [q. v.] for high treason. The younger Godfrey and his brother Peter were merchants, and their father predicted that their speculations would speedily ' bring into hotchpott ' the whole of their ample fortunes. Godfrey supported William Paterson in the establishment of the Bank of England in 1694. He was re- warded by being elected the first deputy- governor of the bank. Soon afterwards he published an able pamphlet entitled, ' A Short Account of the Bank of England,' which was reissued after his death, and has also been included in both editions of the ' Somera Tracts.' On 15 Aug. 1694 Godfrey was chosen one of fifteen persons to prepare by- laws for the new bank (LUTTRELL, Historical Relation of State Affairs, 1857, iii. 357). At a general court held on 16 May 1695, at which Peter Godfrey was elected a director, the bank resolved to establish a branch at Antwerp, in order to coin money to pay the troops in Flanders. Deputy-governors Sir James Houblon, Sir William Scawen, and Michael Godfrey were therefore appointed to go thither 'to methodise the same, his ma- jesty and the elector of Bavaria having agreed theretoo ' (ib. iii. 473). On their arrival at Namur, then besieged by William, the king invited them to dinner in his tent. They went out of curiosity into the trenches, where a cannon-ball from the works of the besieged killed Godfrey as he stood near the king, 17 July 1695. ' Being an eminent merchant,' writes Luttrell, ' he is much lamented ; this news has abated the actions of the bank 21. per cent.' (iii. 503). He was buried near his father in the church of St. Swithin, Wai- brook, where his mother erected a tablet to his memory (Slow, Survey, ed. Strype, bk. ii. E. 193). He was a bachelor. A Michael God- :ey was surveyor-accountant of St. Paul's school in 1682-3 (Admission Registers, ed. Gardiner, p. 394). [Wills of the elder and younger Michael God- frey registered in P. C. C. 175, Ent, and 130, Irby ; Luttrell's Historical Kelation of State Affairs, 1857 ; Francis's Hist, of Bank of Eng- land, 3rd ed. ; Macaulay's Hist, of England, chaps, xx. xxi.; Will of Peter Godfrey, No- vember 1 724, P. C. C. 245, Bolton.] G. G. GODFREY, RICHARD BERNARD (b. 1728), engraver, born in London in 1728, is principally known as an engraver of views and antiquities. Many of these were done from his own drawings, and, if of little ar- tistic value, have considerable archaeological interest. Most of them were executed for Grose's ' Antiquarian Repertory ' in 1775, a work which Godfrey appears to have had some share in editing. Others appeared in Grose's ' Antiquities of England and Wales.' Godfrey also engraved some portraits, in- cluding J. G. Holman, the actor, after De Wilde ; Samuel Foote, the actor, after Col- son ; and the Rev. William Gostling, author of a ' Walk about Canterbury ' in 1777. God- frey exhibited some sea pieces, after Brook- ing, and other engravings at the Society of Artists from 1765 to 1770. He also en- graved plates for Bell's ' British Theatre.' [Dodd's MS. Hist, of English Engravers (Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 33410); Redgrave's Diet, of Artists ; Catalogues of the Society of Artists.] L. C. GODFREY, THOMAS (1736-1763),poet and dramatist, born in Philadelphia on 4 Dec. 1736, was the son of Thomas Godfrey (1704- 1749), glazier and mathematician, who con- structed an improved quadrant at about the same time as John Hadley [q. v.] He re- ceived an ordinary education, and was ap- prenticed to a watchmaker, though he wished, it is said, to become a painter. In 1758 he obtained a lieutenant's commission in the pro- vincial forces raised for an expedition against Fort Duquesne. On the disbanding of the troops in the spring of 1759 he went to North Carolina, and found employment as a factor. Here he composed a tragedy called ' The Prince of Parthia,' which was offered to a company performing in Philadelphia in 1759. This piece, which was printed in 1765, is con- sidered tobe the first play written in America. After remaining in North Carolina for three years Godfrey was obliged by the death of his employer to return to Philadelphia. He subsequently went as supercargo to New Pro- vidence. In his homeward journey through North Carolina he caught a fever, from which, D2 Godham Godiva he died near Wilmington on 3 Aug. 1763. Besides contributing verses to the 'American Magazine/ a Philadelphian periodical, God- frey published in 1763 ' The Court of Fancy,' a poem modelled in part on the pseudo- Chaucer's ' House of Fame.' A volume of his poems, with a biographical sketch by his friend Nathaniel Evans, appeared in 1767. [Baker's Biographia Dramatica (Reed and Jones), i. 279-80, iii. 180; Appleton's Cyclopaed. of Amer. Biog. ii. 669.] G. G. GODHAM, ADAM (d. 1358). [See GODDAM.] GODIVA or GODGIFU (ft. 1040-1080), benefactress, was sister to Thorold of Buck- nail, sheriff of Lincolnshire. Her name is presented in seventeen different forms ; God- fife is in the Stow charter, Godiva in the palding charter (both printed by Kemble, but probably spurious) ; the Domesday spell- ing is Godeva. Freeman gives Godgifu. Some time before 1040 she married Leofric, earl of Chester [q. v.] In the ' Liber Eliensis ' (end of twelfth century) there is mention of a Godiva, widow of an earl, 'regnante Canute' (1017-1035). She, in prospect of death, wrote to yElfric the bishop (of Elmham and Dun- wich, 1028-32), and Leofric the abbot (of Ely, 1022-29), giving to Ely monastery the estate of Berchinges (Barking, Suffolk), which was hers 'parentum hsereditate.' By will she added to the gift the lands of ^Estre or Plassiz (High Easter, Good Easter, and Pleshey, Suf- folk), Fanbrege (North and South Fambridge, Essex) and Terlinges (Terling, Essex). If this was our Godiva, it would follow that she recovered from her illness of 1028-9, and that her union with Earl Leofric was a second marriage. In the Spalding charter, as in the Domesday survey, she bears the title ' comi- tissa ; ' it does not appear that the title of * lady ' belonged to her degree in the usage of her time; in the Stow charter she is simply ' Sees eorles pif.' She is described as a person of great beauty and a devoted lover of the Virgin Mary. About 1040 she inte- rested herself in the erection of the monastery at Stow, Lincolnshire, and made considerable benefactions to it, both jointly with her hus- band and on her own part. At Coventry, Warwickshire, which was a * villa ' belonging to her husband, there had "been a convent, of which St. Osburg was abbess ; it was burned when Eadric [see EDEIC or EADEIC STREONA] ravaged the dis- trict in 1016. Godiva induced her husband to found here, in 1043, a Benedictine monas- tery for an abbot and twenty-four monks. The church was dedicated to St. Mary, St. Peter, St. Osburg, and All Saints on 4 Oct. by Eadsige [q. v.], archbishop of Canterbury. Besides joining her husband in rich gifts of land, including a moiety of Coventry, Godiva from time to time made the church of this monastery resplendent with gold and gems to a degree unequalled in England at that date. William of Malmesbury says that the very walls seemed too narrow for the re- ceptacles of treasures. It abounded also in relics, the most precious being the arm of St. Augustine of Hippo, enclosed in a silver case, bearing an inscription to the effect that Ethelnoth [q. v.], archbishop of Canterbury, had bought it at Pavia for a hundred talents of silver and a talent of gold. Unless the inception of the Coventry monastery was much earlier than the dedication of the church, this relic cannot have been given to Coventry by Ethelnoth {d. 1038); it may have been given byEadsige. In 1051 Godiva's mark is appended to the charter of her brother Thorold, found- ing the Benedictine monastery at Spalding, Lincolnshire, with the words : ' + Ego Godiva Comitissa diu istud desideravi.' She is com- memorated also as a benefactress to the monas- teries of Leominster, Herefordshire, Wen- lock, Shropshire, St. Werburg, Chester, Wor- cester, and Evesham, Worcestershire. Leofric, at her instigation, granted to monasteries sundry lands which had been alienated from church uses. A petition from Godiva to Pope Victor (1055-7) is given by Kemble, who marks it doubtful, and assigns it to 1060-6. Her fame as a religious foundress has been eclipsed by the story of her Coventry ride, around which legend has freely grown. Ob- jection has-been taken to the whole story on the ground that in Godiva's time there was no ' city ' of Coventry. The simplest and apparently the oldest form of the narrative is given by Roger of Wendover, whose ' Flores ' come down to within two years of his death (6 May 1237), but who is dependent up to 1154 (or perhaps 1188) on the work of an unknown earlier writer. Roger represents Godiva as begging the release of the ' villa ' of Coventry from a heavy bondage of toll. Leofric replied, ' Mount your horse naked, and pass through the market of the villa, from one end to the other, when the people are assembled, and on your return you shall obtain what you ask.' Accordingly Godiva, attended by two soldiers, rode through the market-place, her long hair down, so that no one saw her, ' apparentibus cruribus tamen candidissimis.' Leofric, struck with admi- ration, granted the release by charter. The chronicle ascribed to John Brompton [q. v.] of the late fourteenth century gives a briefer account, omits the escort and the market, and asserts without qualification that no one saw Godiva 37 Godiva her. Matthew of Westminster, whose annals extend to 1307, combines the language of these two accounts, but still omits the escort, and makes a miracle of Godiva's invisibility. He first speaks of a charter granted by Leofric to the ' city.' Ralph Higden (d.1363), followed by Henry of Knighton, gives to the story a single sentence, of which the natural meaning is that Leofric, in consequence of the ride, freed his city of Coventry from all toll except that on horses. It is possible that an erroneous in- terpretation has suggested the ballad in the 'Percy Folio' (about 1 650), according to which Coventry was already free except from horse toll. This ballad first mentions Godiva's order that all persons should keep within doors and shut their windows, and affirms that ' no person did her see.' That one per- son disobeyed the order seems to be first stated by Rapin (1732). Jago, in ' Edge Hill' (1767, bk. ii.), speaks of 'one prying slave,' and hints at his punishment by loss of sight; Pennant (1782) calls him 'a certain taylor.' The name ' peeping Tom,' which, as Freeman observes, could only have belonged to 'one of king Ead ward's Frenchmen,' oc- curs in the city accounts on 11 June 1773, when a new wig and fresh paint were supplied for his effigy. Poole quotes from the ' Gen- tleman's Magazine,' ' at nearly the close of the last century,' a letter from Canon Seward, which makes the peeper ' a groom of the countess,' named Action (? Actaeon). The rationalistic interpretation by Water- ton and others, referring to Godiva's 'strip- ping herself to benefit the church, is out of place, for the church gained nothing by the ride. As the story is older than the sacred plays of Coventry, it is unnecessary to discuss Conway's suggestion that ' Godeva ' has got mixed up with ' good Eve.' In its first form the tale may contain a kernel of truth. The monastery would attract a market ; it is cre- dible that Godiva, under religious impulse, accepted a condition, meant to be impossible, in order to relieve ' poor traders resorting to the villa ' (BROMPTON). Drayton's fine lines (Poly-Olbion, 1613, xiii.) give the spirit of the episode. The argument from the silence of the Saxon chronicler (who does not mention her at all), Ordericus Vitalis, William of Malmesbury, Henry of Huntingdon, the Mel- rose chronicler, and other writers of the twelfth century like Simeon of Durham, Flo- rence of Worcester, and Roger of Hoveden, who are practically identical, may be met by considering that the incident was purely local, and the same fastidiousness which softened some of its circumstances by the aid of mi- racle may have contributed to its omission. Hales sees a reference to the story, earlier than any direct narrative, in the fact that Queen Maud 'received the sobriquet of Godiva' from her English sympathies ; by a further confusion Walter Bower (d. 1449) [q. v.] tells the story of Matilda, queen of Henry II. Painters commit the anachronism of seating Godiva on her horse in the modern way, in- troduced by Anne of Bohemia [q.v.] Peacham says (1641) that 'her picture so riding is set up in glasse in a window in St. Michael's church in the same city.' Dugdale (1656) says the pictures of both Leofric and Godiva were placed about the time of Richard II in a south window of Trinity Church, Leofric holding a charter with the legend I Luriche for the love of thee Doe make Coventre Tol-free. Burgess gives, from Dr. Stukeley's notebook, a drawing of these window-portraits (of which no trace remains) with a slightly different legend ; Luriche is Leuricus, for Levricus. The ' Godiva procession ' at Coventry, first annual, then triennial (last procession 1887), is no survival of a mediaeval pageant. The manuscript city annals show that it was insti- tuted on 31 May 1678, during the mayoralty of Michael Earle, as ' a new Show on the Sum- mer or Great Fair ; ' on that occasion ' James Swinnerton's son represented Lady Godina.' This form of the name, obviously originating from a misreading, is mentioned by Dugdale, and is found in Evans and in a Canterbury broadsheet. The original procession was official, the mediaeval adjuncts (except Bishop Blaise, patron of the woolcombers) were in- troduced when the reformed corporation ceased to take part in it. The oaken figure of a man in armour, now known as 'peeping Tom,' was probably an image of St. George ; it was removed from Grey Friars Lane, and placed in its present position at the north- west corner of Hertford Street, on the forma- tion of that street in 1812. Of recent years a rival figure has adorned the south-west corner. Leofric died on 31 Aug. 1057. How long Godiva survived him is not known. It seems probable that she died a few years be- fore the Domesday survey (1085-6). Part only of her lands are included in the Domes- day Book. A rosary of gems, worth one hundred marks of silver, she left to be placed round the neck of the image of the Virgin in the abbey church at Coventry. In one of its two porches she was buried, her husband lying in the other. She was the mother of ^Elfgar [q.v.] [Ordericus Vitalis, in Duchesne's Historise Normannorum Scriptores Antiqui, 1619, p. 511, and in Migne's Patrologise Cursus, clxxxviii. ; Godkin 3 William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum (Rolls Ser.), i. 123-4, and Gesta Pontificum (Rolls Ser.), 309-11; Roger of Hoveden (Rolls Ser.), ed. Stubbs, i. 103 ; Roger of Wendover's Flores Historiarum, ed. Coxe, 1841 (Engl. Hist, Soc.), i. 497 ; John of Brompton in Twysdeu's Hist. Anglic. Scriptt. Decem. 1652, p. 949; Matthew of Westminster, ed. 1601, p. 216 sq., ed. 1570, p. 423 sq. ; Ralph Higden (Rolls Ser.), ed. 1879, vii. 198; Henry of Knighton (Rolls iSer.), i. 43- 44 ; John of Peterborough, ed. Giles, 1845, p. 49 ; John of Tynemouth, in Percy Folio, 1868, p. 544 ; Walter of Coventry (Rolls Ser.), ed. Stubbs, 1872, i. 72; Kemble's Codex Diplomaticus, 1846 (Engl. Hist. Soc.), iv. 128, 168 ; Hist. Eccles. Eliensis, in Gale, 1691, iii. 503, cf. Liber Eliensis, ed. Stewart, 1848; RyhenPameach (Henry Peacham, jun.), Dialogue between the Crosse in Cheap and Charing Crosse, 1641; Dugdale's Warwickshire, 1656, p. 86 sq., ed. Thomas, 1730, p. 135 sq. ; Dugdale's Baronage, 1675, i. 9 sq. ; Dugdale's Monasticon, ed. Caley, Ellis, and Bandinel, 1821, iii. 1 sq., 177sq.; Evans's Old Ballads, 1726,ii.34; Rapin's Hist, of England, 1732, i. 135 ; How Coventry •was made free by Godina, Countess of Chester (broadsheet ballad, from Evans, Canterbury [1780], British Museum C. 20, c. 41 (16); Pen- nant's Journey from Chester to London, 1782, p. 139 ; M. D.'Conway in Harper's Monthly Mag. 1866, xxxiii. 625 sq.; Percy Folio, ed. Hales and Furnivall, 1868, iii. 473 sq.; Freeman's Hist. Norman Conquest, 1868, ii. 1871, iv. ; Poole's Coventry, its Hist, and Antiq. 1870 ; Burgess's Historic Warwickshire [1875], p. 75 sq. ; King Eadward's Charter to Coventry Monastery, ed. Birch, 1889; collections relating to LadyGodiva, in Free Public Library, Coventry ; extracts from manuscript city annals, Coventry, per W. G. Fretton, F.S.A; extracts from the manuscript Liber Eliensis in the cathedral library, Ely, per the Rev. J. H. Crosby.] A. G. GODKIN, JAMES (1806-1879), writer on Ireland, was born at Gorey, co. Wexford, in 1806. Ordained pastor of a dissenting congregation at Armagh in 1834, he after- wards became a general missionary to Roman catholics, in connection with the Irish Evan- gelical Society, and in 1836 issued ' A Guide from the Church of Rome to the Church of Christ.' In 1842 he published ' The Touch- stone of Orthodoxy ' and ' Apostolic Christi- anity, or the People's Antidote against Pusey- ism and Romanism.' Having written a prize essay on federalism in 1845 (' The Rights of Ireland'), Godkin's connection with the Irish Evangelical Society ceased, and he turned his attention to journalism. Proceeding to London inl847,hebecamealeaderwriterfor provincial journals, Irish and Scotch, and a contributor to reviews and magazines. He published in 1848 ' The Church Principles of the NewTesta- ment.' Returning to Ireland in 1849, Godkin established in Belfast the ' Christian Patriot.' Godley He afterwards became editor of the ' Deny Standard,' and then, removing to Dublin, he for several years held the chief editorial post on the ' Daily Express.' While engaged on this paper he acted as Dublin correspondent for the London ' Times.' For thirty years Godkin was a close student of every phase of the Irish question. In 1850 he was an active member of the Irish Tenant League. Some of Godkin's writings on ecclesias- tical and land questions had a large influ- ence. Before the introduction of Mr. Glad- stone's Irish legislative measures in the House of Commons Godkin published an elaborate treatise on 'Ireland and her Churches' (1867), advocating church equality and tenant secu- rity for the Irish people. In 1869 God- kin, as special commissioner of the ' Irish Times,' traversed the greater part of Ulster and portions of the south of Ireland in order to ascertain the feelings of the farmers and the working classes on the land question. The result of these investigations appeared in his work, ' The Land War in Ireland ' (1870). In 1871 Godkin wrote, in conjunction with John A. Walker, ' The New Handbook of Ireland,' and in 1873 he published his ' Reli- gious History of Ireland ; Primitive, Papal, and Protestant.' He was also the author of ' Religion and Education in India.' and an ' Illustrated History of England from 1820 to the Death of the Prince Consort.' On the recommendation of Mr. Gladstone the queen conferred a'pension on Godkin in 1873 for his literary merit and services. He died in 1879. [Read's Cabinet of Irish Literature ; Ward's Men of the Reign ; Godkin's Works.] G. B. S. GODLEY, JOHN ROBERT (1814-1861), politician, eldest son of John Godley of Kil- legar, co. Leitrim, was born in 1814. He was educated at Harrow, and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he proceeded B.A. 27 Oct.1836. He was afterwards called to the English bar, but practised little, if at all. He travelled a good deal. ' Letters from America ' (2 vols. 1844) described the impressions produced on him by a visit to that country. He early turned his attention to colonisation, propos- ing to partially relieve the distress which the impending Irish famine was soon to bring on, by the emigration of one million of the population to Canada. The means were to be provided by Ireland. The ministry rejected the plan. Godley acted as magistrate, grand juror, and poor law guardian in his native county, for which he stood in the tory inte- rest, but unsuccessfully, in 1847. Godley now became intimate with Edward Gibbon Wakefi eld, in whose ' Theory of Colonisation ' Godmond 39 Godolphin he cordially concurred. This intimacy led to the founding of Canterbury, New Zealand, on a plan elaborated by Godley, ' which required that ample funds should be provided out of the proceeds of the land sales for the religious and educational wants of the community about to be established.' In December 1849, the state of his health forcing him to leave England, he went to New Zealand, where he at once became in- terested in colonial politics and in the by no means flourishing affairs of Canterbury. Amidst many difficulties, but with clear hope for the future, he guided for some years its * infant fortunes.' His view of colonial ma- nagement he stated thus briefly and empha- tically : ' I would rather be governed by a Nero on the spot than by a board of angels in London, because we could, if the worst came to the worst, cut off Nero's head, but we could not get at the board in London at all ' (Memoir, p. 18). He left for England 22 Dec. 1852. On his return he was ap- pointed to a commissionership of income tax in Ireland. Thence he went to the war office, and was assistant under-secretary at war under "the secretaryships of Lord Panmure, General Peel, and Lord Herbert. He died at Glou- cester Place, Portman Square, 17 Nov. 1861. He married Charlotte, daughter of C. G. Nynne, esq., of Vodas, Denbighshire. His eldest son, John Arthur Godley, became per- manent under-secretary of state for India in 1883. Besides the work mentioned Godley wrote : "* Observations on an Irish Poor Law ' (Dub- lin, 1847). A selection from his writings and speeches, with a portrait and memoir, edited by J. E. Fitzgerald, was published at Christchurch, New Zealand, in 1863. [Memoir above referred to; Cat. of Oxford Graduates, 1659-1856, p. 262 ; Gent. Mag. De- cember 1861, p. 698; Brit. Mus. Cat.] F. W-T. GODMOND, CHRISTOPHER O*. 1840), dramatist, was the son of Isaac Godmond (d. 1809), one of the vicars of Ripon Cathe- dral. He lived at various times in Ripon, London, Lee in Kent, and Teignmouth in Devonshire. On 9 Aug. 1804 he married Mary, eldest daughter of John Collinson of Gravel Lane, Southwark, and by this lady, who died on 13 Feb. 1815, had a daughter { Gent. May. vol. Ixxiv. pt. ii. p. 783, vol. Ixxxv. pt. i. p. 279). He was elected F.S.A. on 50 Nov. 1837 (ib. new ser. ix. 79), but was declared a defaulter on 19 April 1849. He was author of: 1. 'Memoir of Therrouanne, the ancient capital of the Morini in Gaul . . . also a discourse on the Portus Itius of Caesar, with . . . notes,' 8vo, London, 1836. 2. Godolphin in obedience to a royal mandate was nominated provost of the college 16 Oct. 1695, and insti- tuted 30 Oct. At Eton he was a considerable benefactor to the school, contributing in 1700 1.0002. towards the expense of altering the chapel, and erecting at his own cost a copper statue of the founder, Henry VI, in the schoolyard. He was nominated Sneating pre- bendary of St. Paul's, London, 13 Nov. 1683, holding the prebend till his decease. After the death of Dr. William Sherlock he was elected dean of St. Paul's, 14 July 1707, and installed on 18 July, but resigning the deanery in October 1726, he returned to the duties of the provostship of Eton, a position much better suited to his abilities and tem- perament. During his tenure of office at St. Paul's he had greatly thwarted Sir Chris- topher Wren in his efforts to erect a suitable cathedral. In 1720 he gave to the city of Salisbury certain moneys, then vested in foreign funds, to be applied to the education of eight young gentlewomen whose parents be- longed to the church of England. This money, after some delay, was remitted to England, but the business was thrown into chancery, and it was not until 1788 that the charity could be established (HoAKE, Wiltshire, 1843, vi. 516, 533, 536, 830). Mr. Willymott, vice-provost of King's College, Cambridge, in 1722 brought out a new translation of ' Imi- tation of Christ, by Thomas a Kempis, four books, together with his three tabernacles of Poverty, Humility, and Patience.' This work was originally dedicated to ' Dr. Godolphin, provost of Eton,' but when Willymott recol- lected that Godolphin had abused the fellows of that college, the dedication was cancelled, and it was ' dedicated to the sufferers by the South Sea scheme.' Godolphin died at Wind- sor, 29 Jan. 1732-3, and was buried in Eton Chapel, leaving by will many valuable books to the college. Some letters from him to members of his family are in Brit. Mus. Addit, MS. 28052, ff. 17-25. He married Mary, daughter of Colonel Sidney, son of John Godolphin [q. v.] ; she died 30 June 1743. His son, Sir Francis Go- dolphin, succeeded his cousin Francis [q. v.] as second Baron Godolphin of Helston in 1766, but dying in 1785 the title became extinct. His daughter Mary married William Owen, esq., of Porkington. [Evelyn's Diary (1852), ii. 135, 195, 276, 341; Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, i. 237, 681, 706, iv. 601, v.98,viii.391 ; Milman's Annals of St. Paul's (1869), pp. 436, 458 ; Creasy s Memoirs of Eto- nians (1876), pp. 233-5; Lyte's Eton College (1875), pp. 270, 284, 287; Boase and Courtney's Bibliotheca Cornubiensis, pp. 178, 1199; Boase's Collectanea Cornubiensia, p. 283.] G. C. B. Godolphin Godolphin GODOLPHIN, JOHN (1617-1678), ci- vilian, second son (by Judith Meredith) of John Godolphin, who was younger brother of Sir William Godolphin (d. 1613), was born at Scilly, 29 Nov. 1617. He became a commoner of Gloucester Hall (afterwards Worcester College), Oxford, in the Michael- mas term of 1632 ; distinguished himself in the study of philosophy, logic, and the civil law; graduated as B.C.L. in 1636 and D.C.L. in 1643. He took the puritan side, and on 30 July 1653 was appointed judge of the admiralty, with William Clarke and Charles George Cock. After Clarke's death Godolphin and Cock were reappointed in July 1659 to hold the same office until 10 Dec. following. Upon the Restoration he became one of the king's advocates, though his name does not appear on the register. He died ' in or near Fleet Street,' 4 April 1678, and was buried in Clerkenwell Church. He was four times married, and had by his first wife a son, Sidney, who was governor of Scilly, and whose daugh- ter Mary married Henry Godolphin, provost of Eton [q. v.] Godolphin wrote the following books upon law and divinity, which are dry, though ap- parently learned abstracts : 1. ' The Holy Limbec, or an Extraction of the Spirit from the Letter of certain eminent places in the ~toly Scripture,' 1650. ' The Holy Limbeck, fa a Semi-Century of Spiritual Extraction,' /&c., is the same book with title altered. 2. ' The Holy Arbor, containing a Body of Divinity. . . . Collected from many Ortho- dox Laborers in the Lord's Vineyard,' 1651. 3. ' Svj/fjyopos daXda-trio s, a view of the Admi- ral Jurisdiction . . .' 1661 and 1685 (appendix has a list of lord high admirals after Spel- man, and an extract from the ancient laws of Oleron, translated from Garsias alias Fer- rand). 4. ' The Orphan's Legacy, or a Tes- tamentary Abridgement ' (in three parts, on wills, executors, and legacies), 1674, 1677, 1685, 1701. 5. ' Repertorium Canonicum, or an Abridgement of the Ecclesiastical Laws of this Realm consistent with the Temporal,' 1678, 1680, 1687. ' Laws, Ordinances, and Institutions of the Admiralty of Great Bri- tain,' 1746 and 1747, is not, as stated by Watt (Bibl. Brit.), a reprint of No. 3. [Wood's Athenae (Bliss), iii. 1152-3; Coote's English Civilians, p. 81 ; Echard's Hist, of Eng- land (1718), iii. 500; Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub.] GODOLPHIN, MRS. MARGARET (1652-1678), friend of Evelyn, born 2 Aug. 1652, was daughter of Thomas Blagge of Horningsheath, Suffolk (a royalist colonel, and governor of Wallingford, who on the Re- storation became governor of Yarmouth and Landguard Fort), by Mary, daughter of Sir Roger North of Mildenhall. Her father died 14Nov. 1660. He had accompanied the second Duke of Buckingham in his escape after the battle of Worcester. Margaret Blagge was entrusted when very young to Buckingham's sister, wife of the third Duke of Richmond, then in France, who transferred her to the care of Buckingham's first cousin, Elizabeth, countess of Guilford. The countess, though a ' bygott proselitesse,' could not persuade the child to go to mass. On the Restoration she returned to her mother in England, and about 1666 became maid of honour to the Duchess of York (Anne Hyde). She attended the duchess in her last illness, and upon her death (31 March 167 1 ) became maid of honour to the queen. One of her companions, Anne Howard, granddaughter of the first Earl Berk- shire (afterwards Lady Sylvius), introduced her to John Evelyn. She became strongly attached to him, gave him a declaration of" 'inviolable friendship' in writing (signed 16 Oct. 1672), and ever afterwards considered herself as his adopted daughter. She resolved soon afterwards to leave the court, and went to live with Lady Berkeley, wife of John, lord Berkeley of Stratton. Lord Berkeley's brother, afterwards second Viscount Fitz- hardinge, had married the aunt of Sidney Godolphin, afterwards first earl [q. v.] Go- dolphin had long been Margaret's lover, al- though there were difficulties in the way of their marriage, chiefly, according to her ac- count, from his absorption in business, which made the retired life which she (and he, as she says) desired impossible. She wished at one time to go to Hereford, to live under the direction of the dean, her ' spiritual father.' On 15 Dec. 1674 she was induced to appear at court to act in Crowne's ' Calisto.' She was 'Diana, goddess of chastity,' other parts being^ Ejrformed by the Princesses Mary and Anne, ady Wentworth, and Sarah Jennings, after- wards Duchess of Marlborough. She was covered with jewels worth 20,000/., and ' per- formed the principal part to admiration.' After much hesitation she was privately married to Godolphin 16 May 1675 by Dr. Lake. She still lived with the Berkeleys, and accompanied them on Lord Berkeley's embassy to Paris at the end of the year. She returned in the following April, when her marriage was acknowledged, and in the autumn she settled with her husband in Scotland Yard, Whitehall. On 3 Sept. 1678 she gave birth to a son, Francis [q. v.], afterwards second earl Godolphin, took a fever, and died 9 Sept. following. She was buried at Breage,. Cornwall, on the 16th following. Evelyn Godolphin soon afterwards addressed an account of her life to their common friend, Lady Sylvius. He quotes many of her papers, and describes her beauty, talents, and virtues, her deep reli- gious convictions, her charity to the poor, her methodical employment of her time, and her •observance of all her duties. Although some allowance should perhaps be made for his pious enthusiasm, there can be no doubt that her nobility and purity of life form a striking •contrast to the characteristics of the courtiers generally known by the memoirs of Gram- mont. [Evelyn's manuscript came into the hands of his great-great-grandson, E. V. Harcourt, arch- bishop of York, by whom it was entrusted for publication to Samuel Wilberforee, bishop of Oxford. It was first published by him in 1847, with useful notes by John Holmes of the British Museum. See also Evelyn's Diary.] L. S. GODOLPHIN, SIDNEY (1610-1643), poet, second son of Sir William Godolphin (d. 1613) of Godolphin, Cornwall, by his wife, Thomasin Sidney, was baptised 15 Jan. 1609-10 (BOASE and COURTNEY). He was ad- mitted a commoner of Exeter College, Oxford, 25 June 1624, aged 18, remained there for three years, and afterwards entered one of the inns of court, and travelled abroad. He was elected member for Helston in 1628: -again to the Short parliament in March 1640, and to the Long parliament in October 1640. He was known as an adherent of Strafford, and was one of the last royalist members to leave the house. Upon the breaking out of the civil war he made^a final speech of warn- ing {Somers Tracts, vi. 574), and left to raise a force in Cornwall. He joined the army commanded by Sir Ralph Hopton, which crossed the Tamar and advanced into Devon- shire. Their declaration signed by Godol- phin is in 'Lismore Papers' (2nd ser. v. 116). Godolphin, whose advice, according to Claren- don, was highly valued by the commanders in spite of his want of military experience, was shot in a skirmish at Chagford, a village which, as Clarendon unkindly and erroneously observes, would otherwise have remained un- known. He was buried in the chancel of Okehampton Church 10 Feb. 1642-3. Go- dolphin was a young man of remarkable pro- mise, intimate with Falkland and Clarendon, and is commended by Hobbes in the dedica- tion of the 'Leviathan' to his brother, Fran- cis Godolphin, and also in the ' Review ' and conclusion of the same work (HoBBES, Eng- lish Works (Molesworth), iii. 703). His will, dated 23 June 1642, containing a bequest of 2001. to Hobbes, is now in Mr. Morrison's collection. Clarendon, in his ' Brief View ' of 5 Godolphin the ' Leviathan,' contrives to accept Hobbes's eulogy and insult the eulogist in the same sentence, remarking that no two men could be ' more unlike in modesty of nature and integrity of manners.' Clarendon, in his own life (i. 51-3), describes Godolphin as a very small man, shy, sensitive, and melancholy, though universally admired. In Suckling's ' Session of the Poets ' he is called ' Little Sid.' He left several poems, which were never collected in a separate volume. ' The Passion of Dido for ^Eneas, as it is incomparably ex- pressed in the fourth book of Virgil,' finished by Edmund Waller, was published in 1658 and 1679, and is in the fourth volume of Dry- den's ' MisceUany Poems' (1716, iv. 134-53). He was one of certain persons of quality' whose translation of Corneille's 'Pompee' was published in 1664. A song is in Ellis's 'Specimens' (1811, iii. 229), and one in the 'Tixall Poetry' (1813, pp. 216-18). Other poems in manuscript are in the Harleian MSS. (6917) and the Malone MSS. in the Bod- leian Library. Commendatory verses by him are prefixed to Sandys's 'Paraphrase' (1638), and an ' epitaph upon the Lady Rich ' is in Gauden's 'Funerals made Cordials' (1658). He gave some plate to Exeter College, Oxford. [Collins's Peerage, 1779, vii. 297; Clarendon's Rebellion, iii. 429, iv. 99 ; Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub. ; Boase's Reg. Exeter Coll. pp. Ixi, 248; Nugent's Life of Hampden, ii. 373; Elliot's Godolphin (1888), pp. 28-33.] L. S. GODOLPHIN, SIDNEY, first EARL OP GODOLPHIN (1645-1712), baptised 15 June 1645, was third son of Sir Francis Godolphin (1605-1667), by his wife Dorothy, daughter of Sir Henry Berkeley of Yarlington, Somer- setshire. The Godolphins were an ancient family, long settled at Godolphin or Godol- ghan (a name of doubtful origin, see Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. iii. 448, iv. 56) in Breage, Cornwall. A Sir Francis, known in the time of Elizabeth for his enterprise in tin mines and a defence of Penzance against a Spanish landing in 1595, had three sons. John, the second son, was father of John Godolphin [q. v.] and grandfather of Sir William Godol- phin (d. 1696) [q. v.] Sir William (d. 1613), elder son of Sir Francis, was father of a se- cond Sir Francis (1605-1667), who was go- vernor of Scilly during the civil war, surren- dered to the parliament on honourable condi- tions 16 Sept. 1646, compounded for his estates on 5 Jan. 1646-7 (WHITELOCKE, Me- morials, p. 233), and was created knight of the Bath at the coronation of Charles II ; of Sidney Godolphin (1610-1643) [q. v.], and of a William Godolphin, who died in 1636 and is buried at Bruton, Somersetshire. The Godolphin 43 Godolphin second Sir Francis had six sons, of whom William, the eldest, was made a baronet 29 April 1661 ; Henry, the fourth, became provost of Eton [see GODOLPHIN, HENRY] ; and Charles, the fifth, who died in 1720, was buried in Westminster Abbey. The two last married descendants of John, the younger brother of Sir William (d. 1613). Sidney, the third son, was at an early age placed in the household of Charles II. The statement (COLLINS, Peerage, vii. 301) that Charles, when visiting Cornwall as Prince of Wales (i.e. in 1646), took 'particular notice' of Go- dolphin is hardly probable, as Godolphin was then under two years of age. He became page of honour to the king 29 Sept. 1662, was groom of the bedchamber 1672-8, and mas- ter of the robes 1678. He held a commission in the army for a short time in 1667. He represented Helston in the House of Com- mons from 1668 to 1679, and St. Mawes from 1679 to 1681. He was sent to Holland in 1678 (Danby's 'Letters' (1710), pp. 346- 364, gives his instructions and some letters ; see also TEMPLE, Works, i. 352) to take part in some of the negotiations preceding the peace of Nimeguen. On 26 March 1679 he was appointed a lord of the treasury. Lau- rence Hyde, afterwards Lord Rochester, be- came first lord in the following November. Hyde, Sunderland, and Godolphin were thought to be deepest in the king's confidence (ib. p. 440), and were known as ' the Chits ' (see CHRISTIE, Shaftesbury, ii. 353). In the obscure intrigues of the following period Go- dolphin allied himself with Sunderland, de- serting James and favouring concession to Shaftesbury and the exclusion party. The Duchess of Portsmouth was in alliance with them. James regarded Godolphin as one of his worst opponents (see Clarendon Corre- spondence, i. 68) ; and Barillon reported him to be in the interest of the Prince of Orange, with whom he corresponded at this time (DALRYMPLE, Memoirs, i. 362, and App. to pt. i. bk. i. p. 70). He succeeded, however, in retaining favour after the fall of Shaftes- bury. On 14 April 1684 he succeeded Sir Leoline Jenkins as secretary of state. When Rochester was ' kicked up stairs,' in the lan- guage of his rival, Halifax, into the office of lord president, Godolphin succeeded him at the head of the treasury. Immediately after- wards (28 Sept.) he was created Baron Godol- phin of Rialton. Charles II praised Godolphin as a man who was ' never in the way and never out of the way,' and probably found him a useful servant with no troublesome •opinions of his own. On the death of Charles, Rochester became lord high treasurer, and Godolphin was appointed chamberlain to the queen (Mary of Modena). He was among the most trusted of James's ministers at the beginning of the reign. He took part in the disgraceful secret negotiations with Louis XIV, and did not scruple to attend mass with the king. He had, it was com- monly said, a romantic attachment to the queen (see SWIFT, Four Last Years ; Dart- mouth's note to BURNET, Own Time, i. 621 ; Addit. MS. 4222, f. 62), who was guided by the Jesuits. On the fall of Rochester in Ja- nuary 1687, which marked the triumph of the extreme catholic party, the treasury was again put in commission, and Godolphin be- came one of the commissioners under Lord Bellasyse. On 14 July 1688 he was made keeper of Cranborne Chase in Windsor Forest. His house there is described by Evelyn. About the end of William's reign he sold it to Anne and settled in Godolphin House, on the site of Stafford House, St. James's Park. He adhered to James till the last ; he was one of the council of five appointed to remain in London when James advanced to Salisbury, and he was sent with Halifax and Notting- ham to treat with the Prince of Orange at Hungerford in December. Godolphin, like the other tories, voted for a regency in the debates which followed the revolution. In William's first ministry he was again named (8 April 1689) one of the commissioners of the treasury. Two strong whigs, Mordaunt and Delamere, were placed above him ; but Godolphin's experience in business made him the most important mem- ber of the board. He retired for some un- explained reason in March 1690, but was placed at the head of the commission 15 Nov. 1690, and continued in that position for the next six years. In 1691 he was one of the first statesmen to whom the Jacobite agents applied, and after some coyness he began a correspondence with the court of St. Ger- main (CLARKE, James II, ii. 444). In 1693 he was one of the chief persons whom Charles Middleton, earl of Middleton [q. v.], consulted on behalf of James. In May 1694 he sent in- telligence to James of the intended expedition to Brest, and his message was received a day before the similar message from Marlborough (MACPHERSON, Original Papers, i. 457, 483. Mr. Elliot disputes the truth of Godolphin's Jacobite dealings at this time because he could not have given ' good advice ' to both William and James. Godolphin probably wished to be on both sides). Godolphin continued to main- tain a correspondence with the exiled family to the end of his career, and was supposed to be more sincere than Marlborough. Although the ministry was now composed chiefly of whigs, Godolphin's official knowledge caused him to Godolphin 44 Godolphin be retained at the treasury. He was the only tory of the seven lords j ustices appointed when William left England in 1695. He held the same office in 1696. In that year he was im- plicated, along with Marlborough, Shrews- bury, and Russell, in the confession of Sir John Fenwick [q. v.] Fenwick's accusation was awkwardly near the truth ; and it was found convenient to hang him and discredit his story. Godolphin, however, was obnoxious to the majority as the last tory in office. It was resolved to take the occasion for getting rid of him ; and perhaps, as Macaulay sug- gests, it was felt that when he was thrown over there would be less motive for accepting the truth of Fenwick's narrative. By some manoeuvre of Sunderland he was induced to resign in October before the debates on Fen- wick's case. He afterwards complained that he had been tricked (Shrewsbury Papers, pp. 414, 420, 429). Apparently he had been frightened by an erroneous impression as to the mode in which Fenwick's statement was to be received. In the House of Lords he absolutely denied (1 Dec. 1696) that he had had the dealings with James described by Fenwick ; but, unlike Marlborough, he voted against the bill of attainder. Godolphin's only son, Francis, was married in the spring of 1698 to Henrietta Churchill, daughter of Marlborough, and the close alii- ! ance between the parents was thus cemented. When the tories returned to power at the end of William's reign, Godolphin again be- came head of the treasury (9 Dec. 1700). When William once more returned to the whigs, Godolphin wrote a letter to Marl- borough, to be laid before the king, in which he professed the readiness of the tories to prosecute a war with France. He was, how- ! ever, compelled to resign 30 Dec. 1701. On the accession of Anne, he shared Marl- borough's fortune and became lord treasurer 6 May 1702. Godolphin was the head of the j home government during the next eight j years. He was on the most intimate terms ! with Marlborough, and corresponded con- fidentially upon every detail of policy [see under ANNE (1665-1714), and CHURCHILL, JOHN, first DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH]. Few statesmen in so conspicuous a position have left so feeble a personal impression upon poli- tics. Godolphin's talents fitted him to be an admirable head clerk, while circumstances compelled him to act as a first minister. He played, however, a considerable part in the field of action in which Marlborough was less conspicuous, especially in the Portuguese and Spanish affairs (see Addit. MSS. 28056, 28057, for Methuen correspondence). He was anxious for the invasion of France with the help of the Camisards, and supported the expedition against Toulon. At home he was the centre of the constant party struggles. He was timid, cold, and easily disheartened. In Marlborough's absence he was the imme- diate recipient of the dictatorial interference of Marlborough's wife, who seems to have had more power over him than over her hus- band. He was forced to join in the series of intrigues by which the ministry, origi- nally composed of tories, gradually came to- rest upon the support of the whig junto. The initiative, however, was generally taken by stronger natures. Godolphin was en- gaged in negotiating, trying to pacify allies or opponents, and holding together the dis- tracting forces as long as he could. He was- frequently driven to propose retirement, and was often irritable though seldom resolute. The quarrel with the tories began in the first parliament. In June 1703 Godolphin with Marlborough contrived to get rid of Rochester, by procuring an order from the queen for his return to his duties as lord- lieutenant in Ireland. In May 1704 he per- suaded the queen to accept the resignation of Nottingham, and induced Harley to take the secretaryship of state in his place. These changes implied the alienation of the high- church and tory party. In 1702 Godolphin with Marlborough had supported the Occa- sional Conformity Bill, the favourite mea- sure of that party ; they both voted for it again in 1703, and signed the protest against its rejection; but they were sus- pected of indirectly opposing it, and in 1704 they both silently voted against it. He was persuaded in 1705 by the Duchess of Marl- borough to beg an appointment for her son- in-law, Sunderland, to the vexation of the queen, though with the reluctant consent of Marlborough. In the same year his financial scruples caused him to make many difficul- ties in the way of a loan to the emperor. He wrote an irritating despatch which hin- dered the negotiation; but Marlborough finally succeeded in extorting his acquiescence (CoxE, i. 479). In the parliament of 1705-8, Godolphin was driven to closer alliance with the whigs. He again offended the queen by urging the removal of Sir Nathan Wright, the lord-keeper, who was finally succeeded by Cowper on 11 Oct. 1705. In the follow- ing session he parried an insidious proposal of the tories for inviting the Electress Sophia to England by carrying a bill for securing the protestant succession by appointing a commission of regency. He and Marlborough were now attacked by the tory writers as traitors to the church. A dinner was ar- ranged at the house of Harley at the begin- Godolphin 45 Godolphin ning of 1706, when the great whig leaders met Godolphin and Marlborough, and drank to ' everlasting union ' (ib. i. 523 ; COWPEK, Diary}. Godolphin had taken an active share in promoting the union with Scotland .(see correspondence in Addit. MS. 28055). By his advice Anne refused her assent in 1703 to the Act of Security, providing for a separation of the crowns at her death unless England would concede certain Scottish claims. He yielded, however, in 1704, when it was ' tacked ' to the bill for supplies, think- ing possibly that it would render the treaty for union more imperative. On 10 April 1706 he was appointed a commissioner for settling the terms of this treaty. In the next year he was summoned from the country to resist an attempt of Harley's to make a dif- ficulty about some commercial regulations consequent on the union ; a circumstance which precipitated the quarrel between the two (CUNNTKGHAM, Great Britain, ii. 70). In the autumn of 1706 he was brought to threats of retirement by his difficulty in persuading the queen to make Sunderland secretary of state in room of Sir Charles Hedges [q. v.] He declares (CoxE, i. 138) that he has worn out his health and almost his life in the ser- vice of the crown. After many remonstrances the queen yielded in November 1706, and other changes in favour of the whigs followed. Godolphin at this period still trusted in Har- ley in spite of insinuations from the duchess. Harley's defection became manifest in the following year, and he was forced to resign on 11 Feb. 1708, Godolphin and Marlborough having absented themselves from a council meeting (9 Feb.) The whigs were now tri- umphant; Godolphin obtained credit in the spring for his efforts to meet the danger of the threatened Jacobite invasion, and to sup- port the credit of the Bank of England. He had now to overcome the queen's reluctance to the appointment of Somers, which was not finally granted till November 1708. The demands of the whigs and the growing alienation of the queen combined to make Godolphin's life miserable. He declares (10 Jan. 1709) that the ' life of a slave in the galleys is a paradise in comparison of mine.' Another of the whig junto, Halifax, was beginning to insist upon a recognition •of his claims to office. The negotiations for peace were perplexing, and Godolphin, ac- cording to Coxe, insisted more strongly than Marlborough upon the demands ultimately rejected by Louis. Although disgusted with the Dutch, Godolphin, in obedience to the whig leaders, insisted upon the barrier treaty, and finally, when Marlborough declined to sign, ordered Townshend to sign it alone. Godolphin was next bullied by the whigs and the Duchess of Marlborough to extort the appointment of LordOrford to the admiralty. The sermon of Sacheverell which led to the famous impeachment attacked Godolphin under the name of Volpone. Godolphin was greatly irritated, and insisted on the impeach- ment, in spite of the advice of Somers that the question should be left to the ordinary courts (Decemberl709). The general reaction against the war, combined with the church feeling, now gathered strength, and Harley took ad- vantage of it to detach some of the whigs, and to encourage the queen to subject Godolphin and Marlborough to successive slights. Go- dolphin appears to have shown little spirit. He persuaded Marlborough to withdraw his threat of resignation upon the appointment of Colonel Hill. He remonstrated with the queen on the appointment of the Duke of Somerset as chamberlain, but had not reso- lution enough to carry out his threat of re- signation. In June 1710 he joined with his colleagues in appealing to Marlborough to submit to the dismissal of Sunderland. He submitted to a neglect of his wishes in the case of other appointments, and long refused to believe that the queen would venture on a dissolution of parliament. On hearing in July that this measure was decided upon, he remonstrated with her, but still did not resign. A violent dispute took place in a cabinet council between Godolphin and Shrewsbury, who in April had been appointed chamberlain without his ad vice and was allied with Harley. On 7 Aug. 1710 he had two audiences from the queen, who ended by telling him that she wished him to remain in office. Next morn- ing she sent him a note, ordering him to break his staff of office, but promising a pension of 4,000/, a year. Godolphin's fall was followed by the dismissal of his son from the office of cofferer of the household (June 1711). He had the credit of retiring in poverty, as it was said that he would require Marlborough's as- sistance to support himself. Godolphin was devoted to gambling, and especially interested in horse-racing, which may partly account for his poverty. By the death of his elder brother, Sir William Godolphin, on 17 Aug. 1710, his son inherited an estate of 4,000/. a year. After his fall there were rumours of dis- honesty, but they seem to have been suffi- ciently answered by Walpole in a pamphlet called 'The thirty-five millions accounted for' (CoxE, iii. 465). His health was already broken, and he died aged 67, according to his monument, on 15 Sept. 1712, at Marlborough House at St. Albans, after long sufferings from the stone. Godolphin married Margaret Blagge [see Godolphin 46 Godolphin GODOLPHIN, MARGARET] on 16 May 1675. After her death, in 1678, he never married again. A reference in a letter from Lord Sydney to William (3 Feb. 1691) seems to imply a second marriage, of which there are no other traces (DALRYMPLE, App. pt. ii. bk. vii. p. 249). Their only child, Francis [q. y/j, succeeded to his father's earldom. Francis's wife became Duchess of Marlborough in her own right, but by the death of their son Wil- liam the title passed to Charles Spencer, lifth earl of Sunderland. Their daughter Henrietta married Thomas Pelham, duke of Newcastle, in 1715, and died in 1776 without issue; the other, Mary, married the fourth Duke of Leeds in 1740, and was ancestress of the present duke, who owns the Godolphin estates. Three fables in verse by Godolphin were printed by Archdeacon Coxe in 1817-18 from the Blen- heim MSS. [Collins's Peerage ; Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub. ; Maclean's Trigg Minor, ii. 522 (for genealogy); Evelyn's Diary, 1879, ii. 322, 467, iii. 119, 132, and elsewhere; Clarke's Life of James II ; Macpherson's Hist, of Great Britain, i. 311, ii. 5, 63, 303, 337, 377, and elsewhere; Swift's Works, 1814, iii. 227, 233, iv. 425, v. 174, 194, 260, 264, and elsewhere; Treasury Papers, 1701-8; Sidney's Diary, 1843, i. 92, 209, 271, ii. 209 ; Clarendon Correspondence ; Burnet's Own Time ; Coxe's Life of Marlborough (letters from the Blenheim collection give full details of Godolphin's career) North's Lives of the Norths, 1826, ii. 58, &c.,- J. P. Hore's Hist, of New- market, 1886, gives frequent notices of Godol- phin as a patron of horse-racing. Some family letters are in Addit. MS. 28052, and in Mr. Mor- rison's collection, and political correspondence in Addit. MSS. 28055-7. Some letters from Wil- liam III are in Addit. MS. 24905, and from Anne in Addit. MS. 28070 ; see also Nottingham MSS. &c. 29598-9. A life by the Hon. H. Elliot (1888) takes a more favourable view of Godol- phin's conduct in some matters than is given above.] L. S. GODOLPHIN, SIR WILLIAM (1634 P- 1696), ambassador, was second son of Sir Wil- liam Godolphin, the eldest son (by Judith Meredith) of John Godolphin, the younger brother of Sir William Godolphin (d. 1613). His elder brother was Francis Godolphin of Coulston, Wiltshire, who seems to have ap- peared as a royalist at the time of the battle of Worcester (WHITELOCKE, Memorials, p. 476). He was baptised 2 Feb. 1634 (MAC- LEAN, Trigg Minor, ii. 522) ; he was educated at Westminster, and elected in 1651 to a stu- dentship at Christ Church, Oxford, where he remained until the Restoration, although not in sympathy with the dominant party. He graduated M.A. in January 1660-1. He afterwards became attached to Henry Bennet [q. v.], earl of Arlington, and on 28 Sept.. 1663 the degree of D.C.L. was conferred upon him at Oxford, Bennet being created D.C.L. on the same day. Godolphin on 27 Oct. 1665 was elected M.P. for Camelford, Cornwall. In 1667 he was employed under Sandwich in the negotiations at Madrid which led to a commercial treaty with Spain. He then returned to England, and was knighted by Charles II 28 Aug. 1668. Pepys, who met him 5 and 8 Feb. 1668, calls him a ' very pretty and able person, a man of very fine parts,' and says that Sandwich had sent over the highest commendations of his abilities and trustworthiness (this has been erroneously applied to Sidney, lord Godolphin). In the spring of 1669 he returned to Spain as envoy extraordinary, Lord Sunderland being ' am- bassador extraordinary,' and in 1671 he be- came ambassador. Immediately afterwards he applied, during a dangerous illness, for ad- mission to the Roman catholic church. An order, dated 1671, by the officials of the In- quisition that he is to receive the sacrament publicly is in Egerton MSS. (1509, f. 281). He possibly changed his mind on recovering. He made his public entry into Madrid 18 Jan. 1672. He complains that he can hardly live upon his salary of 1,200/. a year. In 1674 he defends himself against the scandalous impu- tation that he had been converted to Catho- licism, in a letter which Arlington laid before Charles. In 1678 he again defends himself against the charge of employing too many papists in his household. In Titus Oates's ' Narrative ' it was declared that Godolphin was in correspondence with the ' popish plot ' conspirators, and intended to hold the privy seal in the ministry to be appointed by them (State Trials, vi. 1460, 1468). The House of Commons voted an address for his recall (12 Nov. 1678), and the king replied that letters of revocation had already been ordered. Godolphin preferred, however, to stay in Spain, and now openly professed Catholicism- His secretary, Edward Meredith (Woor, Athence (Bliss), iv. 653), probably his rela- tion, also became a catholic, and wrote some pamphlets in defence of James II. Godol- phin died at Madrid 11 July 1696. On 30 March previous he had consented to a ' notarial act,' by which he made his soul his heir, and empowered certain persons, includ- ing the procurator-general of the Jesuits, to make his will after his death. Just before his death, however, he made another declara- tion, leaving sums to his nephew, Francis Godolphin, son of Francis Godolphin of Coul- ston, and his niece Elizabeth, daughter of the same Francis, and wife of Charles Godolphin, younger brother of Sidney, first lord Godol- Godric 47 Godric phin. An act of parliament was passed in 1698, declaring null and void the power to make a posthumous will, and enabling his relations to carry out the later disposition. They were also to pay a sum of 3,OOOA, which he had left for charitable purposes in Corn- wall on becoming ambassador. A printed copy of the act, with many documents re- lating to the business, is in the British Museum. His fortune, valued at 80,000/., was in Spain, Rome, Venice, and Amsterdam (Addit. MS. 28,942, ff. 250-4), and the heirs, with Lord Godolphin's help, appear to have j recovered the money in the two latter places : (CUNNINGHAM, Great Britain, i. 208). Many of Godolphin's official letters (in- cluding those above mentioned) are published in ' Hispania Illustrata,' 1703. This is identi- ' cal with the second volume of ' Original i Letters of Sir R. Fanshawe . . . and Sir W. Godolphin,' 1724. The first volume is iden- • tical with a volume bearing the same title, ' Original Letters,' &c., published in 1702. A few letters are also in Temple's ' Memoirs.' He contributed a poem to the Oxford com- plimentary collection of verses on Cromwell > in 1654, and an answer to Waller's ' Storm ' I upon Cromwell's death. The last is in Ni- ; chols's 'Select Collection/ 1780, i. 116-19, where it is erroneously ascribed to Lord Go- dolphin, the treasurer. He was elected fellow of the Royal Society 23 Nov. 1663. He must : not be confounded with Sir William Godol- j phin (d. 1710), elder brother of Sidney, lord Godolphin. [Wood's Fasti (Bliss), iv. 229, 275 ; Welch's Alumni Westmon. pp. 136-8; Pepys's Diary, 1877, v. 174, 179, 183, 226, 367,447; Birch's Royal Society, ii. 297,331 ; Boaseand Courtney's Bibl. Cornub. i. 182, 183 ; Echard's Hist, of Eng- land, 1718, iii. 231, 478; Collins's Peerage, 1779, vii. 295.] L. S. GODRIC (1065P-1170), the founder of Finchale, was born ' in villula Hanapol,' or, j according to another account, at Walpole in I Norfolk (Reg. c. 2 ; CAPGRAVE, fol. 167, b 2). His father's name was Ailward, his mother's ^Edwin ; and Godric, their first-born son, I was called after his godfather. After a boy- hood spent at home, Godric began to peddle small wares in the neighbouring shires (Reg. c. 2). Later, as his gains increased, he took to i frequenting castles and the town and city I markets. A narrow escape from drowning ! while he was attempting to capture a stranded ' dolphin ' or porpoise near the mouth of the Welland (c. 1082) seems to have given a serious turn to his thoughts (ib. c. 3; GAL- FRID, c. 1). Four years later, after a pre- liminary visit to St. Andrews and Rome, he took to the sea (c. 1086), and for several j years sailed as a merchant or shipowner between England, Scotland, Denmark, and Flanders. He owned the half of one vessel, and was partner in the cargo of a second. So great was his nautical skill that his fel- lows made him their steersman, and his quick- ness in forecasting weather changes not un- frequently saved his ship from damage (Reg. c. 4 ; cf. CAPGRAVE, fol. 168, a 1). After sixteen years of seafaring life he de- termined to visit Jerusalem (Reg. c. 6), which had just been won by the first crusaders; and, when we consider the close relationship that in those days existed between piracy and com- merce, there is no need to doubt his identity with the ' Gudericus, pirata de regno Anglise,' with whom Baldwin I of Jerusalem, after his great defeat in the plains of Ramlah, sailed from Arsuf to Jaffa on 29 May 1102 (ib. c. 6 ; GALPRID, c. 1 ; cf. ALBERT OF Aix, ix. c.9; ORD.ViT.iv.134; FTTLCHER OFCHARTRES, ii. c. 20 ; for the exact date see Chron. Malleac. p. 217). On his return he visited St. James of Compostella, and then, after a stay in hi& native village, became ' dispensator ' to a rich fellow-countryman. Shocked at having un- wittingly partaken of stolen banquets with his fellow-servants, he threw up his post and went on a second pilgrimage to Rome and St. Gilles in Provence (Reg. c. 6 ; GALFRID, c. 1). On his return he stayed a while with his father and mother, after which the latter ac- companied him to Rome. Near London the travellers were joined by an unknown wo- man ' of wondrous beauty.' Every evening, as Godric himself told Reginald, the stranger would wash the travellers' feet ; nor did she leave them till they neared London on the way back (Reg. c. 8 ; GALFRID, c. 1). While a sailor Godric had made offerings at St. Andrews, had constantly prayed at St. Cuthbert's Island of Fame (Reg. c. 5), and ' had worn a monkish heart beneath a layman's clothes' (ib.) He now settled at Carlisle (c. 1104), where he seems to have had some kinsmen, one of whom gave him a copy of Jerome's psalter, a book which he constantly read till the end of his life (ib. c. 9 ; cf. cc. 92, 100). To avoid his friends he withdrew to the neighbouring woods, hav- ing taken John the Baptist for the model of his wandering life. At Wolsingham (ten miles north-west of Bishop Auckland) an aged hermit, ^Elrice, allowed him to share his dwelling. Some two years later, when ^Elrice was dead, a vision bade Godric visit Jerusalem a second time (c. 1106) : on his return St. Cuthbert would find him another hermitage, Finchale, in the woods round Durham (ib. cc. 11-13). Not till he had worshipped in the holy sepulchre and bathed Godric 48 Godric in the Jordan did Godric take his rotten shoes from his ulcerated feet. Then he spent a few months at Jerusalem, waiting upon other pilgrims in the hospital of St. John, before returning to wander over England with his wares in search of the Finchale of his dream. Tired of his life, he settled in Eskedale-Side, near Whitby, whence he passed to Durham. At Durham he became doorkeeper and bell- ringer to St. Giles, outside the city, and later transferred himself to the cathedral church of St. Mary. Here he would take his place, listening to the boys as they repeated their psalms and hymns. A chance conversation re- vealed the vicinity of Finchale on the Wear near Durham (c. 1110). The land belonged to Rannulf Flambard, whose son and nephew, both named Radulf or Rannulf, took the her- . mit under their protection (ib. cc. 13, 20; cf. •c. 170). From this day Godric never left Fin- chale except three times : once when Bishop Rannulf sent for him, and twice for a Christ- mas service or Easter communion (ib. c.'213). At Finchale Godric built a wooden chapel, and dedicated it to the Virgin Mary. Later he erected a stone church ' in honour of the Holy Sepulchre and St. John the Baptist,' under whose special care he believed himself to be (ib. cc. 29, 67). In spiritual matters he. sub- mitted himself to the priors of Durham (ib. c. 58), and without their permission he would speak to no visitor. He invented a language of signs for his servants (ib. c. 58). At first he had but one attendant, his little nephew, who in later years gave Reginald much informa- tion as to his uncle's way of living (ib. c. 51). Afterwards he kept more servants, and before his death seems to have had a priest living with him (ib. cc. 58, 75). The stories of his austerities and his visions are told at length by his biographers, who, however, have pre- served very few distinct details of his solitary .life. When King David invaded England (1138?) his soldiers broke into Godric's church, slew the old man's heifer, and bound the saint himself, in the hope of finding out where he had hidden his treasure (ib. c. 49). The flooded Wear left his cell an island in sur- rounding waters (1133-c. Easter 1141) {Reg. «. 45 ; for date, cf. ROGER HOVEDEN, i. 205, JOHN opHEXHAM,ii. 309, and Preface, i.xliv). Even in extreme old age he took an interest in the outside world, and eagerly asked a visitor from Westminster about the newly elected (c. 1163) archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, ' whom he had seen in dreams, and would be able to recognise in a crowd.' He begged for Becket's blessing, and Becket, who asked for Godric's prayers in return, con- fessed in later years (1170) that Godric's predictions had been fulfilled {Reg. c. 116). He had a special admiration for King Mal- colm (d. 9 Dec. 1165), and was in friendly communication with Bishop Christian of Gal- loway, Abbot JSthelred of Rievaulx (d. 1166), William de Sta. Barbara, bishop of Durham, whose death he foretold, and other men of note (ib. cc. 69, 105, 116 ; cf. GALFRID^ c. 3). For the last eight years of his life he was con- fined to bed, and in this condition seems to have become clairvoyant. He would inter- rupt his conversation to utter prayers for the storm-tossed vessels of his dreams, while to others he would describe the glories of the new Jerusalem as she now appeared under her Angevin kings {Reg. cc. 56, 163). Almost his last recorded words, in which he told his knightly visitor that he was soon ' to pass the borders of the Great Sea,' showed that his thoughts were wandering back to the pilgrimages of his early life (ib. c. 167). He died, according to the inscription on his tomb, the Thursday before WThitsuntide, 21 May 1170, after 'having led a hermit's life for sixty years ' (ib. c. 170). In the first days of his retreat his relations came to join him. His brother was drowned in the Wear (be- tween 1136 and 1147) ; Burchwene, after remaining with her brother for some time, was transferred to Durham, where she died and was buried ; but his mother seems to have died at Finchale (ib. cc. 60, 64, 61, 63 ; GALFRID, c. 4). Godric was of moderate stature {Reg. c. 100;GALFRiD,proem),broad-shouldered,with well-set, sinewy frame, and flowing beard. In old age his black hair turned to an ' an- gelic whiteness.' He was almost illiterate ; but must have been able to read the Latin psalter, and perhaps he understood something of conversational Latin or French, though his biographers turn these accomplishments into miracles (Reg. cc. 38, 94, 79 ; cf. De Mirac. c. 12 ; CAPGEAVE, fol. 168, a 1). He composed an English hymn to the Virgin Mary, to which, though ' omnino ignarus musicse,' he seems to have fitted an air {Reg. c. 50 ; cf. cc. 11, 47, 158, 161). The few rude English rhymes attributed to Godric are printed from British Museum manuscripts by Ritson (pp. 1-4). These poems are addressed to the Vir- gin. Another, addressed to St. Nicholas, is among the manuscripts of the Royal Library (5, F. vii.), and is accompanied by the music to which it was to be sung (RITSON, p. 4). Godric had unique influence over animals. i His heifer, the hare that was nibbling at his garden herbs, the frozen birds, the stag pur- sued by huntsmen, all found a friend in him ; for, to use his words, when the fugitive stag, chased by Bishop Flambard's huntsmen, took refuge in his cottage, ' proditor hospitis noluit Godric 49 Godsalve esse ' (ib. cc. 39, 40, 148 ; GA.LFRID, c. 2 ; De Mirac. c. 21 ; cf. GALFRID, c. 2). Godric's life was written by three con- temporaries : his confessor, Prior German of Durham (1163-88), by Reginald of Durham, and by Galfrid, who dedicated his life to Thomas, prior of Finchale. Galfrid's life, which is almost entirely composed of extracts from German and Reginald, is printed in the 4 Acta Sanctorum.' Galfrid, however, had when a little boy seen the aged Godric, and has left us a detailed description of the saint's personal appearance. German's account of Godric, except for the above selections, seems lost. Reginald was commissioned by Prior Thomas of Durham (c. 1158-63) and sEthel- red of Rievaulx (d. 1166) to visit the old man with a view to writing a life. At first Godric refused to countenance a biography, but he gradually yielded, and blessed the completed work when Reginald presented it to him a few weeks before his death (Beg. cc. 140, 166). Some incidents Reginald picked up from Godric's nephew and others of his attendants (cc. 48, 51). Raine recognises three recensions of Reginald's works : (l)Har- leian MS. 322 (its short and earliest form) ; (2) Harleian MS. 153; (3) Bodley MS. Laud. E.47. The dates of Godric's active life are mainly conjectural, being based (1) upon the state- ment that he was sixty years at Finchale, and (2) upon his identity with Albert of Aix's ' Gudric the English Pirate.' This throws back the sixteen years of his seafaring life to 1086-1102; and, if he was from twenty to twenty-five when he gave up his ped- lar's pack, he must have been born between 1060 and 1065. He was ' mediocris aetatis,' i.e. about thirty-five, when with .Elrice at Wolsingham (ib. c. 11 ; cf. DANTE, Inf. i. 1). The chronology, however, would be much simplified if, taking the sixty years as a round number, we could put his settlement at Finchale a few years later, c. 1115. [Libellus de Vita S. Godrici, ed. Raine (Sur- tees Society), 1845; Acta Sanctorum (Bollan- dus), 21 May, pp. 68,85, where Galfrid's Life is printed ; Capgrave's Nova Legenda Anglise, ed. 1516, foil. 157, b 2-166, b 2; Historia Dun- elmensis Scriptores Tres, ed. Raine (SurteesSoc.), 1837 ; Albert of Aix, ed. Migne, vol. clxvi. ; Fulcher of Chartres, ed. Migne, vol. clr. ; Chron. Malleacenseap Labbe'sBibliothecaNova,vol. ii.; Simeon of Durham, vols. i. ii. (Rolls Ser.), ed. Arnold; Roger of Weudover, ii. 340-59, &c., iii. 10, ed. Coxe (Engl. Hist. Soc.) ; Walter Map, De Nug. Curial. ed. Wright (Camden Soo. 1850), William of Newburgh (Rolls Ser.), eJ. Howlett, i. 49-50; Albau Butler's Lives of the Saints, ed. 1847, v. 289-91; Baring-Gould's Lives of the Saints, ed. 1872, v. 322-31 ; Kingsley's Hermits, VOL. XXII. i ed. 1875, pp. 308-28 ; Harpsfeld's Hist. Eccles. Anglic, ed. 1622, pp. 407-12; Orderic Vitalis, I ed. Prevost (Soc. de 1'Hist. de France) ; Casley's Manuscripts of the King's Library, pp. 89-98 ; Ritson's Biblio.>raphica Poetica, pp. 1-4 ; Morley 's English Writers, ed. 1864, pp. 469-70; Englische ! Studien, xi. (1887-8), 401-32.] T. A. A. GODSALVE, EDWARD (d. 1568 ?), catholic divine, was nominated by Henry VIII one of the original fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, 19 Dec. 1546 (RYMEK, Fcedera, xv. 107). He was a great friend of John Christopherson, bishop of Chichester, and in Mary's reign he was appointed to a stall in that cathedral. On 28 April 1554 he was admitted to the rectory of Fulbourn St. Vigors, Cambridgeshire, and in the same year he proceeded B.D. He signed the Roman catholic articles 26 July 1555, and during the visitation of the university by Cardinal Pole's delegates in February 1556-7 he, Dr. Sedg- wick, Thomas Parker, and Richard Rudde were deputed to peruse books, and to deter- mine which were heretical. He refused to comply with the changes in religion made after the accession of Elizabeth. In February 1559-60 William Barlow, bishop of Chiches- ter, wrote to one of the queen's ministers, probably Cecil, announcing his intention to deprive Godsalve of his prebend (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1547-80, p. 150). Soon after this Godsalve was deprived of all his prefer- ments and obliged to retire to Antwerp. There he was elected professor of divinity in the monastery of St. Michael. He was living in 1568, but when he died is unknown. His works are: 1. ' Historiae Ecclesiastic* pars prima, qua continetur Eusebii Pamphili lib. 10, &£,' Louvain, 1569, 8vo. This Latin translation by John Christopherson, bishop of Exeter, was edited by Godsalve, who trans- lated Pars tertia, ' Hist. Eccles. Scriptores Graeci,' &c., Cologne, 15\0, fol., with God- salve's original dedication and two of his letters prefixed. Other editions appeared at Cologne in 1581 and 1612. 2. ' Elucidationes quorundam textuum Sacrse Script urae,' manu- script. [Pits, De Anglise Scriptoribus, p. 737 ; Tan- ner's Bibl. Brit. p. 330 ; Dodd's Church Hist. i. 510 ; Addit. MS. 5870, f. 68 ; Cooper's Athense Cantabr. i. 275 ; Gillow's Bibl. Diet. ; Lamb's Documents illustrative of the Hist, of the Univ. of Cambridge, pp. 175, 193, 216.] T. C. GODSALVE, SIR JOHN (d. 1556), clerk of the signet, and comptroller of the mint, was the son and heir of Thomas Godsalve (d. 1542), registrar of the consistory court at Norwich and an owner of landed propertv in Norfolk, by his first wife Joan, who was E Godwin 5° Godwin buried with her husband in St. Stephen's, Norwich. John Godsalve was clerk of the signet (appointed before January 1531) to Henry VIII. He was present at the opera- tions at Boulogne in 1544. In November 1532 a grant in survivorship of the office of common meter of all cloths of gold and silver tissue, &c. in the city of London was given to him and William Blakenhall. In 1547 (Edward VI) he was created knight of the Carpet, and was appointed one of the crown visitors to inquire how far the bishops had obeyed the orders of Henry VIII. During the third year of Edward VI he was comp- troller of the mint (RuoiNG, i. 37). In 1555 he is mentioned as belonging to the St. George's Company at Norwich. He died on 20 Nov. 1556, seised of the Norfolk manors of Loddon, Inglose (in Loddon), Hocking- ham, Minyet's in Sething, Cautley, Thurton, Langhale, Sething, Hasingham, and Boken- ham Ferry. He married (before 1531) Eliza- beth Widmerpole. They had two sons. The eldest son William died without issue ; their second son Thomas (d. 1587) had a son and heir Roger. A miniature representing Sir John God- salve armed with spear and shield, and in- scribed, ' Captum in castris ad Boloniam ' [1544 ?], at one time belonged to Christopher Godsalve, clerk to the victualling office under Charles I, and is now in the Bodleian Library. Blomefield (Norfolk, vii. 214) mentions a por- trait of John Godsalve as being ' in the closet ' at Kensington Palace. [Blomefield's Norfolk, v. 268, 426, vii. 213, 214, &c. ; Froude's Hist, of Engl., iv. chap. xxiv. ; Ruding's Annals of the Coinage, i. 37; Norfolk Tour, i. 3 ; Letters and Papers of Henry VIII (Brewer and Gairdner), vol. iv. pt. iii. p. 3048, vol. v. Nos. 302 (ii), 348, 514, 641. 743, 1118, 1245, g. 364(33), 1598(12). and p. 753; vol. vi. No. 299 (ii) and No. 576.] W. W. GODWIN or GOD WINE (d. 1053), earl of the West-Saxons, was the son of Wulfnoth, and may probably be identified with the God- wine, son of Wulfnoth, to whom the setheling /Ethelstan [d. 1016? see under EDMUND IRON- SIDE] left certain land which his father Wulf- noth had held (Codex Dipl. iii. 363). Who this Wulfnoth was is uncertain. Florence (i. 160, an. 1007) makes Godwine the son of a Wulfnoth who was the son of ^Ethelmaer, the brother of Eadric Streona [q. v.] This seems almost impossible for chronological reasons. Another account (Canterbury Chronicle, an. 1008) represents Godwine as the son of Wulfnoth, child of the South-Saxons, who plundered the south coast in 1009. It is pos- sible that Compton, the estate which ^Ethel- etan left to Godwine, Wulfnoth's son, may have been confiscated after this treason ; it appears to have remained the property of Godwine the earl or of his son Harold (FREE- MAN, Norman Conquest, i. 641). Some late but independent traditions make Godwine the son of a man of churlish condition, and the 'Kyntlinga Saga' (Antiqq. Celto-Scandicce, p. 131) says that he was the son of a wealthy farmer living near Sherstone in Wiltshire, and that after the battle there earl Ulf met with him, stayed a night and a day at his father's house, and then took him to Cnut's fleet, gave him his sister in marriage, and obtained for him the rank of earl. The widespread story of his low birth is curious, but seems to be of no historical value ; it is in flat contradiction to the words of Wil- liam of Jumieges (vii. 9). On the whole the safest theory is that Godwine was the son of Wulfnoth, the South-Saxon child {Norman Conquest, i. note F, 636-46; ROBERTSON, Essays, p. 188). He had a brother named Alwy (./Elfwine), who was made abbot of Newminster in 1063, and fell in the battle of Hastings (Liber de Hyda, Introd. xxxvii ; Monasticon, ii. 428). Early in Cnut's reign he appears as a man of high position, for he is described as ' dux,' or earl, in 1018 (Codex Dipl. iv. 3, his name comes last of six earls). It has been supposed (ROBERTSON, u. s.) that he is the Godwine who is said by a charter given before 1020 to have been married to a daughter of Byrhtric, identified apparently with the brother of Eadric Streona. The marriage took place before Cnut and Arch- bishop Lyfing (Codex Dipl. iv. 10). The Godwine of the charter was apparently a man of high position in Kent and Sussex, but does not seem to have been an earl. If, therefore, the charter refers to the son of Wulfnoth, the marriage must be referred to a date between 1016 and 1018. William of Malmesbury, though making an obvious blunder about God wine's marriages, probably had some authority for his statement that he was twice married ( Gesta Regum, i. 342). A marriage with a niece of Eadric might account for the statement of Florence that Godwine was connected with Eadric by blood; the nature of the connection might easily be confused. If the charter refers to Godwine, son of Wulfnoth, and to the niece of Eadric, the marriage may be considered a political one, Cnut thus placing ' the heiress of the house of Eadric and Byrhtric in the hands of his firmest supporter in the south of Eng- land ' (ROBERTSON). It cannot, however, be said to be at all certain that the charter in question refers to the future earl of the West- Saxons; the name Godwine was very common at this period. Early in Cnut's reign God- Godwin Godwin wine stood high in the king's favour. He accompanied Cnut on his visit to Denmark in 1019, is said to have commanded a body of English during theking's expedition against the Wends, and to have distinguished him- self in the war [see under CANUTE]. Cnut made him his chief adviser and admitted him to his confidence. He married him to Gytha, the sister of earl Ulf, who was the husband of his own sister, Estrith, and the most power- ful of the Danish earls (FLORENCE, i. 202 ; ADAM OP BREMEN, ii. c. 52 ; SAXO, p. 196. Gytha is erroneously called the sister of Cnut, Vita Eadwardi, p. 392), and probably on his return to England appointed him earl of the West-Saxons (Norman Conquest, i. 469). Although God wine was an earl already, there is nothing to show what jurisdiction he had hitherto held, for the title of Earl of Kent which is sometimes given him does not rest on any ancient authority (ib. p. 451). Wessex, the 'home of English royalty,' had never before been placed under the government of a subject, the king ruled there in person. This arrangement had been maintained by Cnut ; while the rest of the kingdom was divided into great earldoms, he kept Wessex in his own hands (ib. p. 448). He may have found that his plans of northern conquest made it desirable that he should place a viceroy over the wealthiest and most impor- tant part of his new kingdom, and the new earl of the West-Saxons became his repre- sentative there, and in his absence from Eng- and seems, in some measure, to have acted is governor of the realm ( Vita, p. 392). God- vine was thus the most powerful man in the :ingdom after the king himself, and from bout 1020 his name is almost always written i charters before the names of all other lay obles, whether English or Danish. He ained vast wealth, and held lands in almost rery shire of southern and central England TREEN). Prudent in counsel and strenuous war he had gained Cnut's favour, and the ng took delight in his society. With an icommon capacity for work he combined a eerful temper and a general courtesy. He is not puffed up by his rapid rise ; was al- lys gentle in his manners, and unwearyingly liging to his equals and his inferiors ( Vita). s was an eloquent speaker, and his oratory ms to have been of considerable assistance lim. Norman writers describe him asfierce, ining, and greedy ( WILLIAM OF POITIERS, 79; WILLIAM OF JUMIKGES, vii. c. ii.), and nry of Huntingdon (p. 758) takes the same i ; William of Malmesburv notes the dif- 1 nt estimates formed by English and by •man writers ( Gesta Reyum, i. 335). God- e appears to have been a remarkably able man, ambitious, unscrupulous, and eager for the aggrandisement of his house. His mar- riage with Gytha, and the benefits which he re- ceived from Cnut, naturally gave him Danish sympathies, his two elder sons Swegen, or Swend, and Harold were called by Danish names, and though he lived to represent Eng- lish national feeling, it is not unlikely that at this period ' he must have seemed to English- men more Dane than Englishman ' (GREEN, Conquest of England, p. 479). On the death of Cnut in 1035 Godwine sup- ported the claim of Harthacnut, the son of Cnut by Emma. In this he was endeavouring to carry out the plan of Cnut, and to secure a continuance of the connection between Eng- land and Denmark. While he and the men of his earldom were in favour of Harthacnut, earls Siward and Leofric and the people north of the Thames and the Londoners de- clared for Harold. A meeting of the witan was held at Oxford; Godwine and the chief men of Wessex persisted as long as they could, and at last yielded to a proposal that the kingdom should be divided [see under HAROLD I]. In Harthacnut's absence God- wine acted as the chief minister of Emma, who ruled Wessex for her son, and he thus had the king's housecarls or guard under his command. The division of the kingdom must have materially lessened his power, which was now confined to Wessex. Hartha- cnut remained in Denmark, and his pro- longed absence strengthened Harold. In 1036 the sons of Emma by her first husband, ^thelred the Unready [see under ALFRED the setheling and EDWARD THE CONFES- SOR], came over to England. The death of yElfred and the cruelties practised on him and his men are attributed to Godwine by name in the Abingdon version of the Chroni- cle and by Florence of Worcester. In the Worcester version they are put down to Harold; in the ' Encomium Emmse' Godwine decoys the setheling, while the actual attack is made by partisans of Harold. The bio- grapher of Eadward the Confessor, writing a panegyric on Godwine and his house for Godwine's daughter, asserts that the earl was innocent. William of Poitiers, of course, asserts his guilt. William of Malmesbury did not find the story of yElfred's death in the versions of the Chronicle with which he was acquainted, and accordingly tells it merely as a matter of common report which ascribed the deed to the setheling's fellow- countrymen and chiefly to Godwine. Henry of Huntingdon's account, which is more or less a romance, simply shows that in his time there was a strong tradition of Godwine's guilt. A large number of the earl's con- E 2 Godwin Godwin temporaries believed, or at least declared, that he caused the setheling to be put to death. The evidence against him appears conclusive [for the contrary view see FREE- MAN, Norman Conquest, i. 543-59]. It is probable that Godwine, dissatisfied with his own position, and finding that Harold would before long become master of the whole king- dom, was anxious to make himself accept- able to the winning side ; and that he set on the setheling in order to gain Harold's favour, and very likely at his instigation. The next year he openly changed sides, for the West- Saxons forsook Harthacnut, and accepted Harold as their king. It is evident that Godwine was at once admitted to favour with Harold, for Bishop Lyfing, one of the chief men of his party, received ecclesiastical promotion (ib. p. 563). When Harthacnut came to the throne in 1040 he sent God wine with other great officers to disinter and dishonour the body of Harold (FLORENCE). The earl was regarded with suspicion by the king. His enemies accused him and Bishop Lyfing of the murder of ./Elfred, who was the king's uterine brother. Lyfing lost his bishopric for a time, and God- wine was compelled to clear himself of the charge by oath. A large number of earls and thegns joined with him in swearing that it was by no counsel or wish of his that the setheling was blinded, and that what he did was done by order of King Harold (ib.) If these words are a fair representa- tion of the oath, they go far to prove that the earl was a principal agent in the attack on the setheling. He purchased peace of the king by presenting him with a ship with a gilded beak, manned with eighty warriors splendidly equipped. In 1401 he was sent by the king, along with Earls Leofric and Siward and other nobles, to quell an insur- rection in Worcestershire, and punish the rebels. The earls burnt Worcester on 12 Nov. and harried the neighbouring country, but evidently took care not to slay or make cap- tive many of the people, for the insurrection was not unprovoked. When Harthacnut died in 1042 Godwine appears to have at once proposed, at an as- sembly held in London, that Eadward should be chosen as king, and he probably with others crossed over to Normandy and persuaded him to accept the crown. He came back to Eng- land with Eadward, and urged his right at a meeting of the witan held at Gillingham. It | is evident that he met with some opposition, and it is not unlikely that this proceeded from a party in favour of Swend Estrithson, his wife's nephew, and the nephew of his old master Cnut. Godwine, however, used all his influence and his power of eloquent speech on the side of the representative of the old Eng- lish line. Men looked on him as a father as he thus pleaded the cause of the setheling of their race ( Vita, p. 394), and followed his counsel. It may be that he saw that the election of Swend would have been bitterly opposed, and would have entailed a war. This would have been grievous to him, for there is no reason to doubt that, selfish as he was, the lives of his countrymen were dear to him. It is also reasonable to suppose that he saw that the election of Eadward was likely to lead to a perpetuation of his own power; for it is said that he bargained with Eadward that he and his sons should be secured in their offices and possessions, and that the king should marry his daughter ( Gesta Regum, i. 332). From this time forward he was the head of the national party in the kingdom. He had to contend with the prejudices of the ! king and with the foreigners whom Eadward promoted to offices in church and state, as well as with the jealousy of the Earls Leofric and Siward and the great men of middle I and northern England. Yet he was not un- equal to the conflict. His earldom was by far the wealthiest and most important part of the kingdom ; it was also the part which was especially under the king's control, and for some years his influence with the king was supreme. Already immensely wealthy, he had now abundant opportunities of add- ing to his possessions. He appears to have been grasping, and is accused, not without some reason, of enriching himself at the ex- pense of ecclesiastical bodies (Norman Con- guest, ii. 543-8); he neither founded nor en- riched monasteries or churches. During the early years of Eadward's reign, not only was Wessex under his government, but his eldest son, Swegen, was earl of the Mercian shires of Hereford, Gloucester, and Oxford ; his second son, Harold, held the earldom of East Anglia ; and his wife's nephew, Beorn, an earldom which included Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire. His daughter Eadgyth [see EDITH or EADGYTH, d. 1075] was mar- ried to the king in 1045. Godwine was also strong in the affection of the men of his own earldom, for he kept good order and enforced a respect for law. Indeed, as he became identified with the national cause of resistance to the government of foreigners he gained the love of the nation at large. At Eadward's coronation in 1048 he is said to have presented the king with a magnificent ship (Vita, p. 397; this, Mr. Luard suggests, is probably a confusion with the ship which he undoubtedly gave to Harthacnut). He was sent by Eadward along with Earls Si- Godwin 53 Godwin ward and Leofric to Winchester on 16 Nov. to confiscate the possessions of Emma, the king's mother. In 1044 he joined Eadward in a plan for securing Archbishop Eadsige rybj shop. The appointment of Robert, abbot of Ju- i a p [q. v.J in the see of Canterbury by allowing him to appoint a coadjutor bishop. mieges, to the see of London in this year was the first step towards the overthrow of the earl's power. Robert had unbounded influence over the king, and never ceased whispering accusations against Godwine and his sons, urging especially that the earl was guilty of the death of .Elfred. It may fairly be as- sumed that the appointment of certain Lo- tharingian clergy to English sees and abbeys Avas due to Godwine's desire to keep out the Frenchmen, whom the king would naturally have preferred (Norman Conquest, ii. 79-85). His position must have been weakened by the disgrace of his eldest son, Swegen, who after" seducing the abbess of Leominster left Eng- land in 1046, and was outlawed. The next year a request for help from Swend Estrith- son, the king of the Danes, the nephew of Gytha the earl's wife, was laid before the witan. He had lost nearly all his kingdom, and asked for an English fleet to act against his enemy, Magnus of Norway. Godwine proposed that fifty ships should be sent to his succour, but Leofric objected, and his arguments prevailed with the assembly ( Wor- cester Chronicle, sub an. 1048 ; FLORENCE, i. 200). In 1048 Swend, who had meanwhile got possession of his kingdom, again asked for help. Again, unless the story is a repeti- tion of the events of the previous year, did Godwine plead his cause, and again he was unsuccessful (FLORENCE). The earl's influ- ence seems to have been on the wane, but it was still strong enough to prevent Swegen's earldom from passing from his family ; it was divided between Harold and Beorn. Later in the year, while he was with the fleet which he and the king had gathered for the defence of the coast of Wessex against the attacks of some northern pirates, his son Swegen returned to England and slew his cousin Beorn [q. v.] The crime excited general indignation, and can scarcely have failed to injure Godwine's position. He soon, how- ever, gained a conspicuous advantage. Swegen found shelter in Flanders. About this time some hostile measures were taken by Eadward in alliance with the emperor against Bald- win V. The amicable relations which fol- lowed were almost certainly brought about by Godwine. He probably desired to secure the friendship of the Count of Flanders as a counterpoise to the power and influence of William of Normandy, who was already seek- ing to marry the count's daughter, Matilda. Before long Godwine arranged a marriage between his third son Tostig and Judith the sister ( Vita, p. 404) or daughter (FLORENCE) of Baldwin. The alliance with Baldwin was connected with the return of Swegen, whose outlawry was reversed. His reinstatement was a triumph for his father, but it was an im- politic measure, for, as later events showed, it outraged public feeling (GREEN, Conquest of England, p. 524). On the death of Arch- bishop Eadsige in 1050 Godwine sustained a serious defeat from the French party, which was now becoming all-powerful at the court ; the claim of his kinsman ^Elfric [q. v.], for whom he had tried to obtain the see of Can- terbury, was rejected by the king, who gave the archbishopric to the earl's enemy Robert of Jumieges. The new archbishop used every means in his power to destroy the earl's in- fluence, and his hatred was increased by the fact that the lands of the earl and of the convent of Christ Church, Canterbury, lay side by side. Disputes arose about their respective rights, and Robert declared that Godwine had taken into his own possession lands which belonged to his church (Vita, p. 400). The earl is said by his panegyrist to have tried to keep the peace, and to have restrained his men from retaliating on the archbishop. Eadward listened willingly to the archbishop's complaints against Godwine, and above all to the accusation, which seems to have been renewed at this time, that he had slain the setheling. When, early in September 1051, Godwine was celebrating the marriage of his son Tostig, he received orders from the king to harry the town of Dover, which lay within his earldom [see under EDWARD THE COXFESSOR]. He refused to inflict misery on his own people for the sake of the king's foreign favourites. If they had just cause of complaint they should, he urged, proceed against the men of Dover in a legal court ; if the Dover people could prove their innocence, they had a right to go free, and if not they should be punished in a lawful manner (Gesta Regum, i. 337). Then he went his way, taking little heed of the king's rage, which he believed would soon pass away. Robert, however, seized the op- portunity of stirring up the king against him, and Eadward summoned the witan to meet at Gloucester, to receive and decide on all the charges which might be brought against him. Godwine and his party had a further grievance against the king's foreign favourites, for one of them had built a castle in Swegen's earldom, and was doing much mischief. Godwine and his sons gathered their forces together at Beverstone in Gloucestershire, though ' it Godwin 54 Godwin was hatetul to them to fight against their • lord the king ' (Peterborough C'hron. an. i 1048), and Godwine sent to the king, who was then at Gloucester with the witan and the forces of Mercia and Northumberland, to demand a hearing, offering to clear him- self by compurgation. When this wasrefused, he demanded that the Frenchmen who had { caused the troubles at Dover and in Swegen's earldom should be given up. This was re- fused, and the earl and his sons marched on Gloucester. War was averted by mediation, and the witan was ordered to meet again in London at Michaelmas. When the witan met, Godwine was at his own house in South- wark (Vita, p. 402), and many men of his earldom were with him. Eadward had now a strong army at his back, and it was soon evident that the earl's case was prejudged. Swegen's outlawry was renewed, and had probably been reimposed at Gloucester, but the earl seems to have disregarded the sen- tence and kept his son with him. lie was summoned to attend the assembly, and de- manded hostages and a safe-conduct. The king bade him attend with not more than twelve companions, and appears to have ordered those of his thegns who were with the earl to come over and join his army. God- wine let them go, and his forces dwindled gradually. Stigand, bishop of Winchester, one of his friends, did what he could to delay the final decision in the hope that the king would be better advised, but he was at last forced to bring the earl a message that he was to expect no peace from the king until he gave him back his brother and his brother's men safe and sound. The bishop wept as he gave the message. When the earl heard it he pushed over the table which stood by him, mounted his horse, and rode hard seawards to Bosham. Next morning the king and his host declared him and his sons outlaws, and gave them five days to get out of the land. He and his wife, and his son Swegen, Tostig and his bride, and Gyrth and his younger children em- barked with all the treasure which they had at hand, and sailed to Flanders. They were made welcome by Baldwin, and abode there that winter. Godwine's fall ' seemed wonderful to every man that was in England,' his power had been so great, his sons were ' earls and the king's darlings,' and his daughter the king's wife. Before long men sent him mes- sages, and some went over to him in person, assuring him that if he would come back they would fight for him, and people said that it would be better to be with him in exile than to be in England without him. He sent to the king asking that he might come before him and purge himself loyally of all charges. Moreover Henry, the French king, and the Count of Flanders urged his recall. But it was of no avail, for the king's evil coun- sellors kept him from hearkening. At last in June 1052 the earl determined to resort to force ; he gathered his ships together in the Yser and set sail on the 22nd, intending to fall in with his sons Harold and Leofwine, who were making a descent on the west coast with ships from Ireland. When he was oft' Dungeness he found that the coast there was well defended, and so sailed to Pevensey, pursued by the king's ships from Sandwich. A storm arose which separated the pursuers and the pursued, and the earl returned again to Flanders. Then the king's fleet dispersed, and in the beginning of September Godwine sailed to the Isle of Wight, where he landed and harried the island until the people paid him what he demanded. Thence he went to Portland, and there did all the mischief he could. On returning to Wight he was joined by his son Harold with nine ships. All the men of Kent, Surrey, and Sussex rose in his behalf, and especially the seamen of Hastings and the other ports, declaring that they ' would live and die ' with Earl Godwine. The earl sailed round the coast by Hythe, Dover, and Sandwich, taking all the ships he needed, and receiving hostages and provisions. He sailed up the Thames with a large fleet, some of his ships passing inside Sheppey, where the crews did much harm, and burnt King's Middleton. He lay off Southwark on 14 Sept., and while he waited for the tide held communication with the Londoners, who were almost to a man in his favour. Then he sailed up the river, keeping by the southern shore, which was thickly lined with the local forces gathered to support him. Eadward's ships were on the northern side of the river and his land forces on the shore. While the king delayed to reply to the earl's demand for restoration, Godwine addressed his men, declaring that he would sooner die than do any wrong to the king, and urging them to restrain their wrath. It was agreed that matters should be deferred until the morrow, and Godwine and Harold and some of their men landed and stayed on shore. At the great assembly which was held outside London on the next day, Godwine declared his innocence of all that was laid to his charge. His enemies, the Frenchmen, had already fled, and the king restored to him, his wife, his sons, and his daughter all that had been taken from them. The earl returned with the king to the palace, and there Eadward gave him the kiss of peace (for other particulars see under ED- Godwin 55 Godwin WARD THE CONFESSOR, and EDITH, QUEEN, and for an exhaustive examination of autho- rities FREEMAN, Norman Conquest, ii. 598- 602). Soon after his restoration the earl fell sick. At Easter the next year (1053) he was with the king at Winchester, and on 11 April, while he and his sons Harold, Tostig, and Gyrth sat at meat with the king, he fell from his seat speechless and powerless. His sons bore him into the king's chamber, where he lay in the same state until he died on Thursday the 14th. He was buried in the Old Minster. This is the simple account given of his death by the chronicle writers and Florence of Worcester. An illness of some months evidently ended in a fit of apoplexy. Florence, indeed, adds that after his seizure he suffered miserably, which seems unlikely. His death became the subject of legends, the earliest of which relate how while God wine sat at meat with the king they talked of the death of Alfred ( Gesta Regum, i. 335) or of past treason against the king (HENRY OF HUNTINGDON, p.760) ; Godwine prayed that if he was guilty the next morsel he ate might choke him, and he was accordingly choked and fell dead. Of about the same date is the well-known embellishment of the cupbearer who slipped, and remarked as he recovered his footing ' So brother helps brother ' ( AILRED OF RIEVATJLX, col. 395). The tale is repeated and developed by later writers (for an exami- nation of the growth of the legend see Norman Conquest, ii. 608, and Fortnightly Review, May 1866). Godwine seems to have had seven sons by Gytha : Swegen d. on pilgrimage 1052, Harold d. 1066, Tostig d. 1066, Gyrth d. 1066, Leofwine d. 1066, Wulfnoth living in 1087 (FLORENCE, ii. 20), and probably yElfgar, a monk at Rheiins (ORDERIC, p. 502), and three daughters, Eadgyth, the queen of the Con- fessor [see EDITH], Gunhild d. at Bruges in 1087, and perhaps J^lfgifu {Norman Conquest, ii. 552-5, iii. 221, 228, iv. 159, 705). [Freeman's Norman Conquest, vols. i. and ii. contains a full account of Earl Godwine, to which all later accounts must necessarily be indebted ; his view of the earl is perhaps too favourable. Green's Conquest of England, which contains some valuable remarks, especially on the earl's political aims, takes the opposite view. Kemble's Codex Dipl. iv. and v. ; Anglo-Saxon Chron. and Vita Eadwardi, cited as Vita, in Lives of Eadward the Confessor (both Rolls Ser.) ; Flo- rence of Worcester and William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum (both Engl. Hist. Soc.) ; William of Jumieges, William of Poitiers, and Orderic, in Hist. Normann. Scriptt., Duchesne ; Henry of Huntingdon, Mon. Hist. Brit. ; Saxo, Hist. Daniea, ed. 1644; Encomium Emmse, in Pertz, Monu- menta Hist. Germ.] W. H. GODWIN, MRS. CATHERINE GRACE (1798-1845), poetess, younger daughter of Thomas Garnett, M.D. [q. v.], was born at Glasgow 25 Dec. 1798. Her mother died at her birth, and after the premature death of her fatherin 1802 she, with her sister, was brought up by her mother's intimate friend, Miss Wor- boys. They resided at Barbon, near Kirkby Lonsdale in Westmoreland, where Catherine continued to live after her marriage in 1824 to Thomas Godwin, formerly of the East India Company's service. She had already published ' The Night before the Bridal, and other poems,' to which ' The Wanderer's Legacy ' succeeded in 1829. This volume attracted the favourable notice of Wordsworth, who honoured the authoress with exceptional at- tention and praise. His letter to her, printed by her biographer, conveys his opinion of the Spenserian stanza in Byron's hands, and of what he considered the corruption of the English language from the popularity of Scott's poems and novels. Mrs. Godwin's poems will hardly be thought to justify his high opinion. They indicate a highly re- fined and sensitive nature, but have more fluency than force, and in general merely reflect the style of Byron, of Wordsworth, or of Mrs. Hemans. After the death of her sister in 1 832 Mrs. Godwin's health declined, and she wrote little more, except fugitive poems in albums and stories for the young. A volume of letters from the continent was published after her death, which took place in May 1845, after long suffering from spinal irritation. Her poetical works were col- lected and published in a handsome illus- trated volume in 1854, with a memoir by A. Cleveland Wigan. She is described as persevering, discriminating, and endowed with a keen sense of the ludicrous. She had acquired considerable proficiency in paint- ing ; the portrait prefixed to her poems is from a miniature by herself. [Memoir, by A. Cleveland Wigan, prefixed to the Poetical Works of Catherine Grace Godwin, 1854.] R. G. GODWIN, EDWARD WILLIAM (1833-1886), architect, was born in Old Market Street, Bristol, on 20 May 1833. From his father, who was in business as a decorator, he inherited a taste for architec- tural and archaeological studies, and before leaving school mastered Bloxam's ' Gothic Architecture.' He received his professional training in the office of Mr. W. Armstrong, architect, of Bristol, and afterwards practised for some years in that city, at first alone, and subsequently in partnership with Mr. Henry Crisp. The firm had an office in London, and Godwin Godwin Godwin, after the death without family of his first wife, removed to London about 1862. His earlier wrorks, among which may be mentioned the town halls of Northampton and Congleton in the Decorated style, and the restorations of Dromore Castle for the Earl of Limerick and Castle Ashby in North- amptonshire, and many churches, schools, and houses in and near Bristol, exhibited much promise. In London he enjoyed the esteem and friendship of Scott, Street, Bur- gess, and other great architects. He assisted Burgess in the preparation of his designs for the new law courts. He also assisted Mr. R. W. Edis, F.S.A., in his design for the houses of parliament in Berlin. But his removal to London proved a mistake from a professional point of view. His chief works there were the premises of the Fine Art Society in Bond Street and a studio for Princess Louise at Kensington Palace. But he has left no building there really worthy of his capabilities. As an architect he worked chiefly in the Gothic style ; his works are characterised by taste in design and the ac- curacy of his knowledge of detail. But he failed to fulfil his early promise. A facile sketcher, a good draughtsman, with a quick eye for proportion and harmonious groupings, a clear writer, an antiquarian well versed in the architecture, furniture, and costume of all periods, a well-informed Shakespearean scholar, and an excellent lecturer, he found too wide a field for his many talents, and turned from the exercise of his profession to literature and the designing of art furniture. Latterly his time was almost exclusively oc- cupied in the designing of theatrical costumes and scenery, among the plays which he as- sisted in setting being ' Hamlet,' ' Claudian,' ' Helena inTroas,' and 'Bachelors,' which last was brought out at the Opera Comique, Lon- don, only a couple of months before his death. ] In the last years of his life he suffered from a painful disease; the operation of lithotomy | ultimately became necessary, and he died in his rooms, 6 Great College Street, West- '. minster, on 6 Oct. 1886. His second wife, a ! daughter of Phillips the sculptor, to whom j he was married in 1876, survived him, and he also left one son. Godwin contributed largely both articles and sketches to the professional journals. To the ' British Architect ' he was for long a frequent contributor, and his book, entitled 'Temple Bar Illustrated,' London, 1877, was reprinted from its columns. He also pub- lished : 1. Designs for the work in ' Art Furniture ' by William Watt, London, 1877. 2. 'Artistic Conservatories and other Horti- j cultural Buildings designed to be constructed j on the patent system of Messrs. Messenger & Co.,' London, 1880. 3. 'A few Notes on the Architecture and Costume of the Period of the Play of " Claudian," A.D. 360-460,' pub- lished in the form of a letter to Mr. Wilson Barrett, London, 1883. 4. The article on ' Dress and its Relation to Health and Cli- mate,' London, 1884, in the 'Handbook' to the International Health Exhibition of 1884. 5. ' The " Faithfull Shepherdesse " by John Fletcher adapted and arranged in three acts for the open air,' London, 1885. 6. A sub- scription work for the Art Costume Society, of which only a few parts were published at the time of his death. [Architect, 15 Oct. 1886, xxxvi. 217; Build- ing News, 15 Oct. 1886, 1. 589 (list of designs contributed to the paper); Builder, 16 Oct. 1886, 1. 572 ; British Architect, 15 Oct. 1886 (list of articles, with portrait); American Architect and Building News, 30 Oct. 1886.] G. W. B. GODWIN, FRANCIS, D.D. (1562-1633), bishop successively of Llandaft' and Hereford, born in 1562 at Hannington in Orlingbury hundred, Northamptonshire, was son of the Rev. Thomas Godwin [q. v.], afterwards bi- shop of Bath and Wells, by his wife Isabella, daughter of Nicholas Purefoy of Shalstone, Buckinghamshire (BRIDGES, Northampton- shire, ii. 98). In his sixteenth year he was sent to the university of Oxford, and in 1578 he was elected j unior student of Christ Church. He studied with great reputation, and was admitted B.A. 23 Jan. 1580-1, being of the same standing as the famous Henry Cuff [q. v.] He commenced M.A. in 1584, at which time he was ' accounted one of the most in- genious persons as well as assiduous students in the university.' In 1586 he held the pre- bend of St. Decuinans in the cathedral church of Wells (LE NEVE, Fasti, ed. Hardy, i. 196), and on 11 June 1587 he was collated to the subdeanery of Exeter. In 1590 he accom- panied his old friend, the learned Camden, into Wales in search of antiquities. He wa» admitted to the degree of B.D. on 11 Feb. 1593-4 (CLARK, Register of Univ. of Oxford, ii. 92). On 30 Jan. 1595-6 he took the de- gree of D.D., being then rector of Sampford Dorcas, Somersetshire, canon residentiary of Wells, rector of Bishops Lydiard, by the resignation of the vicarage of Weston-in- Zoyland, all in the same county, and sub- dean of Exeter. In 1601 he published his ' Catalogue of the Bishops of England,' which was so generally approved that Queen Elizabeth immediately appointed him bishop of Llandaff in succes- sion to Dr. William Morgan, who was trans- lated to St. Asaph. He was nominated by Godwin 57 Godwin the queen on 5 Oct. 1G01, elected on the 14th, confirmed on 20 Nov., and consecrated on the 22nd in Henry VII's chapel at Westminster (STTJBBS, liegistrum Sacrum Anglicanum, p. 88 ; LE NEVE, ii. 252). Wood observes that the reward, though royal, consisted rather of title than substance, as the bishopric did not then produce more than l~)0l. a year. There- fore he had liberty to retain one of his former dignities, which seems to have been the sub- deanery of Exeter, and also to take the rec- tory of Kingston Seymour, in the diocese of Bath and Wells. On 26 July 1603 he was presented by Lord-keeper Egerton to the rec- tory of Shere Newton, Monmouthshire. On 14 Oct. 1607 he wrote from Malvern to Sir Thomas Lake begging his interest to procure him the archdeaconry of Gloucester, vacant by the preferment of the Bishop of Glouces- ter to the see of London. He said the arch- deaconry was worth 801. a year, and he offered Sir Thomas SQL for his interest (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1603-10, p. 354). During his sixteen years' tenure of the see of Llandaff he employed his leisure in im- proving his ' Catalogue of Bishops,' and in collecting materials for the civil and ecclesi- astical history of England. In 1615 he pub- lished an improved edition of his ' Catalogue,' with a dedication to James I, and annals of the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Mary, in elegant Latin. As a reward for these labours he was by the king's desire translated to the see of Hereford, in succes- sion to Dr. Robert Bennet, on 10 Nov. 1617. He was elected on the 13th, and received the royal assent on the 24th, and the arch- bishop's confirmation on the 28th of the same month, the temporalities being restored to him on 20 Dec. (LE NEVE, i. 470). Dr. Thomas Ryves, king's advocate, an unsuc- cessful candidate for the chancellorship of Hereford diocese, complained in a petition, 22 Nov. 1625, to Charles I that the bishop had conferred the chancellorship of his diocese upon one of his sons, a divine inexperienced in the civil law (Cal. of State Papers, Dom. 1625-6, p. 155). On 9 April 1627 Godwin wrote to informLord-keeper Coventry that the privy council's letter of 9 Aug., for apprehend- ing George Bering-ton and one Haumer, two Romish priests, was delivered to one of the bishop's people ' upon the way, and that opened,' seven weeks after date. The bishop added that he presently took his horse, and used all the means he could, but without effect (ib. 1627-8, p. 133). In the latter part of his life he ' fell into a low and languishing disease.' He died in April 1633, and was buried on the 29th of that month in the chancel of his church at Whitbourne, which, with the manor, belongs to the bishops of Hereford. He married, when a young man, the daugh- ter of Dr. John Wolton, bishop of Exeter, by whom he had many children, including (1) Thomas Godwin, D.D., vicar of Newland, Gloucestershire, and chancellor of the diocese of Hereford, who died in 1644 ; (2) Morgan Godwin, D.C.L., archdeacon of Salop, who died in 1645; (3) Charles Godwin, who was beneficed at Monmouth ; and (4) a daughter, who was married to Dr. John Hughes, arch- deacon of Hereford. Wood describes him as ' a good man, a grave divine, skilful mathematician, excellent philosopher, pure Latinist, and incomparable historian, being no less critical in histories than the learned Selden' (Athente Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 555) ; but Browne Willis remarks that ' notwithstanding the freedom he takes with other bishops' reputations, he was cer- tainly a very great Symoniack, [and] omitted no opportunity in disposing of his prefer- ments, in order to provide for his children ' (Survey of Cathedrals, ' Hereford,' p. 525). His works are : 1. ' Catalogue Episcoporum Bathoniensium et Wellensium,' manuscript in Trinity College, Cambridge, dated 15 Dec. 1594; cf. Baker's MS. 33, ff. 391-5. It is larger, more elegant, and in some things more accurate, than the article on the bishops of Bath and Wells, even in the last edition of his elaborate printed work. It was pub- lished in part by Hearne in his edition of John de Whethamstede's ' Chronicon,' 1732, p. 635. Hearne had previously printed a portion of it in John de Trokelowe's ' Annales Edwardi II,' p. 381. 2. 'Concio Lat. in Luc. 5, 3,' 1601, 4to. 3. 'A Catalogue of the- Bishops of England since the first planting of Christian Religion in this Island; together with a brief History of theirLives andMemor- able Actions, so near as can be gathered out of Antiquity,' London, 1601, 4to, in black letter, dedicated to Thomas Sackville, lord Buckhurst, lord high treasurer, to whom lie was chaplain. A second edition appeared in 1615 with many additions, and (a) 'Discourse concerning the first Conversion of our Britain unto Christian Religion,' and (b) ' Discourse concerning such Englishmen as have either been, or in our Histories reputed, Cardinals of the Church of Rome.' He translated the whole work into Latin under the title of 'De Prsesvlibvs Anglise Commentarius : Omnivm Episcoporvm,necnon et Cardinalivm eivsdem gentis, nomina, tempora, seriem, atqve Ac- tiones maxime memorabiles ab vltima anti- quitate repetita complexus,' London, 1616,. 4to. A splendid edition of this work, with annotations and a continuation by William Godwin Godwin Richardson, master of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, was printed in 2 vols., Cambridge, 1743, fol. Of the early editions there are several copies, with manuscript notes, among the collections of Rawlinson and Gough in the Bodleian Library. Wood says that Godwin endeavoured ' out of a puritanical pique ' to bring a scandal on the catholic bishops, and to advance the credit of those prelates who, like himself, were married after the Reforma- tion period. After the appearance of the first edition of the ' Catalogue ' Sir John Harington [q. v.] of Kelston wrote for Prince Henry's private use a continuation of the ' Catalogue ' under the title 'A brief View of the State of the Church of England as it stood in Queen Eliza- beth's and King James's reign, to the yearl608' (published 1653). 4. ' Rerum Anglicarum Henrico VIII, Edwardo VI, et Maria reg- nantibus, Annales,' London, 1616-28, 4to, 1630, fol. An English translation by his son Morgan Godwin, dedicated to Lord Scuda- more, has been several times printed. In 1675 it was printed with Bacon's ' History of Henry VII.' The work was translated into French by Le sieur De Loigny, Paris, 1647, 4to. The ' Life of Queen Mary,' newly trans- lated into English by J. Hughes from the bishop's Latin, is printed in vol. ii. of ' A Complete History of England,' 1706, fol. 5. ' Statement of a Project for Conveying Intelligence into Besieged Towns and Fort- resses, and receiving Answers therefrom under conditions specified,' dated 7 March 1620-1, and signed by the bishop and his son Thomas ; manuscript in State Paper Office, Dom. James I, vol. cxx. art. 11. 6. 'Appendix ad Commentarium de Prsesulibus Anglise,' London, 1621-2, 4to. 7.'Nunciusinanimatus,' 1 Utopias,' 1629, and 1657, 8vo. Translated into English by Dr. Thomas Smith of Mag- dalen College, Oxford, who entitled it ' The Mysterious Messenger, unlocking the Secrets of Men's Hearts,' printed with ' The Man in the Moone,' London, 1657, 8vo. This and the following work were written when Godwin was a student at Oxford. 8. ' The Man in the Moone, or a Discourse of a Voyage thither by Domingo Gonsales,the Speedy Messenger,' London, 1638, 1657, and 1768, 8vo. It was published after the author's death by 'E. M.' of Christ Church. The work shows that Godwin had some imagination and was well acquainted with the Copernican system. It was translated into French by J. Baudoin, Paris, 1648, 8vo ; La Haye, 1651, 12mo, and 1671. It is generally supposed that from this work Dr. Wilkins, bishop of Chester, derived several hints for his ' Discovery of a New World in the Moon,' and that Cyrano de Bergerac also borrowed from it in the ' Voyage to the Moon.' Swift is usually credited with having derived from De Bergerac some ideas for f Gulliver's Travels,' particularly in the voyage to Laputa, but there is no reason why he should not have taken them directly from Godwin. Vertue engraved a portrait of Godwin in 1742 for Richardson's edition of ' De Prsesuli- bus.' [Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 555, 882 ; Godwin, De Prsesulibus (Eichardson), pp. 496, 613; Dr. Campbell in Biog. Brit.; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), i. 196, 390, 470, ii. 252 ; Wood's Hist, et Antiquitates Oxon. p. 262; Kymer's Fcedera, xvii. 28, 451 ; Granger's Biog. Hist, of England, 5th edit. ii. 54 ; Hallam's Lit. of Europe (1854), iii. 168; Willis's Survey of the Cathedral of Llandaff(1719), p. 67; Eawlinson's Hereford, p. 21 2 ; Kennett MS. 50, f. 134 ; Notes and Queries, 5th ser. ii. 209 ; Calendars of State Papers, Dom. (161 1-18) pp. 368,497,499,(1619- 1623), pp. 232, 233, 398, 401, 480, (1623-5) pp. 128, 152, 379, (1625-6) pp. 155, 176, 540, 562, (1629-31) p. 486, (1631-3) p. 445, (1633-4) pp. 40, 323, 471.] T. C. GODWIN, GEORGE (1815-1 888), archi- tect, son of an architect at Brompton, was born there 28 Jan. 1815. At the age of thir- teen he entered his father's office. He quickly developed a taste for literature and the scien- tific aspects of art . For some time he acted as joint-editor of a magazine called the ' Literary Union.' In 1835 Godwin obtained the first medal awarded by the Royal Institute of British Architects for his essay on ' Con- crete.' This treatise was almost immediately translated into several languages, and it still remains a standard work on the subject. In 1836-7 Godwin took an active part in originating the Art Union of London, and for a long period was its lion, secretary. It was one of the great objects of his life to educate the public taste in matters of art. The Art Union obtained a charter, and its annual income soon reached many thousands of pounds. During the early days of railway enterprise Godwin issued* An Appeal to the Public on the Subject of Railways,' 1837, in answer to conservative objections to their multiplication. In 1838 he published ' The Churches of London,' in two volumes, with illustrations from drawings by Mackenzie and Billings. Godwin now contributed papers to the meetings of the Institute of British Architects and other societies, and was one of the principal writers on the ' Art Journal,' the ' Architectural Magazine,' and the ' Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal.' The So- ciety of Antiquaries printed his essay on ' Masons' Marks' in its ' Archseologia,' 1843. Among his more important writings may be Godwin 59 Godwin -cited ' The Means employed for Raising Obe- lisks'(having special reference to the elevation of the Luxor obelisk at Paris), ' The Institu- tion of Freemasonry/ ' The State of Archi- tecture in the Provinces,' ' Present State of -Cologne Cathedral,' ' Ancient Architectural Remains in Lower Normandy,' and ' Present State of the Art of Glass-painting in England and France.' Godwin wrote a farce called ' The Last Day,' which was played at the | Olympic Theatre in October 1840, and he [ subsequently wrote a number of dramas, which have not been published. With Lewis Pocock he edited the ' Pilgrim's Progress ' in 1844, also supplying a memoir of Bunyan ; and the same year he issued a volume en- titled ' Facts and Fancies.' In 1844 Godwin became editor of the * Builder,' a journal founded two years before by Joseph Aloysius Hansom [q. v.], and gave to the paper its recognised position. Godwin I published m 1848 his ' Buildings and Monu- j ments, Modern and Mediaeval,' and in 1853 i appeared his ' History in Ruins,' a series of letters intended as a popular outline of archi- tectural history. Godwin laboured zealously to improve the ' sanitary conditions of the dwellings of the \ poor in town and country. He thoroughly ' examined many of the dilapidated London houses. Prince Albert afterwards took an interest in the question, and in 1851 erected a model dwelling in Hyde Park. Under the title of ' London Shadows ' Godwin published in 1854 a work embodying the results of an inquiry into the condition of the poor, under- taken in the preceding year. This was suc- ceeded by ' Town Swamps and Social Bridges.' In ' Another Blow for Life,' a volume issued in 1864, he again called attention to sanitary j •and social defects. Godwin took an active part in the work of the Royal Literary Fund, of which he was a treasurer, and in the Newspaper Press Fund. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society and of the Society of Antiquaries, and in 1881 he received the gold medal of the Royal In- I stitute of British Architects, of which he had been a vice-president. Godwin founded a j scholarship in connection with the institute, ! known as the ' Godwin Bursary,' the holder of which was to study and report upon the ' architectural work and professional practice of other countries. He also supported the ' Hellenic Society, and assisted in the founda- tion of the new school at Athens to promote the study of Greek antiquities. He further took a keen interest in the contemporary stage, and his drawings were consulted by Charles Kean. He published a book on ' The Desirability of obtaining a National Theatre,' in which he advocated one national theatre for the metropolis, to be supported either by government subsidies or by private subscrip- tions. Godwin was a successful architect. He was awarded a premium in 1847 for his se- lected design for the Colney Hatch Lunatic Asylum. The chief works carried out under his sole responsibility were the following : the Brompton parochial national schools ; Fulham Church tower (restored) ; St. Mary's Church, Ware (restored) ; St. Mary Redcliffe, Bristol (restored) ; St. Mary's Church, West Brompton ; Redcliffe infant school and resi- dence, Bristol ; residence at Wall's Court, near Bristol ; and buildings at Stanley Farm, near Bristol. In conjunction with his brother Henry he carried out the following works : Standon Church, near Ware(restored); ' Rock-- hurst,' West Hoathley, Sussex ; ' Elmdale,' Clifton Downs, Bristol ; Little Munden Church, Hertfordshire (restored) ; St. Jude's Church, Earl's Court ; drinking fountain, Clif- ton Downs ; and the Redcliffe Mansions, South Kensington. In 1884 Godwin was appointed a member of the royal commission on the housing of the working classes, and laboured actively in this his latest public work. He died at his residence in Cromwell Place, South Kensing- ton, 27 Jan. 1888. Godwin had been a noted collector of ancient chairs and relics formerly belonging to celebrated persons, which were sold after his death. A chair supposed to have been Shakespeare's was sold for 120 guineas. Other chairs had belonged to Mrs. Siddons, Mrs. Browning, the poet Gay, Anne Boleyn, Alexander Pope, Sir Walter Raleigh, Lord Byron, Landor, Napoleon Bonaparte, Thacke- ray, Anthony Trollope, George Cruikshank, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. As an editor Godwin was careful and ex- acting. He was an effective and fluent public speaker and an entertaining companion in private. He was a good narrator of stories, good-humouredly cynical. [Builder, 4 Feb. 1888; Times, 30 Jan. 1888 ; Daily News, 19 April 1888; Godwin's cited works.] G. B. S. GODWIN, SIR HENRY THOMAS (1784-1853), major-general, commanding the troops in the second Burmese war, entered the army in December 1799 as ensign 9th foot, in which he became lieutenant in 1803, and cap- tain in 1808. He served with the regiment at Ferrol in 1800, in the expedition to Hanover in 1805, when he was adjutant of his battalion, and in Portugal in 1808. In 1809 he was pre- sent in the operations on theDouro and the ad- vance to Oporto, and afterwards accompanied Godwin 60 Godwin his battalion to Gibraltar. He marched with ! the light company, as part of a provisional light battalion, from Gibraltar to Tarifa, and took part in the first defence. He was a vo- lunteer under Lord Blayney in the attempt | on Fuengarola, near Malaga. He commanded a detachment of two flank companies of his battalion at Cadiz, at the second defence of Tarifa, and at the battle of Barossa, where he was severely wounded. For his Peninsular ! services he was made brevet-major and C.B. In May 1814 he was appointed major in the i old 5th West India regiment, and in Novem- ' ber 1815 lieutenant-colonel of the 41st foot. Godwin took that regiment out to India in 1822, accompanied it to Burmah in 1824, and was present in every action in the first Bur- mese war, from the capture of Rangoon until peace was signed in sight of Ummeerapoora in February 1826, except during the latter part of 1824, when he was employed with a detached force in reducing the Burmese pro- vince of Martaban. Godwin twice received the thanks of the governor-general in council for his services. He exchanged to half-pay in 1827, became colonel in 1837, and major- general in 1846. In 1850 he was appointed to a divisional command in Bengal, and in 1852 was selected for the command of the Bengal division of the Burmese expeditionary force, of which he took the command in chief. The second Burmese war began with the bom- bardment of Martaban on 5 April 1852. In November Godwin recaptured Pegu, and in December the annexation of the province of Pegu to India was proclaimed by Lord Dal- housie. Further operations folio wed at Prome and in the Rangoon river, and on 1 July 1853 the expeditionary force, known officially as tlie ' army of Ava,' was broken up, and God- win returned to India. His personal activity, in spite of his years, had been remarked throughout, and he was a great favourite with the troops ; but the protracted character of the later operations had drawn upon him much undeserved abuse from certain portions of the English and Indian press. He appears to have acted throughout in accordance with the instructions of Lord Dalhousie, by whom his conduct was fully approved. On Godwin's return to India, he was appointed to com- mand the Sirhind division of the Bengal army. He died at Simla, at the residence of the com- rnander-in-chief, Sir William Gomm, who had been his brother subaltern in the 9th foot, on 26 Oct. 1853, at the age of sixty-nine, from the results of exposure and over-exertion in Burmah. Notification of his appointments as K.C.B. and colonel 20th foot was received in India after his death. His only daughter married Robert A. C. Godwin-Austen [q. v.] [Hart's Army Lists ; London Gazettes ; Gent. Mag. new ser. xli. 529. A useful epitome of the history of the first and second Burmese wars will be found in Low's Hist. Indian Navy.] H. M. C. GODWIN, MRS. MARY WOLLSTONE- CRAFT (1759-1797), miscellaneous writer, born 27 April 1759, was granddaughter of a rich Spitalfields manufacturer of Irish ex- traction. Her father, Edward John Woll- stonecraft, spent the fortune which he had inherited, tried farming, took to drinking, bullied his wife, and rambled to various places, sinking lower at each move. By his wife, Elizabeth Dixon, an Irishwoman (d. 1780), he had six children. Edward, the eldest, was an attorney in the city of London. There were three daughters, Mary, Everina, and Eliza ; and two other sons. Mary and Eliza had much talent, though little educa- tion. Mary in 1778 became companion to a Mrs. Dawson. In 1780 her mother died, and the sisters, finding their father's house intolerable, resolved to become teachers. Mary went to live with a friend, Fanny Blood, whose father was as great a scamp as Wollstonecraft, and who helped to sup- port her family by painting. Her mother, Mrs. Blood, took in needlework, in which Mary Wollstonecraft helped her. Everina Wollstonecraft kept house for her brother Edward ; and Eliza, although still very young, accepted a Mr. Bishop, in order to escape misery at home. Bishop's brutality made her wretched. Her life is described in her sister's ' Wrongs of Women.' Mrs. Bishop went into hiding till a legal separa- tion was arranged, when about 1783 she set up a school at Newington Green with Mary Wollstonecraft. It lingered for two years. During this period she acquired some friends,, and was kindly received, shortly before his death, by Dr. Johnson. Fanny Blood, who lived with the sisters for a time, married Hugh Skeys, a merchant, and settled in Lisbon. She died in childbed soon after- wards (29 Nov. 1785). Mary went out to nurse her, but arrived too late. After her re- turn she wrote a pamphlet called 'Thoughts on the Education of Daughters,' for which Johnson, the publisher in St. Paul's Church- yard, gave her 101. 10s. She then became governess (October 1787) in the family of Lord Kingsborough, afterwards Earl of Kingston. She thought him a coarse squire and his wife a mere fine lady. Lady Kings- borough was jealous of the children's affec- tion for their governess, and dismissed her after a year. She then settled in London, showed a story called ' Mary ' to Johnson, and was employed by him as reader and in Godwin 61 Godwin translating from the French. She worked for five years, liberally helped her sisters and brothers, sending Everina to France, and saw some literary society. Here, in November 1791, she met William Godwin [q. v.] for the first time, when he disliked her because her fluent talk silenced the taciturn Thomas Paine, who was of the company. She pub- lished her ' Vindication of the Rights of Women ' in 1792. It had some success, was translated into French, and scandalised her sisters. She proposed to visit France in company with Johnson and Mr. and Mrs. Fuseli. Knowles fin his ' Life of Fuseli ') says that Mary Wollstonecraft had fallen in love with Fuseli, who was already married ; that she got rid of her previously slovenly habits of dress in order to please him, and that she proposed to stay in his house in order to be near him. Mrs. Fuseli hereupon, he adds, forbade her the house, and she went to Paris to break off the attachment. Mr. Paul (Mary Wollstonecraft, p. xxxi) denies the story, chiefly on the ground that she re- mained a ' close friend ' of Mrs. Fuseli. Knowles quotes some phrases from her letters to Fuseli, Avhich are certainly significant, but he does not give them in full. She went to Paris alone in December 1792. Here she met Gilbert Imlay, who had been a captain in the American army during the war of independence, had written letters descriptive of the north-west territory (published in 1792, 2nd edit. 1797), and was now engaged in commercial speculations. She agreed to live with him as his wife — a legal marriage for an Englishwoman being probably difficult at the time, and not a matter of importance according to her views (Letters to Imlay, p. xxxix). She joined him at Havre at the end of 1793, and on 14 May 1794 gave birth to a child, called Fanny. She published an ' His- torical View of the French Revolution 'soon afterwards. Imlay's speculations separated him from her for long periods, and her letters soon show doubts of his affection and sus- picions of his fidelity. She followed him to England in 1795, and in June sailed to Nor- way to make arrangements for some of his commercial speculations. Passages of her letters to him, descriptive of the country, were published in 1796. Returning to Eng- land m the autumn she found that he de- sired a separation, and was carrying on an intrigue with another woman. She tried to drown herself by leaping from Putney Bridge, but was taken out insensible by a passing boat. According to Godwin, she still lis'-' tened to some proposals from Imlay, and was even willing to return to him upon de- grading terms. She finally broke with him in March 1796. She refused to take money from him, but accepted a bond for the benefit of her daughter. Neither principal nor in- terest was ever paid. She returned to writ- ing, resumed her friendship with Johnson, and went into literary society. She soon became intimate with Godwin, who had been favourably impressed by the 'Letters from Sweden.' Though both of them dis- approved of marriage, they formed a connec- tion about September 1796. The expectation of a child made a legal union desirable ; and they were married 29 March 1797 [see GOD- WIN, WILLIAM], Their relation, in spite of some trifling disagreements due to Godwin's peculiarities, was happy. The birth of her child Mary was fatal to her, and she died 10 Sept. 1797. She was buried at Old St. Pancras churchyard, and her remains were moved in 1791 to Bournemouth. She is de- scribed as Marguerite in her husband's 'St. Leon.' Mrs. Godwin was an impulsive and en- thusiastic woman, with great charms of per- son and manner. A portrait, painted by Opie during her marriage and engraved by Heath in 1 798,was in the possession of the late Sir Percy Shelley. Another, also by Opie, was engraved by Ridley for the 'Monthly Mirror' in 1796, and is now in the possession of Mr. William Russell. Engravings of both are in Mr. Paul's ' Mary AVollstonecraft .' Her books show some genuine eloquence, though occasionally in- jured by the stilted sentimentalism of the time. The letters are pathetic from the melan- choly story which they reveal. Her faults were such as might be expected from a fol- lower of Rousseau, and were consistent with much unselfishness and nobility of sentiment, though one could wish that her love-affairs had been more delicate. Her works are: 1. 'Thoughts on the Edu- cation of Daughters,' 1787. 2. 'Original Stories from Real Life, with considerations calculated to regulate the affections,' 1788, 1791, and edition illustrated by Blake, 1796. 3. ' Vindication of the Rights of Men,' a letter to Edmund Burke, 1790. 4. ' Vindication of the Rights of Women,' 1792, vol. i. (all published). 5. 'Historical and Moral View of . . . the French Revolution,' vol. i. 1 794 (all published). 6. ' Letters written in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark,' 1796. 7. ' Pos- thumous Works,' 1798 (vols. i. and ii. 'The Wrongs of Women, or Maria ' (fragment of a novel); iii. and iv. 'Letters and Miscel- laneous Pieces '). 8. ' Letters to Imlay,' with prefatory memoir by C. K. Paul, 1879. She also translated Salzmann's ' Moralisches Elementarbuch ' ('Elements of Morality') in 1790, illustrated by Blake, who adapted forty- Godwin < nine out of the fifty-one German illustra- tions (Notes and Queries, 6th ser. i. 493). [Memoirs of the Author of a Vindication of the Rights of Women, by William Godwin, 1798 ; A Defence of the Character and Conduct of the late Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin ... in a series of letters to a lady (author unknown), 1803; William Godwin, his Friends and Con- temporaries, by C. Kegan Paul, 1876, i. 163- 291 ; Mary Wollstonecraft, with prefatory me- moir by C. Kegan Paul, 1879; Knowles's Life of Fuseli, i. 159-69.] L. S. GODWIN, MORGAN (fl. 1685), minis- ter in Virginia, baptised at Bicknor, Glouces- tershire, on 2 Dec. 1640, was the second son of Morgan Godwin, LL.D., rector of that place and canon of Hereford(rf. 1645), by his wife Elizabeth, and the grandson of Francis God- win, D.D., bishop of Hereford [q. v.] He became a commoner of Brasenose College, Oxford, in Midsummer term 1661, but pro- ceeded B.A. on 16 March 1664 as a student of Christ Church (WooD, Fasti O.i-on. ed. Bliss, ii. 277). Then, taking orders, he be- came a minister in Virginia, under the go- vernment of Sir William Berkeley [q. v.], and continued there ' in good liking ' for several years. On his return home he became beneficed, says Wood, ' near London, where he finished his course' (Athence O.von. ed. Bliss, iv. 180-1). He is author of: 1. ' The Negro's and Indian's Advocate suing for their Admission into the Church ; or a Per- suasive to the instructing and baptising of the Negros and Indians in our Plantations ; shewing that as the Compliance therewith can prejudice no Mans just Interest, so the wilful neglecting and opposing of it is no less than a manifest Apostacy from the Christian Faith. To which is added, A brief Account of Religion in Virginia,' 4to, London, 1680. 2. 'A Supplement to the Negro's and In- dian's Advocate ; or Some further Considera- tions and Proposals for the effectual and speedy carrying on of the Negro's Chris- tianity in our Plantations . . . without any prejudice to their owners. By M. G., a Pres- byter of the Church of England,' 4to, Lon- don, 1681. 3. ' Trade preferr'd before Reli- gion, and Christ made to give place to Mammon ; represented in a Sermon relating to the Plantations,' 4to, London, 1685. It was first preached, according to Wood, at Westminster Abbey, and afterwards ' in divers churches in London.' [Authorities as above.] G. G. GODWIN, THOMAS (1517-1590),bishop of Bath and Wells, was born in 1517 at Oak- ingham, Berkshire, of poor parents, and sent to the free school. Dr. Layton [q. v.], arch- 2 Godwin deacon of Buckinghamshire, adopted Godwin,. gave him a classical education, and about 1538 sent him at his own cost to Oxford. God- win seems to have found other friends on his patron's death (1545), by whose help he was enabled to remain at the university. In 1544 he graduated as B.A., and was elected a pro- bationer of Magdalen College, becoming a full fellow in 1545, and proceeding 31. A. in 1547-8 (WooD, Athence, ed. Bliss, ii. 827 ; Oxf. Univ. Reg. Oxf. Hist, Soc. i. 205). God- win shared the principles of his early patron, a 'zealous reformer,' and, according to Wood, was obliged to leave Oxford and resign his fellowship between July 1549 and July 1550, on account of disputes between himself and 1 certain papists ' at his college (see Ad- mission Register, quoted by Mr. Wodhams in Northamptonshire Notes and Queries, vol. iii. pt. xix. pp. 65, 66). He was, however, appointed head-master of Brackley school, just founded by Magdalen. He probably went thither in 1549, and was the first master (£6.) He remained at Brackley till the end of the reign of Edward VI, but under Mary was forced, on account of his religious prin- ciples, to leave the school, and, having mar- ried in the meantime Isabel, daughter of Nicholas Purefoy of Shalstone, Buckingham- shire, studied physic to support his wife and family. He was licensed to practise medicine 17 June 1555 ( O.tf. Univ. Reg.) He turned to divinity after Elizabeth's accession, and was ordained (about 1560) by Nicholas Bulling- ham [q. v.], bishop of Lincoln. He was Bul- lingham's chaplain, and a member of the lower house of convocation, subscribing to the articles of 1562, and also signing the pe- tition for discipline (STRTPE, Annals, vol. i. pt. i. pp. 489, 504, 512). Godwin rapidly became a popular preacher. Elizabeth was so pleased with his ' good parts' and 'goodly person,' that in 1565 she appointed him one of her Lent preachers, a post which he held for eighteen years. In June 1565 he was made dean of Christ Church, and pro- ceeded B.D. and D.D. on 17 Dec. at Ox- ford. In the same month he was installed prebendary of Milton in Lincoln Cathedral (Lansdowne MS. v. 982, f. 152), whence in 1574-5 he was transferred to the prebend of Leighton Buzzard, which he resigned in 1584 (WILLIS, Cath. Survey, iii. 205, 221). When Elizabeth visited Oxford in August 1566, God- win was one of the four divines appointed to hold theological disputations before her ; lodgings were prepared for her at Christ Church, and the dean went out to Wolvercote to receive her (Elizabethan O.rford, Oxf. Hist. Soc. pp. 198-203). Among the Parker MSS. (Corpus Christi College, Cambridge) is a ser- Godwin Godwin mon preached by him before the queen at I Greenwich during this year (1566). The i winter after her visit to Oxford, Elizabeth < promoted Godwin to the deanery of Canter- ' bury. He was sent on a commission to visit the diocese of Norwich, and preached the first of a series of sermons, endowed by Arch- ! bishop Parker, in the ' Greenyard ' at Nor- wich (June 1567). At Canterbury Godwin had to deal with a turbulent set of canons. Constant complaints were made by them against him to the archbishop, while the dean was at one time obliged to appeal to the jus- tices of the peace, one canon having threat- ened ' to nail him to the wall with his sword ' (SiRYPE, Parker, i. 493, 545, 564). He prac- tically rebuilt the deanery after a fire in 1568 (RYHER, Fondera, xvi. 186). In 1573 Parker accused Godwin of breaking the sta- tutes and consuming the cathedral's goods. The dean strenuously denied the charge, and in October 1573 he received the living of Ruck- inge in the Canterbury diocese, probably as a proof of the archbishop's forgiveness (STRYPE, Parker, i. 564). In 1576 he became one of the ecclesiastical commissioners. In September 1584 he was made bishop of Bath and Wells, a see which had been void for three years ; Godwin was the second protestant bishop consecrated (Lansdowne MSS. vol. 982, ff. 125, 126). He had been a widower for several years, but was misguided enough to marry a second time, when ' aged, diseased, and lame of the gout.' Raleigh had been scheming to get the manor of Banwell from the bishopric on a hundred years' lease. He now told the queen that Godwin had married a girl of twenty for her money. The Earl of Bedford warmly defended Godwin by stating that the bishop's wife was a widow and had a son over forty. Cole gives her name as Margaret, daughter of William Brennan of Wells, first married to the bishop, then to William Mar- tin of Totnes, but Cassan believes him to have purposely transposed the marriages, and Harrington (State of the Church of England, London, 1653, p. 110) calls her a widow, and says the bishop was entrapped into the marriage. The queen, however, took Raleigh's part, and, after sundry sharp messages from her, Godwin, to save Banwell, had to part with another manor ; ' he neither gave Wils- combe for love nor solely for money, but left it for fear ' (ib.) Disgraced, and broken in health, suffering from a quartan ague, the bishop retired to his native air of Oakingham, where he died, aged 73, on 19 Nov. 1590. He was buried in the chancel of Oakingham Church, with an inscription to his memory by his son Francis [q. v.], sub-dean of Exe- ter, the historian. In person he was 'tall and comely ; ' though he published nothing, he was an eminent scholar; and he was hos- pitable, mild, and judicious. [Cassan's Hist, of the Bishops of Bath and Wells, pt. ii. p. 4 ; Welch's Alumni Westm. p. 8 ; Godwin's Cat. p. 385, and De Praes. Angl. p. 389 , Ep. Bath and Wells, p. 144 ; Gutch's Hist, and Antiq. of Oxford, vol. ii. pt. i. pp. 156, 157, iii. 438; Hasted'sKent, iv. 59T); Lysons's Berkshire, p. 442 ; Fuller's Worthies, i. 128-9 ; Le Neve's Fasti, i. 145.] E. T. B. GODWIN, THOMAS, D.D. (d. 1642), schoolmaster, was the second son of Anthony Godwin of Wookey in Somersetshire. After a grammar school education he entered Mag- dalen Hall,'0xford, in 1602, at the early age of fifteen. He proceeded to his degree of B.A. in 1606, and to that of M. A. in 1609. On leaving the university he was appointed chief master of Abingdon school in Berkshire, where he remained for several years. In 1616 he tcok his degree of B.D., and at this time, as well as some years previously, he is mentioned as chaplain to James Montague [q. v.], bishop of Bath and Wells. He then resigned his scho- lastic work,with which he was exhausted, and obtained from Dr. Montague the rectory of Brightwell in Berkshire. While at Bright- well he further proceeded to his degree of D.D. in 1606. Godwin died on 20 March 1642, and was buried within the chancel of his church, where a monument was erected to his memory by his wife, Philippa Teesdale. His published works consist of: 1. 'Romanse Historife Anthologia. An English Exposi- tion of the Roman Antiquities, wherein many Roman and English Offices are parallelled, and diverse obscure Phrases explained,' Oxford, 1614, 4t o. This work Avas published for the use of his school at Abingdon. The second edition appeared in 1623 with considerable additions. The sixteenth and last edition was printed at London in 1696. 2. ' Florilegium Phrasicon, or a Survey of the Latin Tongue.' The date of this work is unknown. 3. ' Synopsis An- tiquitatum Hebraicarum ad explicationem utriusque Testamenti valde necessaria,' Ox- ford, 1616, 4to. Dedicated to James Mont- ague, bishop of Bath and Wells, and dean of his majesty's chapel. 4. ' Moses and Aaron. Civil and Ecclesiastical Rites used by the an- cient Hebrews observed, and at large opened for the clearing of many obscure Texts throughout the whole Scripture,' London, 1625, 4to. The twelfth edition of this work was published in 1685. It attracted the attention of several distinguished commen- tators, among whom may be mentioned Dr. David Jennings and the learned Hottinger. 5. ' Three Arguments to prove Election upon Godwin 64 Godwin Foresight of Faith.' This work while in manu- script fell into the hands of Dr. William Twiss of Newbury in Berkshire, who promptly challenged the writings of Godwin. A warm dispute ensued between the two, in which, according to Samuel Clarke, 'Dr. Twiss promptly whipped the old schoolmaster.' [Wood's Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 51 ; Wood's Fasti, i. 316. 334, 366, 398, 489, ii. 18, 57 ; Dodd's Church Hist. ; Dr. Samuel Clarke's Lives of Eminent Persotfs; Jennings's Jewish Antiquities, &c.] W. F. W. S. GODWIN, WILLIAM, the younger (1803-1832), reporter, only son of William Godwin the elder, by his second wife, was born 28 March 1803. He was sent as a day boy to the Charterhouse at the age of eight; then (1814) to the school of the younger Dr. Burney at Greenwich; in 1818 to a commer- cial school at Woodford, Essex; and in 1819 to a mathematical school under Peter Nichol- son. In 1820 his father tried to introduce him into Maudslay's engineering establish- ment at Lambeth, and afterwards to appren- tice him to Nash the architect. The boy was wayward and restless, but in 1823 sur- prised his father by producing some literary essays, which were printed in the ' Weekly Examiner;' and in the same year became reporter to the ' Morning Chronicle,' a posi- tion which he retained till his death. He wrote occasional articles, one of which, ' The Executioner,' was published in ' Blackwood's Magazine,' and he founded a weekly Shake- speare club called ' The Mulberries.' He died of cholera 8 Sept. 1832, leaving a widow but no children. He left a novel, ' Transfusion,' somewhat in the vein of his father's ' Caleb Williams.' It was published in 3 vols. in 1835, with a memoir prefixed by his father. [Memoir as above ; C. K. Paul's William Godwin, ii. 90, 257, 276, 295, 321.] L. S. GODWIN, WILLIAM, the elder (1756- 1836), author of 'PoliticalJustice,' son of John Godwin, was born 3 March 1756 at Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire, where his father, born 1723, was a dissenting minister. His mother's maiden name was Hull. He was the seventh of thirteen children (Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. i. 503, gives a few particulars about the family). He was physically puny, but in- tellectually precocious, and was brought up upon strict puritanical principles. His father moved in 1758 to Debenham, Suffolk. An Arian minority in his congregation opposed him, and about 1760 he settled finally at Guestwick in Norfolk ; he never received above 601. a year. William was sent to a dame school at Guestwick, and in 1764 to a school kept by Robert Akers at Hindolves- ton, in the neighbourhood. He used to steal secretly into the meeting-house to preach to a fellow-pupil, and became a promising stu- dent. In 1767 he was sent as a pupil to Samuel Newton, an independent minister at Norwich, of whose severity he afterwards complained. He had an attack of small- pox m 1768, having refused, from religious scruples, to be inoculated. He read Rollin's ' Ancient History,' and was influenced by his tutor's Wilkite politics and Sandemanian theology. In 1771 he became usher in his old school under Akers. His father died 12 Nov. 1772. In April 1773 he went to London with his mother, and, after being re- fused admission to Homerton Academy on suspicion of Sandemanian tendencies, entered the Hoxton Academy in 1773. Here he was under Kippis, who became a useful friend. He was ; famous for calm and dispassionate discussion ; ' he rose at five and went to bed at twelve, in order to have time for meta- physical inquiries, and, though a Calvinist in theology, formed the philosophical opinions as to materialism and necessity to which he adhered through life. He had arguments with Dr. Rees of the ' Cyclopaedia,' then the head of the college. In 1777 he preached at Yarmouth and Lowestoft in the summer season, and in 1778, after an unsuccessful application at Christchurch, Hampshire, be- came minister at Ware in Hertfordshire. Here he came under the influence of Joseph Fawcet, a follower of Jonathan Edwards and a strong republican. In August 1779 God- win moved to London, and in 1780 became minister at Stowmarket, Suffolk, where his faith in Christianity was shaken by a study of French philosophers, though he was for a time reconverted by Priestley's ' Institutes.' He fell out with his congregation in 1782, went to London, and began to try his hand at authorship. For the first half of 1783 he was again on trial as a minister at Beacons- field, but finally settled to the profession of literature in the autumn. His ' Life of Chat- ham ' was published in the spring of 1783, and he afterwards wrote pamphlets, articles, and novels. Murray employed him on the ' English Review,' and in translating Simon, lord Lovat's memoirs ; but he had often to pawn his watch or books to procure a dinner. In 1785 he was appointed, through Kippis's introduction, to write the historical article in the ' New Annual Register.' He now dropped the title of ' reverend,' and henceforth- saw little of his family, though to the end of her life his mother, a shrewd old lady, wrote oc- casional letters of bad spelling and grammar, full of religious advice and maternal affection. Godwin Godwin She lived near her eldest son, a farmer at Wood Dalling, Norfolk, and died 13 Aug. 1809. Godwin did his best to help his brothers in later life (PAUL, Godwin, ii. 58, 122). God- win's politics brought him into contact with Sheridan and other whig politicians, but he was ' not venal enough ' to accept offers of support as a party writer. He was known to the more extreme party, and became espe- cially intimate with Thomas Holcroft [q. v.] He took a pupil or two at intervals, to one of whom, Thomas Cooper, a distant relation, and afterwards an unsuccessful actor, he showed much kindness through life. Godwin was among the ardent sympathisers with the French revolution, and frequented the house of Helen Maria Williams. He read Paine's ' Rights of Man ' in manuscript, having made the author's acquaintance at the house of Brand Hollis [q. v.] In 1792 he became ac- quainted with Home Tooke. He now settled at a small house in Chalton Street, Somers Town, where he lived with great economy and seclusion. He had no regular servant, an old woman coming in to clean his rooms and cook his mutton-chop. He went a good deal into society and formed friendships with distinguished men, such as Thomas Wedg- wood, Person, and Ritson. He also became intimate with Mrs. Inchbald and with Mrs. Reveley, afterwards Maria Gisborne [q. v.] Godwin's ' Political Justice ' appeared in Fe- bruary 1793. He received seven hundred guineas for the copyright, and three hundred guineas more after a sale of three thousand copies. It was profitable to the publisher, and made Godwin known as the philoso- phical representative of English radicalism. It is a curious instance of extreme prin- ciples advocated dispassionately with the calmness of one-sided logic. It was modi- fied in later editions, and in the preface to St. Leon (1799) he announces that he can find a place in his system for the domestic virtues previously omitted. It escaped pro- secution, it is said, because the government supposed that little harm could be done by a three-guinea publication. The impression made by it upon young men is curiously il- lustrated in Crabb Robinson's ' Diary (i. 32- 52), where there is a correspondence between Robinson and Robert Hall. ' Political Jus- tice ' was followed in May 1794 by the re- markable novel ' Caleb Williams,' suggested partly by some of his views as to the falseness of the common code of morality, but preserved by the striking situation and considerable . merits of style. It was dramatised by Col- man the younger [q. v.], who showed little regard for the author's feelings (ROGERS, Table Talk, pp. 252, 253), as ' The Iron Chest.' TOL. XXII. In 1794 Godwin was profoundly interested by the trials of Joseph Gerrald [q. v.] in Scot- land, and afterwards of Home Tooke, Hol- croft, and others in London. He wrote a pamphlet in answer to the charge of Chief- justice Eyre in the latter case, and he became acquainted with many of the leading whigs, whom he met at the house of Lord Lauder- dale. Godwin had talked about marriage in a philosophic calmness soon after coming to London ; but a match proposed by his sister came to nothing. He had some tenderness for Amelia Alderson, afterwards Mrs. Opie, and for Mrs. Inchbald. In 1796 he formed an attachment to Mary Wollstonecraft [see GODWIN, MARY], who was now living as Mrs. Imlay in the literary circle frequented by Godwin. Although he objected to marriage on principle, he admitted that it had advan- tages when he expected to become a father, and he appears to have been as sincerely in love as his nature admitted. The marriage took place at Old St. Pancras Church 29 March 1797. It was kept private for a short time, and Ge^in took a separate apartment in the Polygon, *. mers Town, twenty doors from his own house, in conformity with his theory that too close an intimacy was provocative of mutual weariness. Mrs. Inchbald was deeply aggrieved by the marriage (PAUL, Mary Wollstonecraft, p. Ix). Mrs. Reveley wept, but was reconciled. Mrs. Godwin gave birth to a daughter, Mary, afterwards Mrs. Shelley, 30 Aug. 1797, caught a fever, and died 10 Sept. following. Godwin was sin- cerely affected, though the story is told that when his wife exclaimed that she was ' in heaven,' he replied, ' You mean, my dear, that your physical sensations are somewhat easier.' A painful correspondence with Mrs. Inch- bald, whom he accused of using her ill, im- mediately followed. They were never quite reconciled, though at intervals they had a correspondence, and it was mutually irri- tating. He saw a few friends and set about compiling a memoir of his wife, which ap- peared in the following year. Godwin returned to his studies and to society in 1798. He was left in charge of his infant daughter and of Fanny Godwin (as she was called), Mary Wollstonecraft's daughter by Imlay. A Miss Jones who took care of the children had apparently some wish to be their stepmother. Godwin thought that a second wife might be desirable, but had no fancy for Miss Jones. He visited Bath in March 1798, and made acquaintance with Sophia and Harriet Lee [q. v.], writers of the ' Canterbury Tales.' He made an offer to Harriet soon afterwards and reasoned at great Godwin 66 Godwin length against her religious scruples, saying that she acted in the style of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. His philosophy, however, was thrown away. When Mrs. Reveley be- came a widow in 1799, Godwin endeavoured to persuade her to marry him, with the same want of success. In December 1801 he was at last married bj Mrs. Clairmont, a widow with a son, Charles, and a daughter, Clara Mary Jane Clairmont [q. v.] Mrs. Clair- mont had come to live in the next house to him in the Polygon, and introduced herself by ' Is it possible that I behold the immortal Godwin ? ' She was ' a querulous ' wife and a harsh stepmother, and the marriage was far from happy. She ruled her husband severely and was not favourable to his friendships. Godwin was meanwhile becoming embar- rassed. In 1799 he wrote ' St. Leon,' a novel which succeeded, though not so well as * Caleb Williams,' and a tragedy which has vanished. He had some literary quarrels, especially with Mackintosh,who had attacked the moral theories of the ' Political Justice ' in his lectures at Lincoln's Inn, and after- wards admitted that he had been too harsh (Life, i. 134), and with Dr. Parr, who had been his political ally, but had criticised the * Political Justice ' in a ' Spital Sermon ' (15 April 1800). The friendship was extin- guished by an exchange of bitter reproaches. A pamphlet called ' Thoughts on Dr. Parr's Spital Sermon ' replies with much vigour to Parr, Mackintosh, and Malthus, and shows that at this time Godwin considered Napo- leon to be a saviour of society. A copy in the British Museum has some admiring an- notations by Coleridge. He was now becoming known to Words- worth, Lamb, and Coleridge. To Coleridge's influence he attributes a return to a suffi- ciently vague theism, having been, he says, converted to unbelief by his conversations with Holcroft about 1787, and having become an atheist about 1792, that is during the composition of the ' Political Justice.' He now too expanded his course of reading and took to history and the English dramatists. | A result of this was his ' Tragedy of Antonio,' which was carefully criticised by Lamb, re- fused by Colman for the Haymarket, but produced by Kemble at Drury Lane 13 Dec. 1800 and hopelessly damned. Lamb de- scribed the catastrophe with his usual humour in ' The Old Actors ' (London Magazine, April 1822, reprinted in Essays of Elia as ' Artifi- cial Comedy of the Last Century). In Sep- tember 1801 Godwin finished another tragedy called ' Abbas, King of Persia,' but could not I persuade Kemble to make a fresh experiment. The failures were serious for Godwin, whose difficulties were not diminished by his mar- riage, and who still helped his brother. Two volumes of his first antiquarian work, | the ' Life of Chaucer,' upon which he had been employed for two or three years, ap- ! peared in October 1803, bringing him 300/., ' and he received the same sum for the two i concluding volumes. He then completed I 'Fleetwood,'anovel, published in 1805, which was a falling off from its predecessors, and ' ' Faulkener,' a play, which after some dis- appointments was acted at Drury Lane in December 1807 and ran for some nights. Godwin's want of success had forced him to become a borrower. Thomas Wedgwood, a previous benefactor, lent him 100/. in 1804. He had now five children to support (the two Clairmonts, Mary Wollstonecraft's two children, and his son William by his second wife, born 1804), and though his wife had worked at translations, their position was ! precarious. He now (1805) took a small house in Hanway Street, in which Mrs. God- win carried on a publishing business. He wrote for it some fables and histories for children, under the name of Baldwin, his own having an odour of heterodoxy. They had much success. Mrs. Godwin translated some children's books from the French, and the Lambs gave them some books, especially | the ' Tales from Shakespeare.' The business struggled on with many difficulties. God- win had also undertaken a history of England. In 1807 the business had improved, and a larger shop was taken in Skinner Street, Holborn, with a dwelling-house, to which the family moved. A subscription was I started, to which Godwin's political friends contributed handsomely in order to improve his chances. Godwin's health was suffering from frequent fainting fits, though not so as to diminish his industry. In 1809 he pro- duced the lives of Edward and John Philips. Embarrassments still increased, and he had difficulties with his wife. In January 1811 he was addressed by Shelley. From his early life Godwin had many disciples among young men of promise attracted by his philosophical reputation. His correspondence with them is creditable to his good feeling, and shows that he could administer judicious advice with real kindness (see notices of Arnot, Cooke, Patrickson, and Rosser in PAUL'S Godwin). Shelley's is the only case still memorable. Godwin endeavoured to calm his impetuosity during the Irish tour of 1812, and in the autumn went to visit his disciple at Lynmouth, only to find that the Shelleys had" gone to Wales. In October they met him in London. In the follow- ing July Shelley eloped with Mary God Godwin 67 Godwin -win. Godwin's character appears in its worst aspect in the letters published by Mr. Dowden in his life of Shelley. He tried to maintain his philosophic dignity while treating Shelley as a seducer for acting on the principles of the ' Political Justice.' He refused to communicate with Shelley except through his solicitors, and forbade Fanny Godwin to speak to her sister. At the same time, he was not above taking 1,0001. from Shelley, and begging for more. He returns a cheque with an affectation of dignity, but asks that it may be made payable in another name. Upon Shelley's marriage, December 1816, he was reconciled, and the poet's vene- ration for the philosopher disappeared on the discovery that Godwin was fully sensible of the advantages of a connection with the heir to a good estate. Godwin, constantly sinking into deeper embarrassment, tried to extort money from his son-in-law until Shel- ley's death, and Shelley did his best to supply the venerable horseleech. Mrs. Godwin's antipathy to her stepdaughter, Mrs. Shelley, her bad temper, and general spitefulness made things worse, and Godwin had much difficulty in keeping up any pretence of self-respect (DoWDEN, Shelley, i. 417, 463, 488, 521, 538, ii. 72, 114, 321, &c.) H. C. Robinson says that he once introduced Godwin to a certain Rough. Next morning he received separate calls from the pair. Each expressed his ad- miration for the other, and then asked whether his new friend would be likely to advance 5(W. (Diary, i. 372). In October 1816 Fanny Godwin, who ap- pears to have been an attractive girl, went to Wales to visit her mother's sisters. She poisoned herself, 11 Oct., at Swansea, for no assignable cause. Godwin continued to work in spite of dis- tractions. His novel ' Mandeville ' was pub- lished in 1817, and an answer to Malthus was begun in 1818. At the end of that yearhe had a slight stroke of paralysis. The answer to Mal- thus, on which he spent much labour, appeared in 1 820. It had little success. It is ably criti- cised in Bonar's ' Malthus,' 1885, pp. 360-70. Towards the end of 1819 the publishing business showed ominous symptoms. They deepened in the following years, and Godwin's title to his house in Skinner Street was success- fully disputed in 1822. Godwin became bank- rupt in that year. His friends again came for- ward to raise the arrears of rent now claimed, and to enable him to make a fresh start. His old opponent Mackintosh and his new friend Lady Caroline Lamb joined with others to help him, but they failed to set him on his legs again. He lived in the Strand, working industriously, and between 1824 and 1828 produced his ' History of the Commonwealth.' He was the first writer to make a thorough use of the pamphlets in the Museum and other original documents. His thoroughness and accuracy made his book superior to ita predecessors, and it is useful, though in some directions superseded by later informa- tion. His ' Thoughts on Man ' in 1830 con- sisted chiefly of old essays. In that year he made the acquaintance of Bulwer, to whom he gave some collections upon Eugene Aram [see ARAM, EUGENE]. In 1832 he lost his son, William Godwin [q. v.] In 1833 Lord Grey, to whom Mackintosh and others had applied, made him yeoman usher of the ex- chequer. He had a residence in New Palace Yard, and no duties. The office was soon abolished as a sinecure, but Godwin was allowed to retain it during his life. His ca- reer as a writer ceased with the ' Lives of the Necromancers,' but he afterwards finished some essays, published in 1873. He gradually failed, and died 7 April 1 836. He was buried in Old St. Pancras churchyard. The church- yard was destroyed by a railway, and in 1851 his remains and those of his first wife were removed to Bournemouth, where they are buried in the same grave as their daughter, Mrs. Shelley. His second wife died 17 June 1841 (Gent, Mag. 1841, pt. ii. p. 216). The best account of Godwin's appearance is in Talfourd's ' Final Memorials of Charles Lamb' (LAMB, Works, 1855, ii. 347-55), and there is a good account of his philosophical reputation in Hazlitt's ' Spirit of the Age ' (pp. 1-58). Godwin's philosophy was taken seriously by his friends till the end of his life, and produced some effect at the time as an exposition of the revolutionary creed. His first novels are curious examples of impres- sive fiction constructed rather from logic than poetic imagination ; and in his later years he did some good work as an antiquary. Affect- ing the virtues of calmness and impartiality, he was yet irritable under criticism, and his friendships were interrupted by a series of quarrels. His self-respect was destroyed in later life under the pressure of debt and an un- fortunate marriage ; but, though his character wanted in strength and elevation, and inca- pable of the loftier passion?, he seems to have been mildly affectionate, and, in many cases, a judicious friend to more impulsive people. His portrait, by Northcote, formerly in the possession of the late Sir Percy Shelley, is printed by Hazlit t. An engraving is prefixed to Mr. Paul's ' Life.' His works are : 1. ' Life of Chatham,' 1783 (anon.) 2. ' Sketches of History, in Six Ser- mons,' 1784. 3. ' Enquiry concerning Poli- tical Justice and its Influence on Morals and F2 Godwin 68 Godwin-Austen Happiness,' 1793, 1796, 1798. 4. ' Things as they are ; or the Adventures of Caleb Wil- liams,' 1794 (often republished). 5. 'Cur- sory Strictures on the Charge of Chief- Justice Eyre,' 1794. 6. ' The Enquirer ... a series of Essays,' 1797 (new edition, 1823). 7. ' Me- moirs of the Author of a Vindication of the Rights of Women,' 1798. 8. ' St. Leon, a Tale of the 16th Century,' 1799. 9. ' An- tonio, a Tragedy in five acts in verse,' 1800. 10. ' Thoughts occasioned by ... Dr. Parr's Spital Sermon,' 1801. 11. ' Life of Geoffrey Chaucer . . . with Sketches of the Manners ... of England,' 2 vols. 4to, 1803 ; 4 vols. 8vo, 1804 ; a German translation, 1812. 12. ' Faulkener, a Tragedy in prose,' 1807. 13. ' Essay on Sepulchres,' 1809. 14. ' Lives of Edward and John Philips, Nephews and Pupils of Milton ' (with appendices), 1815. 15. 'MandevUle, a Tale of the 17th Cen- tury,' 1817. 16. ' Of Population ... in an- swer to Mr. Malthus,' 1820. 17. ' History of the Commonwealth of England ... to the Restoration of Charles II,' 4 vols. 8vo, 1824—8. 18. ' Cloudesley, a Tale,' 1830. 19. ' Thoughts on Man ; his Nature, Productions, and Disco- veries,'1831. 20.'Deloraine,'1833. 21. 'Lives of the Necromancers,' 1834. 22. 'Essays' never before published, 1873. Godwin pub- lished some children's books, ' Fables ' (1805 and eleven later editions), a ' Pantheon,' and histories of Greece, Rome, and England, under the pseudonym Edward Baldwin. ' The Look- ing-glass, a true History of the Early Years of an Artist ... by Theophilus Marcliffe' (1805), is also attributed to him by Mr. F. G. Stephens, who edited a facsimile edition in 1885. Mr. Stephens shows that it was pro- bably an account of the life of William Mul- read'y (1786-1863) [q. v.] [C. Kegan Paul's William Godwin, his Friends and Contemporaries, 2 vols. 8ro, 1876 ; Dowden's Life of Shelley ; Talfourd's Final Memorials of Charles Lamb ; Hazlitt's Spirit of the A»e ; Gent. Mag. 1836, i. 666-70 ; H. Crabb Robin- son's Diary, 1869 ; Mrs. Julian Marshall's Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, 1890.] L. S. GODWIN-AUSTEN, ROBERT AL- FRED CLOYNE (1808-1884), geologist, eldest son of Sir Henry Edmund Austen of Shalford House, Guildford, Surrey, who died 1 Dec. 1871, by Anne Amelia, only daughter of Robert Spearman Bate of the H.E.I. Co.'s service, was born at Shalford House on 17 March 1808, and sent to a school at Mid- hurst in Sussex, whence he was removed to a semi-military college in France. He matri- culated from Oriel College, Oxford, 8 June 1 826 ; in 1830 graduated B. A. and was elected fellow of Oriel. At Oxford he was, like Lyell, a pupil of Buckland, and from him imbibed a passion for geological study. In 1830 he be- came a student of Lincoln's Inn. At this time he met Lyell, Leonard Horner, and Murchison, and, introduced by these three friends, was admitted a fellow of the Geological Society 19 March 1830. On 23 July 1833 he married Maria Elizabeth, only child, and afterwards heiress, of Major- general Sir Henry Thomas Godwin, [q. v.] On the death of this gentleman, in October 1854, Austen, by royal license, took the addi- tional surname of Godwin. In the year after his marriage he went to reside at Ogwell House, near Newton Abbot, Devonshire, where he made a study of the fossiliferous Devonian limestones,the outliers of cretaceous strata, and the tertiary deposits of Bovey Tracey. De la Beche entrusted to him the construction of portions of the Devonshire map, and Phillips found in the collection at Ogwell House many of the specimens figured in his 'Palaeozoic Fossils.' Between 1834 and 1840 Austen read before the Geological Society a number of papers dealing with the district in which he resided. Returning to his native county in 1838, after a brief resi- dence at Shalford House, he went to live at Gosden House, and subsequently at Merrow House, both situated near Guildford. At a later date, 1846, he removed to Chil worth Manor in the same county. Between 1841 and 1876 he was frequently a member of the council of the Geological Society, in 1843-4 and again in 1853-4 he was secretary, and between 1865 and 1867 he acted as foreign secretary of the society. On 7 June 1849 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. He next commenced a series of researches on the geology of the south-east of England, the results of which were laid before the Geo- logical Society, 1843-53, and did much to ex- tend the knowledge of the wealden, the neoco- mian, and the cretaceous systems. During this decade he spent much time in yachting, and made observations on the valley of the English Channel and the drifts of its shores, on the geology of the Channel Islands, the Bourbonnais, and other parts of France. On the death of his friend Edward Forbes [q. v.], on 18 Nov. 1854, Godwin-Austen, acting as his literary executor, completed his two un- finished works, 'TheTertiary-Fluvio-Marine formation of the Isle of Wight,' 1856, and ' Outlines of the Natural History of Europe, the Natural History of the European Seas/ 1859. He also completed Forbes's ' Essay on the Distribution of Marine Forms of Life.' In 1840 he read a paper on the zoological posi- tion of the extinct forms of cephalopoda, and also threw out the suggestion that the old red sandstone and the poikilitic strata are of Godwin-Austen 69 Goffe lacustrine origin. His essays on the occur- rence of blocks of granite and coal embedded in the midst of the chalk exhibit the same prevailing tendency of his speculations. By his famous essay in 1854 ' On the Possible Extension of the Coal-measures beneath the South-Eastern part of England,' it was mani- fest that geology was now entitled to take its place in the family of sciences. In the following year a deep boring at Kentish Town demonstrated the accuracy of his reasonings and established the truth of his conclusions. During his later years, although in ill-health, his devotion to science was unabated. Al- most every season he accompanied geological friends on some continental tour, and several of these excursions gave rise to thoughtful essays. In 1862 he received from the Geo- logical Society the Wollaston medal. He completed the revision of the south-eastern portion of the ' Greenough Geological Map of England and Wales' for the second edition, which was published in 1865. In 1868 at Norwich he filled the chair at the geological section of the British Association, dealing in a characteristic address with the geological history of the basin of the North Sea. At the Brighton meeting in 1872 he occupied a similar position, and discoursed upon the his- tory and relations of the wealden deposits. In 1872, after the death of his father, he went to reside at Shalford House. In spite of his infirmity he took part in the prepara- tion of the report of the coal commission, and in the movement which resulted in the experimental sub-wealden boring at Battle. An extensive collection of palaeozoic fossils which he had made in Cornwall he presented to the Jermyn Street museum, London. He was the writer of very numerous papers in the scientific journals. A list of upwards of forty of them will be found in the ' Geological Magazine ' for January 1885, pp. 1-10, with a biographical notice written by Horace B. "Woodward. Godwin-Austen died at Shal- ford House on 25 Nov. 1884. His eldest son, Lieut.-col. Henry Haversham Godwin- Austen, F.R.S., is well known by his writings on the geology and /oology of India. [Proceedings Royal Soc. of London (1885), xxxviii. pp. ix-xiii ; Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. of London (1885), xli. 37-9; Cat. of Scientific Papers (1867), i. 122-3.] G. C. B. GOETZ, JOHN DANIEL (1592-1672), divine. [See GETSITTS.] GOFFE. [See also GOTTGH.] GOFFE or GOUGH, JOHN, D.D. (1610 ?- 1661), divine, was the son of Stephen Goffe or Gough, rector of Stanmer in Sussex, ' a severe puritan.' In 1624 he matriculated at Merton College, Oxford, and in 1627-8 was made a demy of St. Mary Magdalen College, when, Wood (Athena Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 524) says, he was ' aged 17 or more.' In 1628 he obtained the degree of B.A., and in 1629 was made a probationary and in 1630 a per- petual fellow. In 1631 he proceeded M.A., and taking orders preached in the neighbour- hood of the university. On 26 Aug. 1634 he was accused before Sir Unton Crooke, deputy- steward of the university, of having killed Joseph Boyse, a member of Magdalen College, but wasacquitted (\VHARTON, iawrf, p. 71). In 1642 he was presented to the living of Hack- ington or St. Stephen's, near Canterbury, from which he was ejected in the following year for refusing to take the covenant, and was thrown into the county prison at Can- terbury. In 1652, by the influence of his brother, William Gough [q. v.J, a regicide and one of Cromwell's House of Lords, he was inducted into the living of Norton, near Sit- tingbourne, Kent, which he held till 1660, when he was again legally preferred to this, and restored to the vicarage of Hackington, and in the same year took the degree of D.D. His name appears among the clergy who at- tended convocation in 1661, and on 20 Nov. of this year he died, and six days later was buried in the chancel of St. Alphege's Church, Canterbury. Wood describes him as having been a ' zealous son of the church of Eng- land ; ' he was certainly an able scholar and a thoughtful writer. His only known works are: 1. The Latin preface to Simson's ' Chro- nicum Catholicum,' 1652. 2. ' Ecclesiae An- glicanse 9PHNQ AI'A, in qua perturbatissimus Kegni & Ecclesiae Status sub Anabaptistica Tyrannide lugetur,' London, 1661. [Wood's Athenae Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 524 ; Hasted's Kent, ed. 1790, ii. 745, iii. 601 ; Hors- field's Lewes, ii. 219 ; Walker's Sufferings, pt. ii. p. 252; Bloxam's Reg. Magd. Coll. ii. cxxiii, iii. 163 ; Watt's Bibl. Brit.] A. C. B. GOFFE or GOUGH, STEPHEN, D.D. (1605-1681), royalist agent and catholic divine, born at Stanmer, Sussex, in 1605, see was son of Stephen Goffe, the puritanical ±. /** minister of that parish. He received his edu- J cation at Merton College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1623, and M.A. in 1627. Afterwards he migrated to St. Alban Hall. He then became chaplain to the regiment of Colonel Horace Vere in the Low Countries. On his return he was, by the interest of Henry Jermyn (afterwards Earl of St. Albans), ap- pointed one of Charles I's chaplains, by which title he was created D.D. in 1636. Subse- quently he was employed by the court party as an agent in France, Flanders, Holland, and other countries. A ktter written in *' .• Goffe Goffe 1648 from the Hague mentions that he had 1,000/. a year for being supervisor to Sir William Boswell. Goffe was one of those who attempted to free the king from his con- finement at Hampton Court. He was seized upon suspicion and committed to prison, but found means to escape. The king when at Carisbrooke Castle employed him to persuade the Scottish commissioners to recede from their demand that he should confirm the covenant. Wood says that when Goffe saw the church of England ruined and the monarchy declin- ing he changed his religion for that of Rome, and entered the congregation of the French Oratory in a seminary at Notre-Dame des Vertus, not far from Paris. Clarendon alleges that out of the money sent from Moscow for Charles II Goffe received 800/. for services he had performed, and within a few days after the receipt of it changed his religion and became one of the fathers of the Oratory (Hist, of the Rebellion, ed. 1849, v. 255). It is stated by Le Quien that he was admitted into the congregation of the Oratory on 14 Jan. 1651-2, and afterwards received at Paris all the orders of the catholic church according to the Roman pontifical. On the testimony of Obadiah Walker, ' an eminent papist,' Dr. Humphrey Prideaux, dean of Norwich, as- serted that after joining the Roman com- munion Goffe celebrated mass at Paris by virtue of his having been ordained priest in the church of England, and that the doctors of the Sorbonne, after fully discuss- ing the matter, declared their opinion that the Anglican orders were good, but the pope determined otherwise, and ordered the Arch- bishop of Paris to re-ordain him ( Validity of the Orders of the Church of England, edit. 1716, p. 78). Dodd, the ecclesiastical his- torian, and other catholic writers, strenuously deny, however, that the doctors of the Sor- bonne ever made such a declaration (GiLLOW, Diet, of the English Catholics, ii. 508). Goffe rose to be superior of the community, an office which he held in 1655. At that time he provided plentifully for fourteen English clergymen in the house under his direction, and was a common father to the English exiles, both catholic and protestant, during the Commonwealth. He gave freely from his private resources, and his interest with Queen Henrietta Maria, whose chaplain he was, enabled him to assist innumerable gentlemen in distress. It was on his recom- mendation that Henry, lord Jermyn (after- wards Earl of St. Albans), took Cowley under his protection. By the queen-mother's orders Gough was appointed tutor to Charles II's natural son, James Crofts (afterwards Duke of Monmouth), and took charge of him till he was ten years of age, when he committed him to the care of Thomas Ross, librarian to Charles II. He died in the house of the fathers of the Oratory in the Rue Saint- Honore,Paris, on Christmas day (O.S.) 1681. He was, says Wood, ' esteemed by some a learned man and well read in the Fathers, and therefore respected by Gerard John Vossius and others.' He was the brother of John Goffe, D.D. [q. v.], and of Colonel Wil- liam Goffe [q. v.], the regicide. Nine of his Latin epistles to Vossius are printed in ' G. J. Vossii et clarorum Virorum ad eum Epistolse, collectore P. Colomesio,r London, 1690, fol. ; and two others are in 'Prsestantium ac Eruditorum Virorum Epi- stolse Ecclesiastic* et Theologicse,' Amster- dam, 1704, fol. His letters (1632-7) to Sir William Boswell, [q. v.], English resident at the Hague, on the subject of the reading of the Anglican liturgy in the English regi- ments in the Dutch service, are preserved in the Addit. MS. 6394. Some parliamentary scribblers published a scandalous work en- titled ' The Lord George Digby's Cabinet and Dr. Goff 's Negotiations ; together with his Majesties, the Queen's, and the Lord Jermin's, and other Letters taken at the Battle of Sher- born, about the!5th Oct. last,' London, 1646, 4to. [Addit. MS. 6394, f. 173* ; Baker's MS. xxxv. 106; Clarendon's Hist, of the Rebellion, 1849, iv. 371, 373; Clarendon State Papers, 1786, iii. 418; Calendar of the Clarendon State Papers, i. 549, ii. 489 ; Cosin's Works, iv. 464 ; Dodd's Church Hist. iii. 305 ; Estcourt's Question of Anglican Orders discussed, p. 142; Evelyn's Me- moirs, i. 12, 360, ii. 134-7; Gardiner's Hist, of England, vii. 316; Gillow's Bibl. Diet. ; Laud's Works, vi. 347, 529 ; Lee's Validity of Anglican Orders, p. 293; Legenda Lignea, 1653, pp. 144- 154; Le Quien, Nullite des Ordinations Angli- canes, ii. 316 ; Lingard's Hist, of England, 1849, viii. 191 ; Notes and Queries, 2ndser. ix. 246, 4th ser. xii. 408, 5th ser. vi. 296 ; Wood's Athens- Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 525, 905, 1103, iv. 131, Fasti, i. 414, 431, 494, ii. 136, 210.] T. C. GOFFE or GOUGH, THOMAS (1591- 1629), divine and poet, son of a clergyman, was born in Essex in 1591. He went as a queen's scholar to Westminster School, whence he was elected at the age of eighteen to a scholarship at Christ Church, Oxford, 3 Nov. 1609. He proceeded B.A. 17 June 1613; M.A. 20 June 1616 ; and B.D. 3 July 1623; being also incorporated M.A. at Cambridge in 1617. He afterwards entered the church,, and in 1620 received the living of East Clandon, Surrey (MANNING, Surrey, iii. 50). Meantime Goffe had won reputation as an Goffe Goffe orator, and publicly delivered two Latin ora- tions of his own composition, one at the funeral of William Goodwin [~q. v.], dean of Christ Church, in the cathedral in 1620, and another, in the Theological School at Oxford, on the death in 1622 of Sir Henry Savile. Both were published (Oxford, 1620 and 1622, 4to). Besides these Gofte published some verses on the death of Queen Anne of Denmark in 1619. He wrote plays, not published till after his death, but his three principal trage- dies were acted after 1616, while he was still at the university, by the students of Christ Church. Besides his tragedies, which are absurdly bombastic, he wrote a tragi-comedy, ' The Careless Shepherdess.' It was acted with great applause before the king and queen at Salisbury, but not published undertheabove title till 1656 (London, 4to). At the end it contains an alphabetical catalogue, which is, however, very incorrect, of ' all such plays as ever were printed.' At the end of his life Goffe, who was ' a quaint preacher and a person of excellent language and expression, took to sermon writing, but only one, entitled ' De- liverance from the Grave,' which he preached at St. Mary Spittle, London, 28 March 1627, seems to have been published (London, 1627, 4to). He was a woman-hater and a bachelor, until finally inveigled into marrying a lady at East Clandon, who pretended to have fallen in love with his preaching. She was the widow of his predecessor, and she and her children by her first husband so persecuted poor Goffe that he died shortly after his marriage, and was buried, 27 July 1629, in the middle of the chancel of East Clandon Church. Ac- cording to Aubrey, one of his Oxford friends, Thomas Thimble, had predicted the result of his marriage, and when he died the last words he uttered were : ' Oracle, oracle, Tom Thimble !' (AUBREY, Hist, of Surrey, iii. 259). Goffe left various plays in manuscript. Three were afterwards published, viz. ' The Raging Turk, or Bajazet the Second,' London, 1631 , 4to ; ' The Couragious Turk, or Amureth the First, a Tragedie,' in five acts and in verse, London, 1632, 4to j ' The Tragedie of Orestes,' in five acts and in verse, London, 1633, 4to. In 1656 one Richard Meighen, a friend of the deceased poet, collected these plays in one volume, under the title of ' Three excellent Tragedies,' 2nd edit., London, 1656, 8vo. ' The Bastard,' another tragedy published under Goffe's name in 1652, seems to have been by Cosmo Manuche. Two other plays have been wrongly ascribed to Goffe : ' Cupid's Whirligig,' a comedy by E. S., and 'The Em- peror Selimus,' a tragedy published in 1594, when Goffe was a child of two. On the title- page of one of the copies of his only extant sermon, in the Bodleian Library, a manuscript note states that Goffe became a Roman ca- tholic before his death, but the source quoted for this statement, the ' Legenda Lignea ' (in the Bodleian Library), refers to Stephen Goffe [q. v.] [Authorities above cited; Gent. Mag. xlviii. 558 ; Baker's Biog. Dram. ; Langbaine's Dra- matick Poets, p. 233 ; Brayley's Hist, of Surrey, ii. 51, &c. ; Oxf. UDIV. Keg. (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) ; Welch's Alumni Westmonast. 79; Wood's Athense (Bliss), ii. 463 ; Wood's Fasti, i.] E. T. B. GOFFE or GOUGH, WILLIAM (d 1679?), regicide, was the son of Stephen Goffe, rector of Stanmer in Sussex. He was appren- fe e~ ticed to a London salter named Vaughan, and in 1642 was imprisoned by the royalist lord mayor for promoting a petition in sup- port of the parliament's claim to the militia (Old Parliamentary History, xi. 330; Har- leian Miscellany, ed. Park, iii. 483 ; WOOD, Athence, ed. Bliss, vol. iii.) In 1645 Goffe's name appears in the list of the new model as a captain in Colonel Harley's regiment (PEACOCK, Army Lists, p. 103). It is also attached to the vindication of the officers of the army (27 April 1647), and he was one of the deputation which presented the charge against the eleven members (6 July 1647) (RusHWORTH, vi. 471, 607). Goffe was a pro- minent figure in the prayer meetingof the offi- cers at Windsor in 1648, when it was decided to bring the king to a trial (ALLEN, A Faith- ful Memorial of that Remarkable Meeting at Windsor, Somers Tracts, ed. Scott, vi. 501). He was named in the following December one of the king's judges, sat frequently during the trial, and signed the death-warrant (NAL- SON, Trial of Charles I, p. 93). Goffe com- manded Cromwell's own regiment at the battle of Dunbar, ' and at the push of pike did repel the stoutest regiment the enemy had there ' (CA.RLYLE, Cromwell, Letter cxl.) He also commanded a regiment at Worcester (Cromwelliana, p. 114). After the expulsion of the Long parliament he continued to be a staunch supporter of Cromwell, and in Decem- ber 1653 aided Colonel White to turn out the recalcitrant remnant of the Barebones j parliament (THTTRLOE, i. 637). In July 1654 ; he represented Yarmouth, in the following March was active in attempting to suppress Penruddock's rising, and was in December 1655 appointed major-general for Berkshire, Sussex, and Hampshire (ib. iii. 237, 701, iv. 117 ; Official Return of Members of Parlia- ment, i. 501). A large amount of his corre- spondence as major-general is printed in the fourth and fifth volumes of the Thurloc Papers, and proves that while active on be- half of the government, he was less arbitrary Goffe Goffe than many of his colleagues. In the parlia- ment of 1656 he sat for Hampshire, supported the proposal to offer the crown to Cromwell, and was appointed one of the Protector's House of Lords (THURLOE, vi. 341-668). Sir Gilbert Pickering describes a speech made by Goffe on the thanksgiving for Blake's victory at Santa Cruz as ' a long preachment seriously inviting the house to a firm and a kind of corporal union with his Highness. Something was expressed as to hanging about his neck like pearls from a text out of Canticles ' (BuR- TON, Diary, i. 362). The ' Second Narrative of the late Parliament,' 1658, describes Goffe as being ' in so great esteem and favour at court that he is judged the only fit man to have Major-general Lambert's place and com- mand, as major-general of the army ; and having so far advanced, is in a fair way to the Protectorship hereafter if he be not served as Lambert was ' (Harleian Miscel- lany, ed. Park, iii. 483). He is officially described in April 1658 as major-general of the foot, but does not seem ever to have be- come a member of the Protector's privy coun- cil (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1657-8, p. 373). Nevertheless he was one of the members of the important committee of nine persons ap- pointed in June 1658 to consider what should be done in the next parliament (THURLOE, vii. 192). As being a member of that body Goffe was one of the persons summoned by Crom- well during his last illness to receive his de- claration appointing his son Richard as his successor, attested Cromwell's appointment on oath before the council, and subscribed the proclamation declaring Richard Crom- well protector (BAKER, Chronicle,ed. Phillips, pp. 653-4). On 15 Nov. 1658 the new Pro- tector granted Goffe Irish lands to the value of 5001. a year, in fulfilment of his father's intentions (THURLOE, vii. 504). Ludlow describes Goffe as a creature of Richard Cromwell, and he is said to have urged the Protector to resort to arms to maintain him- self (LUDLOW, Memoirs, ed. 1751, p. 241 ; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1658-9. p. 335). The fall of the Cromwell dynasty greatly diminished Goffe's importance. In Novem- ber 1659 Goffe and three other persons were sent by the council of the army to Scotland to give an account to Monck of the reasons for the late interruption of parliament, and mediate with him for the prevention of a new civil war (Mercurius Politicus, 27 Oct.-3 Nov. 1659; BAKER, Chronicle,^. 693). Before the Restoration actually took place (16 April 1660) a warrant was issued for Goffe's arrest, probably on suspicion that he was concerned in Lambert's intended rising. He succeeded, however, in escaping, and was except ed from the Act of Indemnity, and a proclamation issued on 22 Sept. 1660 offered a reward of 1001. for his arrest (KENNETT, Register, p. 264). In company with his father-in-law, Lieutenant-general Whalley, Goffe landed at Boston, Mass., in July 1660 under the name of Stephenson, but making no other attempt to conceal his identity. It was deposed by a certain John Crowne that the governor, John Endicott, embraced them and bade them welcome to New England, and wished more such good men would come over. They stayed for a time at Cambridge, ' where they were held in exceedingly great esteem for their piety and parts,' and ' held meetings where they preached and prayed, and were looked upon as men dropped down from heaven' (Cal. State Papers, Col. 1661-8, p. 54). In February following Goffe and Whalley moved to Newhaven, which they reached 7 March 1661. Meanwhile orders had arrived from England for their appre- hension, and Endicott issued warrants for their arrest, and simulated great zeal (ib. pp. 15, 27). Nevertheless Kirke and Kellond, the persons who undertook the task of catch- ing them, found, in spite of large promises, much disinclination to assist them (ib. p. 33 ; Hutchinson Papers, ii. 52, 63, Prince Soc. 1865). John Davenport, the minister of Newhaven, who had sheltered them in his own house, wrote protesting that they only stayed two days in the colony, and went away before they could be apprehended, ' no man knowing when or whither ' (Cal. State Papers, Col. 1661-8, p. 53). They hid them- selves for a time in a cave in the woods near Newhaven, at a place which they called Providence Hill, and for about three years lived in strict concealment till the heat of the pursuit had abated. In October 1664 they removed to Hadley in Massachusetts, and took up their abode in the house of the Rev. John Russell. In 1675 Hadley was attacked by Indians, and tradition describes Goffe as suddenly appearing from his hiding-place rallying the panic-stricken settlers, and by his leadership saving them from destruction. The tradition was first printed by Hutchinson in his ' History of Massachusetts,' 1764, and was, according to him, ' handed down in Governor Leveret's family ' (History of Massachusetts, ed. 1795, i.201). Scott makes Major Bridg- north tell the story in ' Peveril of the Peak,' and Fenimore Cooper makes use of it in ' The Borderers.' Goffe seems to have died in 1679 ; his last letter is dated 2 April in that year. He was buried with Whalley, who had pre- deceased him, at Hadley, and no stone was erected to mark their grave. According to Savage his remains were discovered ' in our Goffe 73 Goldicutt own day ' near the foundations of Mr. Rus- sell's house (SAVAGE, Genealogical Dictionary of New England, ii. 268). Stiles mistakes the grave of Deputy-governor Matthew Gilbert at Newhaven for that of Goffe (ib.) Goffe left behind him in England his wife, Frances, daughter of Major-general Whalley, and his three daughters — Anne, Elizabeth, and Frances. His correspondence with his wife, conducted generally under the pseudo- nyms of Frances and Walter Goldsmith, shows him to have been a man of deep and enthusiastic religious feeling, and explains his political action. Letters are printed in Hutchinson's ' History of Massachusetts,' ed. 1795,i.532; 'Hutchinson Papers,' ed. Prince Society, 1865, ii. 161, 184 ; ' Massachusetts Historical Society Collections,' 3rd ser. i. 60 ; 4th ser. viii. 122-225. [Noble's House of Cromwell, i. 424 ; Noble's Lives of the Regicides, i. 255 ; Stiles's Hist, of Three of the Judges of King Charles I, 1794 ; Polyanthea, 1804, vol. ii. ; Palfrey's Hist, of New England, ii. 495-508, ed. 1861 ; and the authorities above cited.] G. H. F. GOLDAR, JOHN (1729-1795), engraver, born at Oxford in 1729, is best known by his engravings of the pictures painted by John Collet [q. v.], in imitation of Hogarth. Four of these, published by Boy dell in 1782, represent a series entitled ' Modern Love,' and among others were ' The Recruiting Ser- geant,' ' The Female Bruisers,' ' The Sacri- fice,' 'The Country Choristers,' 'The Re- fusal,' &c. Goldar also engraved some por- traits, including those of the Rev. William Jay, James Lackington, the bookseller, Peter Clare, surgeon, and others. Goldar resided in Charlotte Street, Blackfriars Road, and on 16 Aug. 1795 he died suddenly of apoplexy while walking with his daughter through Hyde Park. In 1771 he exhibited an un- finished proof of an engraving after Mor- timer at the exhibition of the Incorporated Society of Artists. [Redgrave's Diet, of Artists ; Dodd's MS. Hist, of Engl. Engravers (Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 33401 ); Oent. Mag. Ixv. (1795), 709.] L. C. GOLDESBURG, GOLDESBOROUGH, or GOULDSBOROUGH, JOHN (1568- 1618), legal reporter, descended from a family living at Goldsborough, West Riding of York- shire, was born 18 Oct. 1568. He studied at Oxford (1584), entered the Middle Temple, and was called to the bar by that society. He enjoyed a good reputation as a lawyer, and was made one of the prothonotaries of the common pleas. He died 9 Oct. 1618, and was buried near the high altar in the Temple Church. After his death there were pub- lished: 1. 'Reports of Divers Choice Cases in Law taken by those late and most Judi- cious Prothonotaries of the Common Pleas, Richard Brownlow and John Goldesborough, Esquires, with directions how to proceed in many intricate actions,' &c., 1651; 3rd edit., 2 parts, 1675. 2. ' Reports of that Learned and Judicious Clerk, J. Gouldsborough, Esq., sometimes one of the Protonotaries of the Court of Common Pleas, or his collection of choice cases and matters agitated in all the Courts at Westminster in the latter yeares of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, with learned arguments at the Bar and on the Bench, and the grave Resolutions and Judgments there- upon of the Chief Justices, Anderson and Popham, and the rest of the Judges of those times. Never before published, and now printed by his original copy ... by M. S. (M. A. Shepperd) of the Inner Temple, Esq.,' 1653 (a copy in the British Museum has ma- nuscript notes by Francis Hargrave). The prefaces to these works describe the attainr ments of Goldesburg in high terms ; on the other hand, North says (Discourse on the Study of the Laws) : ' Godbolt, Gouldsborough, and March, mean reporters, but not to be ne- glected.' [Addit. MS. 25232, ff. 59, 97 ; Wood's Athenae Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 234; Wallace's The Re- porters Arranged and Characterised (Boston, 1882) ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] F. W-T. GOLDICUTT, JOHN (1793-1 842), archi- tect, born in 1793, was the son of Hugh Goldi- cutt (d. 1823). On 25 Jan. 1803 he entered the bank of Messrs. Herries,Farquhar, & Co., where his father was chief cashier and con- fidential clerk, but left on 30 June of the following year and was placed with J. Hake- will the architect. He also studied at the Royal Academy and displayed some skill in drawing, and a happy disposition for colour. Early in life he joined the Architectural Students' Society, where he gained practice in making sketches from given subjects. He competed twice for the Royal Academy silver medal, in 1813 sending in drawings and measurements of the facade of the India House, and in 1814 of the Mansion House. The latter was successful. He then went to Paris and entered the school of A. Leclere. Afterwards he travelled in Italy and Sicily for three or four years. While in Rome in 1817-18 he made a careful coloured draw- ing from actual measurements of the trans- verse section of St. Peter's. For this he re- ceived a large gold medallion from the pope. The drawing now hangs on the staircase of the Royal Institute of British Architects in Conduit Street. On his return to England Goldicutt 74 Goldie in 1818 Goldicutt obtained a considerable private practice, and also occupied himself with public competitions. In 1820 he ob- tained third premium in the competition for the Post Office, and in 1829 a premium for the design for the Middlesex Lunatic Asylum. Between 1810 and 1842 he exhibited thirty- five architectural drawings in the Royal Academy exhibitions, among them being the following executed abroad: — in 1818, ' View of the Ruins of the Temple of Peace, Rome ' (1817), afterwards engraved; in 1820, ' Ruins of the Great Hypsethral Temple, Salinuntum, Sicily,' etched by Pinelli for Goldicutt's ' Antiquities of Sicily ' ; in 1834, ' Ruins of the Ancient Theatre, Taormina ' (1818), etched by Pinelli: and in 1837,' View of the Temple of Concord, Ancient Agri- gentum,' etched by himself. Of designs for works on which he was professionally engaged , he exhibited:— in 1828, 'Marine Villa,' for S. Halliday, esq., at West Cowes ; in 1830, 'The Dell Villa, Windsor,' for the Hon. H. R. Westenra, M.P. ; in 1842, 'St. James's Church, Paddington,' which was unfinished at Goldicutt's death, and was completed under the direction of G. Gutch. In the rooms of the Royal Institute of British Architects are : — ' Plan of the Observatory at Capo del Monte,' drawn by him to illustrate a ses- sional paper in 1840, and a lithograph by him of the Regent's Bridge, Edinburgh. In the print room of the British Museum is a ' Veduta del Tempio d'Ercole a Cora,' drawn and etched by him in 1818. Three of his drawings and two plans, by Goldicutt and Hakewill, were engraved in T. L. Donald- son's work on Pompeii in 1827. Goldicutt was one of the first honorary secretaries of the Royal Institute (1834-6) ; he origi- nated and helped to carry out the presenta- tion of a testimonial to Sir John Soane in 1835. He was a member of the Academy of St. Luke in Rome, and of the Academy of the Fine Arts in Naples. He was surveyor for the district of St. Clement Danes with St. Mary-le-Strand, and one of the justices and commissioners of sewers for Westminster and Middlesex. He made various alterations at White's Club House, St. James's Street. He died at his house, 39 Clarges Street (where his mother had died before him in 1813), on 3 Oct. 1842, aged 49, and was buried in Kensal Green cemetery. He left a widow and five sons. He published : 1. 'Antiquities of Sicily,' with plates etched by Pinelli of Rome, 1819. 2. ' Specimens of Ancient Decorations from Pompeii,' 1825. 3. ' Heriot's Hospital, Edin- burgh,' the greater number of the illustra- tions lithographed by himself, 1826. 4. ' An- cient Wells and Reservoirs, with Observa- tions upon their Decorative Character,' in ' Institute Sessional Paper,' 1836. 5. ' The Competition for the Erection of the Nelson Monument critically examined,' 1841. He read several communications at meetings of the institute, and in its library are preserved manuscripts of: (1) 'Address read at the General Meeting, 3 Feb.,' 1835 ; (2) ' Testi- monial to Sir John Soane,' 1835; (3) Extract from a paper ' On the Art of Fresco-Paint- ing,' 11 June 1838. [Redgrave's Diet, of Artists ; Civil Engineer, 1842, pp. 372-3 ; Diet, of Architecture; Graves's Diet, of Artists; Nagler's Kiinstler-Lexikon ; Gent. Mag. 1813 p. 286, 1835 p. 76; T. L. Donaldson's Pompeii, 1827. i. 2, 48, plate 84, ii. 12, 30 ; Royal Academy Exhibition Catalogues ; Cat. of -the Drawings, &c., in the Royal Institute of British Architects ; Univ. Cat. of Books on Art ; Cat. of Library of Royal Institute of Brit. Architects ; information from Messrs. Herries, Farquhar, & Co.] B. P. GOLDIE or GOUDIE, JOHN (1717- 1809), essayist, was born in 1717 at Craigmill, in the parish of Galston, Ayr, on the premises where his forefathers had been millers for nearly four hundred years. He had little or no schooling, but after his mother had taught him to read he soon learnt writing, and early displayed much taste for mechanics. Before he was fifteen he constructed a miniature mill, which would grind a boll of peas in the day. Then he began business as a cabinet maker at Kilmarnock, and made a beautifully engraved clock case of mahogany, which was purchased by the Duke of Hamilton, and was placed in Hamilton Palace. He soon made enough money to buy a large wine and spirit shop in the same town, where he carried on a thriving trade. He eagerly studied Euclid and astronomy at the same time, and learnt to calculate mentally in a surprisingly short time the most difficult arithmetical problems. Goldie had heen brought up in the strictest Calvinistic principles, but his views grew moderate and he became almost a deist. He took part in the theological dispute between the adherents of 'the new and auld licht.' Burns wrote an ' epistle ' to him which begins — 0 Goudie, terror of the Whigs, Dread of black coats and reverend wigs, and tells that enthusiasm and orthodoxy are now at their last gasp, adding — "Tis you and Taylor are the chief, Wha are to blame for this mischief. While condemned by the orthodox, Goldie made many friends in consequence of his ster- ling honesty and good sense. He was on in- Goldie 75 Golding timate terms with most of the clergy of the district, and would often argue with them. When Burns was about to emigrate to the West Indies, Goldie, to whom he read some poems in manuscript, encouraged him to stay, and introduced him to several friends, who, with Goldie, became sureties toWilson for the printingof Burns's first volume(1786). Burns was now almost a daily visitor at Goldie's house, where he corrected the proof-sheets and wrote many letters. After this Goldie engaged largely in coal speculations, by which he lost heavily, and was cheated by his part- ner. He patriotically set on foot a scheme for connecting Kilmarnock with Troon by a canal, and even made a survey of the line ; but the expense proved insuperable. Late in life he was abstracted in manner, and known as ' the philosopher.' In 1809 he caught cold by sleeping in a damp bed at Glasgow, and died three weeks afterwards at the age of ninety- two, upholding his own opinions and retain- ing his faculties to the last. He left many manuscripts and letters from Burns, Lord Kames, and other celebrated men ; but they were unfortunately destroyed during his son's absence at sea. Sillar and Turnbull followed the example of Burns in writing poems on him. Goldie was a small but well-made man. His portrait, with a globe behind him, was painted by Whitehead. It is said to have been an admirable likeness, and may be seen engraved in the ' Contemporaries of Burns.' Goldie became famous by his ' Essay on Various Important Subjects, Moral and Di- vine. Being an attempt to distinguish True from False Religion,' 1779. This was an- nounced as being in three volumes, but appa- rently one only was published. The style of all Goldie's works is prolix and laboured, but the essay achieved great popularity as a re- action from the stern Calvinism then reigning in Scotch pulpits. It was known as ' Goudie's Bible,' and is now extremely scarce. His criticism is destructive and leads to pure the- ism ; he denounces priestcraft, and is not al- ways free from profanity. On the appearance of the second edition in 1785 Burns wrote his congratulatory epistle. He next wrote ' The Gospel recovered from its Captive State and restored to its Original Purity,' G vols., Lon- don, 1784. These essays treat of prophecy, the resurrection, dialogues between a Jesuit and a gentile Christian on the gospel, and the like. His last work was ' A Treatise upon the Evidences of a Deity ' (1809). For the last forty years of his life he devoted himself to astronomy, and prepared a work which was almost ready for the press at his death, in which he is said to have corrected prevail- ing misnpprehensions. [Goldie's Works; Gent. Mag. vol. Ixxix. pt. i. 1809; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. iii. 208, 336 ; Paterson's Contemporaries of Burns, 1840, Ap- pendix, p. 3 ; A.M'Kay's History of Kilmarnock, 3rd ed. 1864, pp. 161, 165-8.] M. G. W. GOLDING, ARTHUR (1536 P-1605P), translator, born probably in London about 1536, was younger son of John Golding, esq., of Belchamp St. Paul and Halsted, Essex, by his second wife, Ursula, daughter of William Merston of Horton, Surrey. His father was one of the auditors of the exchequer, and died 28 Nov. 1547. Margaret, his half-sister, mar- ried John de Vere, sixteenth earl of Oxford. Golding is said to have been educated at Queens' College, Cambridge, but his name is not to be found in the college register. He took no degree, and on his title-pages de- scribes himself as ' gentleman.' In 1549 he was in the service of Protector Somerset, who wrote, 5 Oct., requesting him to solicit the aid of the Earl of Oxford's servants in repressing rebellion (NICHOLS, Edward VI, ii. 236). In 1563 he was receiver for his I nephew, Edward de Vere, seventeenth earl of Oxford, with whom he seems to have resided for a time in Sir William Cecil's house in the Strand. On 12 Oct. 1565 he dedicated his translation of Caesar's 'Commentaries' to Cecil from Belchamp St. Paul, and com- pleted at the same place his translation of Beza's ' Tragedie of Abraham's Sacrifice ' in 1575. He spent some time in 1567 at Ber- wick, and there finished his chief work, his translation of Ovid's ' Metamorphoses,' on 20 April 1567. In a later year (1576) he was living at Clare, Suffolk. He dates the dedication to Sir Christopher Hatton of his translation of Seneca's ' De Beneficiis ' (' the work of ... Seneca concerning Benefyting ') from his house in the parish of All-Hallows- on-the-Wall, London (17 March 1577-8). In London he moved in good society, al- though he showed strong puritan predilec- tions, and occupied himself largely with trans- lations from Calvin and Theodore Beza. His patrons included, besides Cecil, Hatton, and Leicester, the Earl of Essex, Sir William Mildmay, Lord Cobham, and the Earl of Huntingdon. When dedicating a translation from the French to Cobham in 1595 (No. 21 below), he acknowledges the help he received from him in his troubles. He was a member, like the chief literary men of the age, of the Elizabethan Society of Antiquaries, founded by Archbishop Parker in 1572 (Notes and Queries, 1st ser. ii 363) . Sir Philip Sidjiey was 5'. 3 t y one of his friends, and when Sidney left for the Low Countries on his fatal expedition, he entrusted Golding with the fragment of his translation of De Mornay's French trea- Golding 76 Golding tise on the truth of Christianity, and bade him complete and publish it with a dedica- tion to Leicester. This Golding did in 1587 after Sidney's death, entitling the book ' A woorke concerning the trewnesse of the Chris- tian Religion begunne to be translated . . . by Sir Philip Sidney, knight, and at his re- quest finished by Arthur Golding,' London, 1589. Other editions are dated 1592, 1604 (revised and corrected by Thomas Wilcocks), and 1617 (with further corrections) (cf. Fox BOURNE, Sir Philip Sidney, pp. 407-11). Golding also knew Dr. Dee, who seems to have arranged to cure him of fistula on 30 Sept. 1597 (Diary, Camd. Soc. p. 60). On 25 July 1605 an order was issued to the Archbishop of Canterbury and the attorney- general to draw up a grant giving Golding the sole right of printing such of his works as they held to be beneficial to the church and commonwealth. Golding married the widow of George Forster. Nashe, writing in 1589, speaks of him as ' aged Arthur Golding,' and of his ' industrious toyle in Englishing Ovid's " Metamorphosis," besides many other exquisite editions of divinitie turned by him out of the French tongue into our owne ' (preface to GBEENE'S Menaphon, 1589). The date of his death is not known. Golding came into much landed property. On 6 Dec. 1576 the death of his brother Henry made him lord of the manor of Eas- thorp, Essex, besides giving him other pro- perty, all of which he alienated (by license) 20 Nov. 1577. On 7 March 1579-80 another brother, George, with his wife, Mary, gave Golding the estate of Netherhall, Gesting- thorpe, Essex, and this he sold in 1585. George Golding died 20 Nov. 1584, and his brother then secured other lands in Essex, but he sold nearly all his property in 1595. With the exception of some English verses prefixed to Baret's 'Alvearie,' 1580, Gold- ing's sole original publication was a prose ' Discourse upon the Earthquake that hapned throughe this realme of England and other places of Christendom, the first of April 1580 . . . ,' London (by Henry Binneman). Here Golding seeks to show that the earthquake was a judgment of God to punish the wicked- ness of the age. He denounces with puritan warmth the desecration of the Sabbath by the public performance of stage plays on Sundays. Shakespeare refers to the same earthquake in ' Romeo and Juliet,' i. 3. It is as the translator of Ovid's ' Metamorphoses ' that Golding deserves to be best known. He published ' the fyrst fower bookes,' with a dedication to Leicester (London, by Wyl- lyam Seres), in 1565 ; and the reception this work met with was so favourable that in 1567 he issued ' the xv. bookes ' (London, by Wyllyam Seres). Later editions are dated 1575, 1576, 1584, 1587, 1593, 1003, 1612, and 1676. The dedication, in verse, describes in succession the subject of each of the fifteen books (reprinted in Brydges's ' Restituta,' ii. 376-411). The translation is in ballad metre, eachline having usually fourteen syllables. It is full of life throughout, and at times reaches a high poetic level. After his first volume was issued in 1565, Thomas Peend published the fable of ' Salmacis and Hermaphroditus,' likewise from the ' Metamorphoses.' In the pre- face Peend says that he had translated nearly the whole work, but abandoned his design because another, meaning Golding, was en- faged upon it. ' T. B.,' in lines prefixed to ohn Studley's translation of Seneca's ' Aga- memnon,' 1566, speaks of the renown of Golding, ' which Ovid did translate,' and of 'the thondryng of his verse.' Puttenham, in his ' Arte of Poesie,' associates Golding more than once with Phaer, the celebrated translator of Virgil, whose work is far inferior to Golding's in literary merit. Webbe and Meres also enumerate Golding's ' Metamor- phoses ' among the best translations of their age. Until Sandys's ' Ovid' appeared in 1632, Golding's version held the field unchallenged. It is quite certain that Shakespeare was well acquainted with his work. Golding's trans- lation of Caesar's ' Commentaries,' dedicated in 1565 to Cecil, is also an interesting ven- ture. Another edition appeared in 1590. Golding was the second translator of Caesar, the first having been Tiptoft, earl of Wor- cester. The bibliography of Golding's other trans- lations presents many difficulties. Several religious books bearing his initials have been assigned to him, but are undoubtedly by An- thony Gilby [q. v.] This is certainly the case with the translation of Calvin's ' Commentary on Daniel,' London, 1570, and 'The Testa- mentes of the Twelue Patriarches ' from the Latin of Robert Grosseteste, London, 1581. The following, besides those already men- tioned, may be assigned to Golding: 1. 'A Briefe Treatise concerning the Burninge of Bucer and Phagius,' from the Latin, London, 1562. 2. ' The Historie of Leonard Aretine (i.e. L. Bruni Aretino) concerning theWarres betweene the Imperialls & the' Gothes for the possession of Italy,' 1563 ; dedicated to Cecil. 3. ' Thabridgemente of the Histories of Trogus Pompeius, collected and wrytten in the Latin Tongue ... by the famous Historiographer Justine ' (May 1564), by Thomas Marsh, dedi- cated to Edward de Vere, earl of Oxford ; ' newlie corrected' 1570, 1578. 4. ' John Cal- A'in, his Treatise concerning Offences,' Lon- Golding 77 Golding don, 1567. 5. ' A Postill or Expositions of the Gospels read in the Churches of God on Sundayes and Feast Days of Saincts, written by Nicholas Heminge,' London, 1569, 1674, 1577, 1579 ; dedicated to Sir Walter Mildmay. 6. ' A Postil or Orderly Disposing of certeine Epistles usually red in the Church of God uppon the Sundayes and Holy dayes . . . by David Chytraeus,' London, 1570, 1577, dedicated to Sir Walter Mildmay. 7. ' The Psalmes of David and others, with M. John Calvin's Commentaries,' London, 1571, 1576; dedicated to the Earl of Oxford. 8. ' A Booke of Christian Questions and Answers' (by Theodore Beza), London, 1572, 1577, 1578 ; dedicated to the Earl of Huntingdon. 9. ' A Confutation of the Popes Bull . . . against Elizabeth, from the Latin of Henry Bullinger the elder,' London, 1572. 10. ' Sermons of M. John Caluine vpon the Epistle of Saincte Paule to the Galatians,' London, 1574, and n.d. ; dedicated to Cecil, lord Burghley. 11. 'Sermons of M. John Caluin vpon the Booke of Job,' London, fol. 1574, 1580, 1584; dedicated to Robert, earl of Essex. 12. ' A Catholike Exposition vpon the Reuelation of Sainct John, collected by M. Augustine Mar- lorat out of divers notable writers,' London, 1574; dedicated to Sir Walter Mildmay. 13. 'A Justification or Clearing of the Prince of Orange,' London, 1 575. 14. ' The Warfare of Christians,' London, 1576; dedicated to Sir William Drewrie. 15. ' The Lyfe of ... Jasper Colignie . . . sometyme greate Admirall of Fraunce,' from the Latin, London, 1576. 16. ' An Edict or Proclamation set forthe by the French Kinge upon the Pacifying of the Troubles in Fraunce, with the Articles of the same Pacification read and published .... 13 May 1576,' London, 1576. 17.' The Sermons of M. John Caluine vpon the Ei)istle of S. Paule to the Ephesians,' London, 1577 ; dedicated to Edmund Grindal, archbishop of Canter- bury. 18. ' The Sermons of M. lohn Caluin vpon . . . Deuteronomie,' London, 1583 ; dedicated to Sir Thomas Bromley. 19. ' The Worke of Pomponius Mela the Cosmographer concerning the Situation of the World,' Lon- don, 1585. In the dedication to Burghley (6 Feb. 1584-5), Golding says he has sent to press the 'Polyhistor ' of Julius Solinus and the ' Travels of Andrew Theuet.' 20. ' The Excellent and Pleasant Worke of lulius So- linus Polyhistor,' London, 1587; reissued with ' Pomponius Mela ' in 1590. 21. ' Poli- ticke, Moral, and M^tial Discourses,' from the French of Jacques Hurault, London, 1595; dedicated to William, lord Cobham. 22. ' A Godly and Fruteful Prayer, with an Epistle to ... John [Aylmer] bishop of Lon- don,' from the Latin of Abraham Fleming [c[. v.J, London, n.d. ' The Benefit that Chris- tians receyue by lesus Christ Crucified,' Lon- don , 1 573, from a French version of the Italian book of AonioPaleario[see under COURTENAY, EDWARD], is doubtfully ascribed to Golding. In Harl. MS. 425, ff. 73-4, is a verse trans- lation by Golding of Haddon's ' Exhortation to England to repent made ... in the great sweate, 1551.' It was first printed in Dr. Furnivall's ' Ballads from Manuscripts ' (Ballad Soc. 1871), pt. ii. pp. 325-30. In the Harl. MS. 357, art. 5, is a translation (attributed to Golding) of Sleidan's Latin ' Abridgment of the Chronicle of Sir John Frossard.' It was printed in 1608, but the translator's name is given on the title-page both as P. and as Per. (i.e. Percival) Golding. A Percival Golding is author of a pedigree of the family of the Veres, earls of Oxford, among the Harleian MSS. [Cooper's Athenae Cantabr. ii. 431-4, 555 ; Phillips's Theatrum Poetarum, ed. Brydges, p. 110; Hunter's MS. Chorus Vatum, in MS. Addit. 24488, ff. 435 et seq.; Collier's JReg.of Stationers' Company (Shakespeare Soc.), ii. 118, 220; Ames's Typogr. Antiq. ed. Herbert ; Morant's Essex ; Warton's English Poetry; Wood's Athenae Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 522, 692, ii. 323 ; Collier's Bibliog. Cat. ; Corser's Collectanea.] S. L. L. GOLDING, BENJAMIN, M.D. (1793- 1863), physician, born in 1793 in Essex, was entered as a student of St. Thomas's Hospital, London, in 1813. He was a doctor of medi- cine of St. Andrews in 1823, and a licentiate of the College of Physicians in 1825. He was elected physician at the West London In- firmary, which, mainly by his energy and in- fluence, was extended into the Charing Cross Hospital. The new building was erected in 1831, and he is justly regarded as its founder. In the medical school and the in- ternal arrangements of the hospital Golding took an active interest, and he remained a director of the hospital till 1862, when fail- ing health compelled him to resign. He died on 21 June 1863. Golding was the author of: 1. ' An historical account of St. Thomas's Hospital, Southwark,' London, 1819, 12mo. 2. ' The origin, plan, and operations of the Charing Cross Hospital, London,' edited by G. B. Golding, London, 1867, 8vo. [Lancet, 25 July 1863; Munk's Coll. of Phys. iii. 309.] W. F. W. S. GOLDING, RICHARD (1785-1865), line-engraver, was born in London of humble parentage on 15 Aug. 1785. He was ap- prenticed in 1799 to an engraver named Pass, but at the end of five years his indentures were transferred to James Parker, who died in 1805, leaving some unfinished plates, which Golding 78 Goldney were completed by his pupil. Golding was afterwards introduced to Benjamin West, who employed him to engrave his ' Death of Nelson.' He then executed a number of ad- mirable book-plates, the best known of which are those after the designs of Robert Smirke for editions of ' Don Quixote ' and ' Gil Bias,' and he also assisted William Sharp. In 1818 he completed a fine plate of the Princess Charlotte of Wales, after the painting by Sir Thomas Lawrence, who is said to have touched the engraver's proofs no less than thirty times. The reputation which he gained by this plate led to the offer of numerous com- missions, and among the portraits which he subsequently engraved were those of Sir Wil- liam Grant, master of the rolls, a full-length after Lawrence, General Sir Harry Calvert, bart., after Phillips, and Thorn as Hammersley the banker, after Hugh Douglas Hamilton, as well as aportrait of Queen Victoria when prin- cess, in her ninth year, after Richard Westall, and another in 1830, after William Fowler. He likewise engraved a large plate of 'St. Ambrose refusing the Emperor Theodosius Admission into the Church/ after the picture by Rubens in the Vienna gallery. In 1842, after having been without work for several years, he undertook to engrave for the Art Union of Dublin a plate after Maclise's picture of 'A Peep into Futurity;' but he had fallen into a state of desponding indolence, and at the end of ten years it was still unfinished. His powers and eyesight gradually failed, and he withdrew from all social intercourse, finding recreation only in angling. Although unmarried, and not without means, he died from bronchitis in neglected and dirty lodg- ings in Stebbington Street, St. Pancras, Lon- don, on 28 Dec. 1865. He was buried in Highgate cemetery; but owing to allegations that he had been poisoned by his medical attendant, who became possessed of the bulk •of his property, his body was exhumed in the following September and an inquest held, which, however, terminated in a verdict of ' Death from natural causes.' [Redgrave's Diet, of Artists of the English School, 1878 ; Bryan's Diet, of Painters and En- gravers, ed. Graves, 1886, i. 581 ; Times, 14 and 21 Sept. 1866.] R. E. G. GOLDMAN, REV. FRANCIS (d. 1689). [See GOTODMAN.] GOLDNEY, PHILIP (1802-1857), sol- dier, second son of Thomas Goldney, esq., of Goldney House, Clifton, was born in London 21 Nov. 1802. He was educated at a pri- vate school, and in 1821 went out to Bengal as a cadet of the East India Company's army. He received a commission as ensign or second lieutenant in the 14th native infantry 1 1 June of that year ; was promoted lieutenant 30 Jsin. 1824, and brevet captain 11 June 1836. For some years he was engaged in subduing pre- datory tribes, and in learning the native lan- guages and Persian. He translated various parts of the Bible into the vernaculars ; and, when the office of interpreter and quarter- master in his regiment fell vacant, he was elected to the post. In 1844 Goldney, then captain of the 4th native infantry, was ordered to Sind, which had recently been annexed. His regiment was one of four which mutinied in con- sequence of the withdrawal of the extra allowance previously given to sepoys when on foreign duty. Goldney personally at- tacked one of the ringleaders, and order was eventually restored. He was soon afterwards appointed to the civil office of collector and magistrate in Sind. At his own request, he was allowed by Sir Charles Napier to take part in the expedition to the Truckee Hills. His mastery of the Persian language led to his being ordered to accompany the force under the Ameer Ali Morad, whose fidelity was doubted by Napier. The expedition was successful, and he returned to Sind, where a wild district of Beloochistan formed part of the district in his charge. His influence over the ferocious inhabitants of this dis- trict was remarkable ; he organised a system of police in which he enrolled many desperate characters, and gave employment to the population by cutting canals. In this way he greatly increased the area of cultivation in Sind, which is entirely dependent on the waters of the Indus. On attaining the rank of lieutenant-colonel he was appointed to the command of the 25th native infantry stationed at Delhi. Shortly afterwards he was appointed to the command of a brigade sent to annex and subjugate the kingdom of Oudh. He was made one of thefive commissioners appointed to govern the country, and placed in charge of Fyzabad, the eastern division. When the great mutiny broke out in 1857, Goldney ' appreciated more than anyone else the sig- nificance of the outbreak at Meerut' on 10 May (KATE, Hist, of the Sepoy War). He saw that the extension of the mutiny to Oudh was only a matter of time, and applied to Sir Henry Lawrence for a small number of European troops. The request was not granted, and Goldney removed from his re- sidence at Sultanpoor to Fyzabad, (in his own words) ' the most important and most dan- gerous position.' Here he began to store provisions and to fortify a walled place, and to organise, as far as possible, the pensioned Goldney 79 Goldsborough sepoys and the friendly zemindars of the district. Goldney's personal influence with his native troops delayed open mutiny ; but when, on 8 June, the mutineers from Azim- garh approached within a march of Fyzabad, the sepoys rose and seized the public trea- sure. On the following morning they al- lowed their officers to leave in four boats. At the same time one of the chief zemindars of the district, Rajah Maun Singh, sent a strong force to protect Goldney and convey him to a place of safety : but, as the officer in charge of the escort was forbidden to rescue anyone else, Goldney declined the •offer, and proceeded with the other officers down the river Gograh. The two foremost boats proceeded as far as Begumjee, a dis- tance of thirty miles, when they were fired on by another body of mutineers. Goldney ordered the boats to be pulled to an island in the river, and directed his officers to cross to the other side and escape across the country. He himself declined to leave the island, and •either remained under fire till he fell, or was seized by the mutineers and shot. Goldney married, in 1833, Mary Louisa, eldest daughter of Colonel Holbrow. His wife and three of his children left Fyzabad before the outbreak. Two sons and three daughters in all survived him. [Information from the Rev. A. Goldney; Oubbins's Account of the Mutinies in Oudh ; Kaye's Sepoy War ; Malleson's Indian Mutiny ; Dodwell and Miles's Indian Army List.] E. J. R. GOLDSBOROUGH, GODFREY, D.D. {1548-1604), bishop of Gloucester, was born in 1648 in the town of Cambridge. He was matriculated as a pensioner of Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge, of which, in December 1560, he became a scholar. In 1565-6 he proceeded B. A. Strype's statement that John Whitgift, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury, was his tutor, is no doubt erroneous. On 8 Sept. 1567 he was admitted a minor fellow, and on 27 March 1569 a major fellow, of his college (Addit. MS. 5870, f. 86). In the latter year he commenced M.A. He was one of the sub- scribers against the new statutes of the univer- sity in May 1572 (HEYWOOD and WEIGHT, Cambridge University Transactions, i. 62). He proceeded to the degree of B.D. in 1577. On 14 July 1 579 he was incorporated in that degree at Oxford, and on the following day he was collated to the archdeaconry of Worcester. On 23 Feb. 1579-80 he was collated to the pre- bend of Gorwall in the church of Hereford. On 1 Sept. 1581 he was installed a canon of Worcester, and on 13 Dec. following pre- bendary of Caddington Minor in the church of St. Paul, London. He was created D.D. at Cambridge in 1583. On 30 Dec. 1585 he was installed in the prebend called Episcopi sive Poenitentiarii, or the golden prebend in the church of Hereford, for which he exchanged the prebend of Gorwall. In or before 1589 he became archdeacon of Salop in the diocese of Lichfield. He also held the rectory of Stockton — probably the benefice of that name in Shropshire. On 28 Aug. 1598 he was elected bishop of Gloucester, and he was consecrated at Lam- beth on 12 Nov. (STTIBBS, Registrum Sacrum Anglicanum, p. 88). The queen licensed him to hold his canonry at Worcester incommendam. During his episcopate he rarely resided in his diocese, and it is said that his palace was much dilapidated. He died on 26 May 1604, and was buried in a small chapel within the lady chapel of the cathedral at Gloucester, where there is a handsome altar-tomb, with his recumbent effigy attired in a scarlet rochet, and a Latin inscription. Helen, his widow, who appears to have had two hus- bands before she married him, died in 1622, aged 79. He left behind him two sons, John and Godfrey, and perhaps other children. He had a brother named John. [Bedford's Blazon of Episcopacy, p. 48 ; Chambers's Biog. Illustrations of Worcestershire, p. 82 ; Cooper's Annals of Cambridge, iii. 4 ; Cooper's Athenae Cantabr. ii. 388 ; Fosbrooke's City of Gloucester, 1819, pp. 94, 127, 133; Fuller's Worthies (Cambridgeshire); Godwin's Cat. of Bishops, 1615, p. 496; Godwin, De Prsesulibus (Richardson); Hackett's Select and Remarkable Epitaphs, i. 51 ; Harington's Nugse Antiquae, p. 37 ; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy) ; New- court's Repertorium, i. 131 ; Rudder's Glou- cestershire, p. 157; Rymer's Fcedera, xvi. 351 ; Cal. of State Papers (Com. 1598-1601), pp. 100, 132; Strype's Whitgift, pp. 77, 496, 525; Willis's Survey of Cathedrals, i. 571, 573, 664, 671, 707, 722; Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Blis-s), ii. 843, 850, Fasti, i. 155, 214, 255.] T. C. GOLDSBOROUGH, SIB JOHN (rf.1693), sea-captain in the East India Company's ser- vice, was probably a native of Suffolk, in which county he possessed an estate. He was in command of the Antelope when that ship was taken by a Dutch fleet, between Masulipatam and Madras, on 22 Aug. 1673. His account of the engagement is in the Bodleian Library (Pepys Papers, vol. xvi. f. 386). He com- manded the ship Falcon in 1673-4, and in 1676-7, 1683, and 1686 the Bengal Merchant. After the death of Sir John Child on 4 Feb. 1689-90, no officer of the company succeeded to his position of supreme control ; but after prolonged dissensions at Fort St. George be- tween the governor, Elihu Yale, and his Goldsborough Goldsmid council, the court re-established this control, which they gave to Goldsborough on 2 Oct. 1691. In his first commission, dated 10 Feb. 1691-2, he is named their ' supervisor-com- missary-general and chief governor,' and a year later their 'captain-general and com- mander-in-chief.' Just before the date of his first commission he was knighted, 8 Feb. 1691-2. He sailed in March, and arrived at Fort St. George on 23 Nov. 1692, where he investigated the quarrel between the late go- vernor, Elihu Yale, and his council. In June he went to Fort St. David, and after some stay there returned by land to Madras on 11 July 1693. On the 29th he embarked for the Bay of Bengal, leaving his wife at the fort. He reached Chatanati (now Calcutta) on 12 Aug., and reported very unfavourably of the late agent in Bengal, Job Charnock [q. v.], and the company's servants. On his recom- mendation Francis Ellis, who had succeeded Charnock as agent, was afterwards remanded to Fort St. George, and Charles (later Sir Charles) Eyre or Eyres appointed to the post. While staying at Chatanati Goldsborough was struck down by fever and died 'within some few days after ' 28 Nov. 1693. Before leaving London he made a will, dated 7 March 1691, wherein he described himself as ' of Betknall Green, in the county of Middlesex, knight, being bound on a voyage to the East India beyond the seas in the shipp Berkly Castle ' (registered in P. C. C. 12, Bond). Not long after his death his widow Mary married Roger Braddyll, the troublesome member of Governor Pitt's council at Fort St. George. She died in India some time previously to 4 Nov. 1702, on which day her husband ad- ministered to her estate at London (Ad- ministration Act £ook,P. C. C., 1702, f. 211 6). Goldsborough's papers give the impression that he was an honest, sensible man. [Diary of William Hedges, esq , ed. Colonel Yule (Hakluyt Soc.), ii. xc, xci-xciv, clv-clx, ccxcix ; Coxe's Cat. Codicum JVISS. Bibl. Bodl.. pars v. fasc. i.] G. Gr. GOLDSBOROUGH, RICHARD (1821- 1886), colonial wool trader, was born at Shipley, near Bradford, Yorkshire, in 1821. He was apprenticed as a boy to a Bradford woolstapling firm, and at twenty-one years of age started as a merchant in a small way in the same town, purchasing the clips of graziers in the neighbourhood, and sorting the wool for the manufacturers. He became interested in Australia, from its capacity of producing wool, and at length determined to emigrate. He first went to Adelaide, and finally settled in Melbourne in 1847. In 1848 he commenced business in a small weather-board building. He succeeded ra- pidly, and ultimately erected the large stores ' by the Market Square in Melbourne. While building his operations were much disturbed by the excitement which followed the gold discoveries. In 1853 he went into partner- ship with Edward Row and George Kirk, and the new firm transacted a large and lucra- tive business in buying and selling stations and stock, as well as immensely expanding Goldsborough's wool operations. From 1857r however, he concentrated all his energies upon wool. In 1862 he erected buildings at the corner of Bourke and AVilliam Streets, Melbourne, having a floor space of over five acres. Under the j oint m anagement of Golds- borough and Hugh Parker, his brother-in-law, the business continued to develope rapidly, and in 1881 the house was amalgamated with the Australian Agency and Banking Corpora- tion, when the consolidated concern became a limited liability company, with Goldsborough as chairman of directors. The company began with a capital of three millions, and pros- pered exceedingly. The Sydney business of Goldsborough & Co. became scarcely less ex- tensive than that of the Melbourne house. Goldsborough found the entire wool export of Melbourne in 1848 some thirty thousand bales, and in the last twelve months of his life his own firm sold more than twice that amount in Melbourne alone. His company had also worked up a great connection in the grain trade, and carried on immense opera- tions in skins, hides, tallow, and other station produce. Their periodical property sales be- came an important Australasian feature. Goldsborough always refused to have any hand in political matters, but subscribed libe- rally to institutions and charities. It was said that he would have been as little likely to make a bad bargain as attempt a platform speech ; but he was held in high esteem throughout the colonies as well as in York- shire, which he several times revisited. He was a great encourager of horse-racing in Australia, being a steward of the racing club from its foundation. He died in Melbourne on 8 April 1886. [Memoirs in Australian papers; article on the Australian Wool Trade in Bradford Observer, May 1 884 ; Heaton's Australian Diet, of Dates.] J. B-Y. GOLDSCHMIDT, JENNY LIND (1821- 1887), vocalist. [See LIND.] GOLDSMLD, ABRAHAM(1756?-1810), Jewish financier, was born in Holland about 1756. His father, Aaron Goldsmid, a merchant by profession, married Catherine, daughter of Abraham de Vries, M.D., of Amsterdam, Goldsmid 81 Goldsmid 6 March 1740, settled in England about 1763, and died 3 June 1782. Goldsmid and his elder brother, BENJAMIN (1753 P-1808), started in business as bill brokers about 1777. Their financial connections were gradually extended, and after 1792 their wealth rapidly increased through their dealings with the British go- vernment. It was regarded as an important event upon the Stock Exchange that men, till then nearly unknown, managed to wrest the floating of government loans from the hands of the banking clique. The brothers Goldsmid during the last fifteen years of their lives were somewhat prominent figures in English social life. Benjamin had a fine country-house at lloehampton. They not only came to exercise a kind of monopoly of influence upon the Stock Exchange, but their wide and genial benevolence secured them general respect. Benjamin Goldsmid was, according to his biographer, the real founder of the Royal Naval Asylum some years before the institution was taken over by government and established at Paddington Green, London. He married Jessie Solomons, the daughter of a wealthy East India merchant, and had many children. Four sons, John Louis, Henry, Albert, and Lionel Prager, survived. His grandson (son of Lionel Prager) is the well- known orientalist and traveller, Sir Frederic John Goldsmid, K.C. S.I. Benjamin Goldsmid was subject in the latter years of his life to fits of melancholia, and committed suicide on 11 April 1808. Abraham Goldsmid was a joint contrac- tor, together with the firm of Baring, for the ministerial loan of fourteen millions in 1810. The death of Sir Francis Baring on 11 Sept. added greatly to the heavy burden upon his shoulders. Goldsmid's commanding and exceptional position upon the Stock Ex- change had secured him many enemies and rivals. The scrip of the new loan kept gra- dually falling, and Goldsmid's difficulties were still further increased owing to the failure of certain transactions relating to ex- chequer bills which he had to negotiate for the East India Company. When it became clear that he could not meet his liabilities, Goldsmid's courage failed him and he com- mitted suicide. This was on 28 Sept. 1810. The news of his death caused consols to fall the same day from 65£ to 63£, and they left off at 64£. Scrip or ' omnium,' which began on 29 Sept. at 7 discount, fell to 10 and closed at 9. ' We question,' said the ' Courier' and the ' Morning Post ' of that date, ' whether peace or war suddenly made ever created such a bustle as the death of Mr. Goldsmid.' The newspapers contained many panegyrics of Goldsmid's benevolence, of which a large VOL. XXII. number of curious stories have been pre- served. It is said that I O U's to the amount of 100,000/. were found in his drawers after his death and torn up as waste paper ; they had doubtless been given and received as a mere form to veil the fact that the loans were really gifts. The somewhat effusive praises of the newspapers provoked the anger of Cobbett, who devoted a number of his ' Weekly Political Register ' to an attack upon Goldsmid. Goldsmid's firm made great efforts to discharge their liabilities. By 1810 they had paid a full 15s. in the pound, and in 1820 parliament, on the petition of the creditors (another Is. 6d. in the pound having been paid), annulled the remaining portion of the debts, whether due to government or to private individuals. Goldsmid married Ann Eliason, of Amsterdam. His daughter Isabel married her cousin, Isaac Lyon Gold- smid [q. v.] [Gent. Mag. 1808, i. 373, 457, 1810, ii. 381 ; European Mug. 1810, Iviii. 244 (with portrait of Abraham Goldsmid) ; Cobbett's Weekly Political Eegister, 3 Oct. 1810, vol. xviii. No. 16, p. 313 ; Times, 12 and 13 April 1808 ; Independent Whig (a hostile notice of Benjamin Goldsmid), 17 April 1808 ; Morning Post, 29 Sept., 1, 2, 3, 10, and 18 Oct. 1810; Courier, 28 and 29 Sept., 3 and 4 Oct. 1810 ; Morning Chronicle, 29 Sept. and 1, 2, and 3 Oct. 1810; Times, 29 Sept. 1810; House of Commons' Journals, 1820 ; Memoirs of the Life of the late Benjamin Goldsmid of Koe- hampton, by Levy Alexander (a curious speci- men of gossiping and eulogistic biography) ; Francis' Chronicles and Characters of the Stock Exchange, 1855, new ed. pp. 180-6; Thorn- bury's Old and New London, i. 485 ; James Picciotto's Sketches of Anglo-Jewish History.] C. G. M. GOLDSMID, SIR FRANCIS HENRY (1808-1878), lawyer and politician, of Jewish race and religion, was born in London on 1 May 1808. His father was Sir Isaac Lyon Gold- smid [q. v.] Goldsmid received a very careful private education, and became a proficient classical scholar. While still quite a young man he was associated with his father in his labours for the removal of Jewish disabilities, and he wrote a number of pamphlets upon this question. They are written in clear and weighty English, and attracted considerable attention. He chose the bar for his profession, 'for the purpose principally,' as he afterwards said, ' of opening a new career to his coreligion- ists.' In January 1833 he was admitted to Lincoln's Inn, being thus the first Jewish bar- rister, as he was also the first Jewish queen's counsel (1858). He married in 1839 Louisa, daughter of Moses Goldsmid, his father's brother. After the Jewish Disabilities Bill Goldsmid Goldsmid was passed in 1859, Goldsmid (who upon the death of his father in the same year had succeeded to the baronetcy) was at length enabled to begin a parliamentary career, and he was elected in 1860 member for Reading, which borough he continued to represent till his death. In politics Goldsmid was a tempe- rate liberal. He was the recognised spokes- man of the Jewish community in parliament, and in many telling speeches called attention to the persecutions of the Jews in Eastern Europe and elsewhere. On general subjects Goldsmid was not a frequent speaker, but his opinion was respected upon both sides of the house, and he was well known as a patient and impartial chairman of committees. Like his father, Goldsmid took a deep interest in University College and the University College Hospital. He was treasurer of the hospital from 1857 till 1868, and a ward was named after him in 1870 in recognition of his ser- vices to the institution. Among his own reli- gious community Goldsmid was very promi- nent. He took the leading part in the foun- dation of the Reform Synagogue in 1841 (now situated in Upper Berkeley Street), and he was the practical founder of the Anglo- Jewish Association in 1871. In 1841 he es- tablished the Jews' Infant School, one of the earliest schools of its kind, and now the largest infant school in England. He died through an accident at Waterloo station on 2 May 1878. His nephew Julian, son of his brother Frederick David (1812-1866), succeeded as third baronet. Goldsmid's writings include : 1. ' Remarks on the Civil Disabilities of British Jews,' 1830. 2. 'Two Letters in Answer to the Objections urged against Mr. Grant's Bill for the Relief of the Jews,' 1830. 3. 'The Arguments ad- vanced against the Enfranchisement of the Jews considered in a Series of Letters,' 1831 ; 2nd edition, 1833. 4. 'A Few Words respect- ing the Enfranchisement of British Jews ad- dressed to the New Parliament,' 1833. 5. 'A Scheme of Peerage Reform, with Reasons for the Scheme, by the youngest of the Tomkinses,' 1835. 6. ' Reply to the Arguments advanced against the Removal of the remaining Dis- abilities of the Jews,' 1848. [Memoir of Sir F. H. Goldsmid, by the Rev. Professor Marks and the Rev. Albert Lowy, 2nd enlarged ed. 1882; Times, 4 May 1878.] C. G. M. GOLDSMID, HENRY EDWARD (1812-1855), Indian civil servant, born on 9 May 1812, was son of Edward Goldsmid of Upper Harley Street, London. He was educated privately, and in 1829, on nomina- tion to a writership by Robert Campbell, one of the directors of the East India Company, went to Haileybury College, where he twice obtained the Persian prize, and also distin- ! guished himself in Hindustani and law. Pro- ceeding to the Bombay presidency in 1832, he served in the districts of Ahmednagar and Tanna till he became, in 1835, assistant ' to the revenue commissioner, Mr. William- 1 son. While in this post he devised the re- ! venue survey and assessment system. He ' was employed in its organisation in thePoona, Ahmednagar, and Nasik districts, and the Southern Mahratta country, from 1835 till 1 845, when he visited England on furlough. He there married Jessy Sarah Goldsmid, daughter of Lionel Prager Goldsmid, and sister of Major-general Sir F. J. Goldsmid, I K.C.S.I., C.B., by whom he had four sons and a daughter. Returning to India in 1847 as private secretary to Sir George Clerk, the governor of Bombay, he became in the fol- j lowing year secretary to the Bombay govern- i ment in the revenue and financial depart- ments, and chief secretary in 1854. His health broke down under his unsparing labours in the public service, and he died at Cairo on 3 Jan. 1855. The tenure of Western India generally is ryotwari, that is, the state is universal land- lord, and the peasantry hold under it direct. But, owing to the obsoleteness of the assess- ments and system of former native govern- ments, and a general fall of prices, the rents had become exorbitant, even in favourable i seasons. Annual remissions, determined on annual crop inspections made by ill-paid native officials, had thus become the rule. Arrears nevertheless accumulated, corruption, extor- tion, and even torture, were fostered, the rates fixed on the better soils were gradually lowered, while those on the poorer became enhanced, and these rates were chargeable on areas which, through corruption or loss of record, were generally incorrect. Agri- cultural stock and capital were thus de- pleted, thousands emigrated, the residue were poverty-stricken and despairing, while the revenue barely covered the cost of collection. Goldsmid's insight and energy introduced a system the details of which were perfected by the able young men whom he drew round him, including Lieutenant (afterwards Sir George) Wingate, Bartle Frere [q. v.l, Lieu- tenants (now Generals) Davidson, Francis, and Anderson. The ' survey ' comprised all the lands in every village, which were divided into separate ' fields ' of a size to be tilled by one pair of bullocks, defined by boundary marks, which it was made penal to remove, and clearly indicated upon readily obtainable maps. Each field was then classified accord- Goldsmid Goldsmid ing to the intrinsic capabilities of its various portions, and placed in one of nine or more j classes, the whole work being carried out by a trained native staff under strict European test and supervision. The final ' assessment ' j was the personal work of Goldsmid, Wingate, or some other of the 'superintendents' whom they instituted. Individual villages were not separately dealt with, but, after careful ap- praisement of climate, agricultural skill, dis- tance of markets, means of communication, and past range of prices, a maximum rate was fixed for groups of villages, from which the rent for each field could be deduced by means of the classification. The assessment was then j guaranteed against enhancement for thirty years, and all improvements effected during I the term were secured to the holder, lie could relinquish or increase his holding, and j had a right to continue his tenure at the end of the term upon accepting the revised assess- ment to be then imposed. This system, formulated in ' Joint Reports' by Goldsmid and Wingate in 1840, and by them and Davidson in 1847, was firmly esta- blished by acts of the Bombay legislature in 1865-8 and incorporated in the Bombay reve- nue code of 1879. It has long since been ap- plied to the whole of the lands in the Bombay presidency which pay assessment to govern- ment, and has been extended to innumerable ' exempted ' landholders and chiefs at their own request. The Berars and the native state of Mysore have also adopted it. Everywhere the rents have been made less burdensome, cultivation has extended, the revenue has improved, and content has been diffused among the people. In 1865 Sir Bartle Frere inaugurated a memorial rest-house, erected by subscription, at Decksal, near where Goldsmid's survey had been begun. He spoke emphatically of | Goldsmid's nobility of character, ' playful > fancy,' and ' inexhaustible wit,' and asserted that neither Sir James Outram nor General | John Jacob had a more absolute control over the affections of the natives. With reference to the survey and asssessment, he said ' the name of Mr. Goldsmid will live, in connec- tion with that great work, in the grateful re- collections of the simple cultivators of these districts long after the most costly monument we could erect to his memory would have perished.' [Official correspondence on the Revenue Ser- vice and Assessment of the Bombay Presidency, 1850 ; Survey and Settlement Manual, compiled by order of the Government, Bombay, 1882; Land Assessments of India, Bombay Quarterly Review, July 1855; The Deccan Ryots, by H. Oreen, 1852; Bombay Times, 20 Feb. 1855; Speech by Sir Bartle Frere, Governor of Bombay, 4 Oct. 1864 ; personal knowledge.] T. C. H. * GOLDSMID, SIR ISAAC LYON (1778- 1859), financier and philanthropist, of Jewish race and religion, was born in London on 13 Jan. 1778. His father, Asher Goldsmid, a bullion broker, was brother of Abraham Goldsmid [q. v.] Isaac Goldsmid, after a careful education, entered the firm of Mo- catta & Goldsmid, bullion brokers to the Bank of England and to the East India Company. As bullion broker he was then, ipso facto, a member of the Stock Exchange, where up till 1828 only twelve Jewish brokers were admitted. He married, on 29 April 1804, Isabel, daughter of Abraham Goldsmid, his father's brother. As a financier Goldsmid gradually rose to considerable eminence and ultimately amassed a large fortune. His most extensive financial operations were connected with Portugal, Brazil, and Turkey, and for his services in settling an intricate monetary dispute between Portugal and Brazil he was created by the Portuguese government Baron da Palmeira in 1846. Goldsmid was, however, much more than a mere financier. The main effort of his life was spent in the cause of Jewish emancipation ; he was also a prom inent worker for unsectarian education and social reforms, ' He was closely allied,' says Mr. Hyde Clarke, ' with the utilitarian and, at that time, radical school.' He took a prominent part in the foundation, in 1825, of University College, then called the University of London. While success was still doubtful, Goldsmid gave the necessary impetus by a prompt acquisition of the desired site in Gower Street ' at his own risk and that of two colleagues, Mr. John Smith and Mr. Benjamin Shaw, whom he persuaded to join in the responsibility ' ( Uni- versity College Report for 1859). In 1834 he gave energetic help in the establishment of the University College or North London Hos- pital, and served as its treasurer from 1839 till 1857. With Mrs. Elizabeth Fry and Peter Bedford, Goldsmid was a zealous fellow- worker for the reform of the penal code and the improvement of prisons. Robert Owen, the socialist, in his autobiography, speaks of his long intimacy with Goldsmid and the inte- rest he displayed in the system of New Lanark (Life of Robert Owen, 1857, i. 150). The cause of Jewish emancipation had Goldsmid's entire devotion. Through his un- flagging energy the Jewish Disabilities Bill was introduced by Sir(then Mr.) Robert Grant [q. v.l in 1830. The bill was thrown out in the House of Commons on its second reading, but was reintroduced in the reformed parlia- ment in 1833, when it was passed by large ma- G 2 Goldsmith Goldsmith jorities. For many subsequent years the bill was rejected in the upper house. Neverthe- less it was Goldsmid's exertions in the early years of the struggle, whereby many promi- nent liberal members of both houses and a few conservatives were induced to take a warm interest in the question, that ultimately secured its success. In 1833 the bill was so closely connected with his name that Sir Robert Inglis declared that ' the title of the bill ought to be " a bill to enable an hon. gentleman to come from the lobby into the body of the house " ' (HANSARD, Par/. Debates, July 1833, p. 1079). Goldsmid's public ser- vices and his labours for the Jews Disabilities Bill brought him into relations with several liberal statesmen. Besides the original mover of the bill, Sir R. Grant, there was no more zealous friend of Goldsmid and his cause than the third Lord Holland. When, in 1841, Goldsmid's name was included among the baronets created by Lord Melbourne's out- foing ministry, the distinction, then for the rst time conferred upon a Jew, was greatly due to the well-known wish of Lord Holland, who had died in the previous year. Gold- smid died on 27 April 1859. His son Francis Henry [q. v.] succeeded to the baronetcy. His eldest daughter, ANNA MARIA GOLDSMID (1805-1889), philanthropist, was educated under Thomas Campbell, the poet ; was the friend of Lord Brougham, Robert Owen, Mendelssohn, and Sir Moses Montefiore; gave large sums to charity, and was deeply interested in educational questions. She died 8 Feb. 1889, aged 84, leaving some of Campbell's manuscripts to the British Mu- seum. She published the following transla- tions : 1. ' Twelve Sermons,' by Salomon Gotthold (1839). 2. « Developments of the Religious Idea in Judaism,' by Philippsohn (1855). 3. ' The Deicides. Analysis of the Life of Jesus by J. Cohen of Marseilles ' (1872). 4. ' Educational Code of Prussia,' 1872 (Times, 19 Feb. 1889; Brit. Mus. Cat.) [Memoir of Sir Isaac Goldsmid, by Mr. Hyde Clarke, in Banker's Mag. June 1859, pp. 375-82, July 1859, pp. 449-57, April 1860, pp. 220-4 ; Jewish Chronicle, 6 May and 17 June 1859 ; private information.] C. G. M. GOLDSMITH, FRANCIS (1613-1655), translator of Grotius, son and heir of Fran- cis Goldsmith of St. Giles's-in-the-Fields, Middlesex, and grandson of Sir Francis Gold- smith of Crayford, Kent, was born on 25 March 1613, and entered the Merchant Taylors' school in September 1627, during the master- ship of Dr. Nicholas Gray. He became a gentleman-commoner of Pembroke College, Oxford, in 1629, but migrated to St. John's College, where he t ook his degree . On leaving- Oxford he entered at Gray's Inn and studied law for some years, but finally retreated to his estate at Ashton in Northamptonshire. He married Mary, the daughter of Richard Scott of Little Lees, Essex, and by her had two sons and one daughter, Catherine. He died on 29 Aug. 1655, and is buried with his wife and daughter in Ashton Church. G. Baker (Hist, of Northamptonshire, ii. 127) gives the inscriptions on their graves. Gold- smith occupied his leisure by translating por- tions of the works of Hugo Grotius. In 1647 there appeared in London ' Hugonis Grotii Baptizatorum Puerorum Institutio, Alternis Interrogationibus et Responsionibus,' with a Greek translation by Christopher Wase of King's College, Cambridge, and an English translation by Goldsmith. The book, which was to be used at Eton, has a Latin dedica- tion by Nicholas Gray to John Hales, and an epistle in English, also by Gray, 'to his loving and beloved scholars,' Goldsmith and Wase. The fourth edition in 1655 con- tained portraits of Grotius and Goldsmith. There were editions in 1662 and 1668. In 1652 Goldsmith published ' Hugo Grotius his Sophompaneas, or Joseph. A Tragedy, with Annotations. By Francis Goldsmith, Esq.,' 8vo, n. d. At the end of the tragedy, which takes up forty-two pages, come more than fifty pages of annotations, ' gleaned out of the rich crops of Grotius and Vossius them- selves,' added ' for the satisfaction of the Printer ... to increase the bulk.' The notes close with a translation of the poem, ' Som- nium Dramaticum Synesii Jumoris, Cogno- mento Chirosophi.' Then follows a new title, ' Hugo Grotius, his Consolatory Oration to his Father. Translated out of the Latine Verse and Prose. With Epitaphs, &c. By F. G.' The epitaphs indicate that the author lost two sons. An elaborate description of the whole volume, with a specimen of the verse of the translation, is given in Corser's ' Collectanea Anglo-Poetica,' vii. 17. [Besides the authorities cited see C. J. Robin- son's Register of Merchant Taylors' School, i. 122 ; Hasted's Kent, i. 208 (where the date of birth is given as 1612); Wood s Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 400, 505.] R. B. GOLDSMITH, HUGH COL VILL (1789- 1841), lieutenant in the navy, son of Henry, son of the eldest brother of Oliver Goldsmith the author [q. v.] A brother, Charles Gold- smith, was a commander in the navy (1795- 1854). Hugh was born at St. Andrews, New Brunswick, on 2 April 1789, and having served his time as a midshipman in the navy was promoted to the rank of lieutenant on 27 Jan. 1809. After the peace he seems to Goldsmith Goldsmith have been employed chiefly in the preventive service, and in 1824 commanded the Nimble revenue cutter on the coast of Cornwall. On 8 April, landing near the headland called Trereen Castle in search of some smuggled goods, he went up to look at the Logan Rock, a rocking stone which weighs about eighty tons ; and being told that ' it was not in the power of man to remove it,' he took it into his head to try. Accordingly, when his boat had finished dragging for the suspected goods, he called his men up and tried to move the stone with three hand- spikes. These were of no avail ; they were therefore laid aside, and the nine men, taking hold of the rock by the edge, without great difficulty set it in a rocking motion, which became so great that to try to stop it seemed dangerous, lest it should fall back on the men. So it presently rocked itself off its pivot, falling away about thirty-nine inches, and lying inclined on the adjacent rocks. According to Goldsmith's positive statement, in a letter to his mother written a few days afterwards (Household Words, 1852, vi. 234), he had no intention or thought of doing mis- chief. He did not know of the value placed on the rock by the neighbourhood, and was thunderstruck when he found the uproar that his deed occasioned. As soon, however, as he realised the way in which his exploit was regarded, he determined to do what he could to replace the stone. The admiralty lent him tackles, sheers, capstans, and men. The work began on 29 Oct., and on Tuesday, 2 Nov., the stone was again in its place, rock- ing as before, though whether better or worse is disputed. Lithographed views of the pro- cess of replacing the stone were published at Penzance in 1824. Many common state- ments about the matter are authoritatively denied. Goldsmith was never promoted, and as lieutenant commanding the Megaera died at sea off St. Thomas in the West Indies on 8 Oct. 1841. [Gent. Mag. 1824, vol. xciv. pt. i. pp. 363, 430; Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub. i. 184; Household Words, vi. 234 ; Stockdale's Excursion (small edition), p. 184; The Golden Chersonese, or the Logan Rock Restored, by an Officer of the Royal Navy (Penzance, 1824, 12mo), is a detailed and somewhat technical account of the restora- tion.] J. K. L. GOLDSMITH, LEWIS (1763 P-1846), political writer and journalist, was of Portu- guese-Jewish extraction, and was probably born at Richmond, Surrey. He is said to have been educated at Merchant Taylors' School. Though trained for the legal pro- fession in a solicitor's office in London, he never practised in England. An ardent sym- pathiser with the French revolution, and a freemason initiated into the mysteries of the Illuminati, he was in Germany in 1792, wit- nessed the recapture of Frankfort by the Hes- sians, and was denounced, as he says, by the British ambassador for arrest, but, having received timely warning, repaired to Ham- burg, and thence to Poland. He was a spec- tator of the struggle of 1793, was commis- sioned by Kosciusko to write to Lord Stan- i hope and to a Mr. S. (Sheridan ?) soliciting 1 British intervention, and on the suppression of the Polish rising went to Holland. He is said to have been connected with the ' Al- bion,' a newspaper friendly to France, started in 1799, but his name does not appear in it. In 1801 he published ' The Crimes of Cabinets, or a Review of the Plans and Aggressions for Annihilating the Liberties of France, and the Dismemberment of her Territories.' Ap- prehensive of a prosecution for this attack upon the war with France, he went to Paris in the summer of 1802, intending to start an English magazine, and returned to London to confer with booksellers, but was asked by Otto, with whom he was on intimate terms, to go back to Paris and dissuade the govern- ment from demanding the muzzling of the English press. Talleyrand there introduced him to Napoleon, by arrangement with whom he established ' The Argus, or London re- viewed in Paris.' The title was evidently borrowed from his friend Sampson Perry's ' Argus,' which Perry, on retiring to France in 1792, contemplated continuing at Paris. It appeared three times a week, and aimed at circulation in England. Goldsmith states that in February 1803, on refusing to insert articles vilifying the English royal family and government, he was arrested, was incar- cerated for forty-eight hours in a loathsome cell, was then taken to Dieppe in the hope that Peltier would be given up in exchange for him, and had just cleared the harbour when counter orders arrived, whereupon he was taken back to Paris, and was invited to resume the editorship. This he declined, but he accepted a mission to bribe German statesmen, and to obtain from the future Louis XVIII a renunciation of claims on France in return for the throne of Poland. On Louis's refusal, Goldsmith says he re- ceived fresh instructions to kidnap him, and to kill him if he resisted, which instructions he disobeyed, but remained some months at Warsaw, and conveyed a warning to Louis that his life was not safe, whereupon the prince quitted the town. Goldsmith, though reproached by Napoleon for not executing this ' mission of blood,' was still employed by him, was once entrusted with two million Goldsmith 86 Goldsmith francs to be employed in bribery, and was compelled to follow Napoleon to Boulogne, in order that Austria might be deluded by the pretended expedition against England. He was present at the battle of Eylau, and his occasional missions lasted from February 1803 to June 1807. During this period he was interpreter to the Paris tribunals, and in 1805 he prepared a French translation of Blackstone, which, though inadvertently commended by the ' Moniteur,' was angrily suppressed by Napoleon. Long anxious to leave France, he was allowed in 1809 to em- bark at Dunkirk in a vessel bound for Ame- rica, which, however, landed him at Dover. In England he ' suffered some temporary in- convenience and restraint [imprisonment in Tothill Fields], but had reason to be satisfied with the treatment of the English govern- ment, and to thank God that he was born within the pale of the English constitution.' By this time he had become effectually cured of his sympathies with republicanism, and had formed a rooted antipathy to Napoleon and his plans. He became a notary in London, pub- lished in 1809 an ' Exposition of the Conduct of France towards America,' and in January 1811 established a Sunday newspaper, 'The Anti-Gallican Monitor and Anti-Corsican Chronicle,' which, with altered titles ('Anti- Corsican Monitor ' in 1814, and ' British Moni- tor ' in 1818), was continued till 1825. Gold- smith's denunciations, not only of the French revolution, but of English sympathisers, pro- voked fierce recriminations. He had cross actions for libel with Perry, who, he says, was suborned by Napoleon to give garbled extracts from his correspondence during his missions. Perry, being shown to be the aggressor, was awarded a farthing damages, whereupon Goldsmith dropped his own suit. His proposal in 1811 for a subscription for set- ting a price on Napoleon's head was brought before the House of Lords by Earl Grey, was reprobated by the government, who promised if possible to bring the author to condign punishment, and was consequently aban- doned. Goldsmith, however, subsequently issued an appeal to the Germans in favour of tyrannicide. In 1 81 1 he published the ' Secret History of the Cabinet of Bonaparte,' and ' Recueil des Manifestos, or a Collection of the Decrees, &c., of Napoleon Bonaparte,' and in 1812 the ' Secret History of Bona- part's Diplomacy.' The charges of debauchery and unscrupulousness brought by him against Napoleon have found at least partial credence with recent writers. Napoleon certainly winced under these attacks, and, according to Goldsmith, offered him 200,OOOA in 1812 to discontinue them. About 1813 Goldsmith was introduced to Louis XVIII, whose re- storation he warmly advocated. In 1814 he translated Carnot's ' Memorial,' and in 1815 he published ' An Appeal to the Govern- ments of Europe on the necessity of bringing Napoleon Bonaparte to a public trial.' After Waterloo he advocated an alliance with France as England's natural ally, and de- clared that the three Eastern powers, the par- titioners of Poland, had in a great degree de- served his early strictures. He visited Paris in May 1818, and again in November 1819, when a French paper denounced him as having calumniated the army in his ' Cabi- net of Bonaparte.' Goldsmith repudiated the French translation of that book as contain- ing interpolations and blunders, but found it necessary to recross the Channel. His news- paper, latterly a warm supporter of Robert Owen, having been given up 3 April 1825, Goldsmith returned to Paris, where, his dis- claimer of the translation being accepted, or resentments having died out, he suffered no molestation. He was interpreter to the Tri- bunal of Commerce till 1831, founded the short-lived Paris ' Monitor,' and published in 1832 ' Statistics of France,' so good a digest that a French translation appeared the follow- ing year. In 1837 his only child, Georgiana, married Lord Lyndhurst [see COPLEY, JOHN SINGLETON, the younger]. A sketch of Barere, with whom he was intimate in 1802-9, which appeared in the' Times ' of 1841, is attributed to Goldsmith by Barere's biographer, Carnot. He died of paralysis at Paris on 6 Jan. 1846. The ' Times ' stated that he was seventy-three or seventy-four, but contemporaries describe him as in extreme old age. He had latterly been solicitor to the British embassy, and had charge of the letters and packages for English residents, which in those days of high postage were franked to the embassy. [Biographical matter scattered over his news- paper and pamphlets ; Parl. Hist. 24 June 1811 ; Biog. des Homines Vivants, 1817.] J. OK A. GOLDSMITH, OLIVER (1728-1774), poet, second son and fifth child of Charles Goldsmith, by his wife, Ann, daughter of the Rev. Oliver Jones, master of the diocesan school at Elphin, was born at Pallas, near Ballymahon, Longford, 10 Nov. 1728 (PRIOR, i. 14). Charles Goldsmith, married in 1718,. was at this time curate to the rector of Kil- kenny West. He also farmed a few fields. His other children were Margaret (b. 1719) ; Catherine, bom 13 Jan. 1721 (Mrs. Hodson); Henry, born 9 Feb. 1722 or 1723, died in May 1768 ; Jane, born before Oliver ; Maurice, born 7 July 1736; Charles, born 16 Aug. 1737 ; and John, born 1740. In 1730 Charles Goldsmith Goldsmith Goldsmith became rector of Kilkenny West and settled at Lissoy. Oliver learnt his letters from a Mrs. Delap, who thought him ' impenetrably stupid.' When six years old he was sent to the village school kept by an old soldier, Thomas Byrne, described in the ' Deserted Village.' Goldsmith, though bad at his lessons, read chapbooks, listened to the ballads of the peasantry, and made his first attempts at rhyme. His sister, Mrs. Hodson, says that he was always scribbling verses before he could write legibly {Percy Memoir, p. 4). A bad attack of small-pox, which left a permanent disfigurement, inter- rupted his schooling, and he was afterwards placed under a Mr. Griffin at Elphin school, where he began to be noticed for his clever- ness. His father's means were strained by the cost of keeping the eldest son Henry at a classical school. Relations now came for- ward and enabled Oliver to be placed about 1739 at a school in Athlone ; whence, two years later, he was moved to the school of Patrick Hughes in Edgeworthstown, Long- ford. The local poets, O'Carolan and Law- rence Whyte, whose songs were popular in the country, are supposed to have interested Goldsmith, who was now showing decided promise. When finally going home he was sent (as his sister says) by a Tony Lumpkin of the district to a gentleman's house on pre- tence that it was an inn. The incident sug- gested, if it is not derived from, the plot of ' She stoops to conquer ' (PRIOR, i. 47; cf. Gent. Mag. 1820, p. 620). His brother Henry had married early, after obtaining a scholarship at Trinity College, Dublin, and set up a school near his father. One of Henry's pupils, the son of a rich neighbour, Daniel Hodson, pri- vately married his sister Catherine. The elder Goldsmith, to show that he had not been in- triguing for a rich son-in-law, engaged to pay a marriage portion of 400/. to his daugh- ter. The sum, which was double the annual income of the rectory, made economy ne- cessary. It was therefore decided that Oliver should go to Trinity as a sizar, his brother having been a pensioner. He was only in- duced to submit by the persuasion of Thomas Contarine, husband of his father's sister, who had already helped to educate him and was a friend through life. Goldsmith was entered at Trinity College 11 June 1744. He was a contemporary, but probably not an acquaint- ance, of Edmund Burke. His tutor was the Rev. Theaker Wilder, an able mathematician and a man of some good qualities, but always harsh, and at times brutal. Goldsmith felt the humiliations of a sizar's position, and dis- liked the mathematical and logical studies. His father died early in 1747. By the help of Contarine and other relations he was al"J^° to struggle on, but he had often to pawn hi J books, and occasionally earned a little b *{* writing street-ballads which he sold for 5t apiece. In May 1747 he was admonished for abetting a riot, in which some bailiff'' were ducked in the college cistern, the fou ^ ringleaders being expelled. In June 1747 IN*" tried for a scholarship, and though he failecfl obtained a Smyth exhibition of about 30s. a' year. He gave a supper and a dance to cele-» brate his success, when his tutor entered the room in a rage and administered ' personal chastisement. Goldsmith sold his books and* ran away to Cork, but want of funds com-' pelled him to return to his brother Henry, ' who patched up a reconciliation with the' tutor. His later career, though not distinguished, was so far successful that he obtained the B.A. degree 27 Feb. 1749. A pane of glass on which he had scrawled his name is now preserved in the manuscript room of Trinity College. His brother was still living at Pallas ; his mother was in a small house at Ballymahon ; and his sister, Mrs. Hodson, with her husband at Lissoy. His mother died in 1770, blind and poor. Prior (ii. 299) sufficiently refutes a story told by Northcote {Life of Reynolds, i. 211) which suggests a want of feeling in her son's conduct. Gold- smith for some time led an unsettled life, occasionally helping in his brother's school, or joining in sport with his brother-in-law. He declined to take orders, or, according to one story, the bishop to whom he presented himself had heard of college pranks <»r was shocked by his ' scarlet breeches.' He haunted the inn at Ballymahon, told stories, played the flute, and threw the hammer at\ village sports. His uncle Contarine got him \ a tutorship with a Mr. Flinn. Tired of this, he started, provided with a horse and 301. ; sold the horse at Cork to pay for a passage to America. Then he missed his ship, and after various adventures got home without a penny, and with a wretched hack in place of his horse. Prior (i. 119) gives a letter from Goldsmith containing this story, which, howeArer, reads suspiciously like the fragment, of a novel. Contarine next supplied Gold- smith with 50/. to start as a lawyer in Lon- don; and Goldsmith returned after losing the money at a Dublin gaming-house. At last, by the help of his uncle, brother, and sister, he was enabled to start for Edinburgh to study medicine. He arrived there in the autumn of 1752. On 13 Jan. 1753 he became a member of a students' club called 'The Medical Society.' He sang Irish songs, told good stories, made many friends, and wrote Goldsmith 88 Goldsmith f ers which already show his characteristic £le. He made a trip to the highlands in .e spring of 1753, but the Scots and their mntry were not very congenial to his tastes. .e speaks with respect of Alexander Monro, ;e professor of anatomy, but soon decided to lish his studies on the continent. At the id of 1753 he started, intending to go to aris and Leyden. He was released by two •iends, Sleigh and Lauchlan Macleane [q. v.], •omadebt incurred on behalf of a friend, and iiled for Bordeaux. The ship was driven into Newcastle, where Goldsmith went ashore vith some companions, and the whole party vas arrested on suspicion of having been en- isting for the French service in Scotland. joldsmith was in prison for a fortnight, luring which the ship sailed and was lost with all the crew. He found another ship sailing for Rotterdam, took a passage and went to Leyden. Here he was befriended by a fellow-countryman named Ellis. He soon set off on a fresh journey, stimulated perhaps by the precedent of Baron Holberg (1684- 1754), whose travels he describes in his ' Polite Learning ' (ch. v.) Ellis lent him a small sum, which he spent upon some bulbs for his uncle Contarine. He started with ' one clean shirt ' and next to no money. The accounts given of his travels are of doubtful authenticity. They have been con- structed from the story of George Primrose in the ' Vicar of Wakefield,' assumed to be autobiographical from occasional hints in his books, and from reports of his conversa- tion and missing letters. Goldsmith pro- bably amused himself with travellers' tales, taken too seriously by his friends. He started ahout February 1755 ; his biographers trace Jiim to Louvain, to Paris, Strasburg, Ger- many, and Switzerland; thence to Italy, where he is supposed to have visited Venice, and to have studied at Padua for ' six months ' ( Works, 1812, i. 36), to Carinthia (mentioned in the ' Traveller '), and back through France to England, landing at Dover 1 Feb. 1756. He is said to have acted as tutor to a stingy pupil, either from Paris to Switzerland, or from Geneva to Marseilles ; but he travelled chiefly on foot, paying for the hospitality of peasants by playing on his flute. In Italy, where every peasant played better than him- self, he supported himself by disputing at universities or convents. It seems very improbable that Goldsmith could have dis- puted to any purpose, or that disputation was then at all profitable. Perhaps the anecdote was suggested by ' the Admirable Crichton.' He is reported to have taken the M.B. degree at Louvain (GLOVER), or again at Padua (M'Donnell in PRIOR, ii. 346). He says in his ' Polite .Learning ' (ch. viii.) and 'Percy' that he had heard chemical lectures in Paris, and in No. 2 of the ' Bee ' he describes the acting of Mile. Clairon. In the ' Animated Nature ' (v. 207) he speaks of walks round Paris, of havingflushed woodcocks on the Jura in June and July, and of having seen theRhine frozen at SchafFhausen. He speaks of hearing Voltaire talk in 'his house at Monrion,' near Lausanne, and in his ' Life of Voltaire ' gives a detailed account of a conversation at Paris between Voltaire, Diderot, and Fontenelle. Voltaire was certainly in Switzerland during the whole of 1755, and Goldsmith may have seen him at Monrion ; but Diderot was cer- tainly at Paris ; Fontenelle, then aged 98, could not possibly have taken the part de- scribed by Goldsmith ; and the conversation, for which Goldsmith vouches, must be set down as pure fiction. He was no doubt in Switzerland, Padua, and Paris ; but all details are doubtful. He reached London in great destitution. Stories are told that he tried acting (pro- bably an inference from his ' Adventures of a Strolling Player ' in the ' British Magazine '), and that he was usher in a country school (T. CAMPBELL, Historical Survey of South of Ireland, pp. 286-9). He became assistant to a chemist named Jacob on Fish Street Hill. After a time he met his friend Dr. Sleigh, who received him kindly, and he managed to set up as a physician in Bankside, Southwark. He told a friend (PRIOR, i. 215) that he ' was doing very well ; ' but his dress was tarnished and his shirt a fortnight old. Reynolds (t'A.) repeated an anecdote of the pains which he took to carry his hat so as to conceal a patch in his coat. From the statement of an old Edinburgh friend (Dr. Farr) it appears that he had written a tragedy, which he had shown to Richardson, and that he had a scheme for travelling to Mount Sinai, to de- cipher the ' written mountains.' A salary of 300/. per annum had been left for the purpose. Boswell says that he had been a corrector of the press, possibly to Richardson. About the end of 1 756 he became usher in a school at Peckham kept by Dr. Milner, a dissenting minister, whose daughter and one of whose pupils, Samuel Bishop, preserved a few tradi- tions of his flute-playing, his fun with the boys, and his pecuniary imbecility. Milner's son had known Goldsmith at Edinburgh, and Dr. Milner wanted an assistant, on account of an illness which proved fatal not long after (Percy Memoir, p. 45). At Milner's house he met a bookseller named Griffiths, proprietor of the ' Monthly Review,' one of the chief perio- dicals of the day. Early in 1757 he agreed to lodge with Griffiths, and work for the review Goldsmith Goldsmith at an ' adequate salary.' He contributed many miscellaneous articles from April to Septem- ber 1757, the last being a review of Gray's ' Odes ' in September 1757. He also reviewed Home's ' Douglas,' Burke's ' On the Sublime and Beautiful,' Smollett's ' History,' and AVilkie's 'Epigoniad.' Both Griffiths and his wife edited his papers remorselessly, and Goldsmith became disgusted. He probably contributed to other papers, and was engaged in a translation of the 'Memoirs of Jean Marteilhe' of Bergerac, which was published by Griffiths and Dilly in February 1758. After leaving Griffiths he returned for a time to Dr. Milner. A letter to his brother-in-law, Hod- son, of December 1757 says that he was making a shift to live by a ' very little practice as a physician, and a very little reputation as a poet.' Hisyounger brother Charles was paying him a visit, prompted by an erroneous impres- sion of his prosperity, which soon terminated. Three letters, written in August 1 758 to friends in Ireland, show that he was trying to get sub- scribers for his essay ' On the Present State of Taste and Literature in Europe,' which was then going through the press. He was still hoping to obtain an appointment as phy- sician and surgeon to a factory on the coast of Coromandel. The appointment was ob- tained through Milner. He would have a salary of 100/. a year, and the practice was worth 1,000/. His book was to pay for his passage. On 21 Dec. 1758 he was examined at Surgeoiis' Hall for a certificate as ' hospital mate ' and found ' not qualified.' Although his hoFes of the Indian appointment survived for a/time (PRIOK, i. 297), he was henceforth doojned to be a literary hack. Joldsmith had borrowed a suit of clothes rom Griffiths in order to appear decem-ly be- fore his examiners. He contributed in return four articles to the December number of the ' Monthly Review ' to show his gratitude. Goldsmith was driven to pawn these clothes, and Griffiths suspected him of having also disposed of some books which (as Goldsmith declared) were not pawned, but were ' in the custody of a friend from whom he had bor- rowed some money.' A letter to Griffiths pro- mising repayment (PRIOR, i. 286) in January 1759 appears to have led to some reconcilia- tion. Goldsmith wrote a catchpenny ' Life of Voltaire,' for which Griffiths paid 201., \ and which was advertised for publication in February. It ultimately came out in the i 4 Lady's Magazine ' (edited by Goldsmith) in 1761. An attack upon Goldsmith, however, appeared in the ' Monthly Review ' on the , appearance of his ' Polite Literature,' written | by Kenrick, who had succeeded him as writer ! of -all work for Griffiths. Although some apology was afterwards made, cordiality wno never restored. Goldsmith had now taken a lodging n 12 Green Arbour Court, between the 0* Bailey and Fleet ^ Market, a small yard aJ proached by ' Breakneck Steps.' A print '" it is in the ' European Magazine ' for J anua:7 1803 (partially reproduced in FORSTER, 187*~ i. 154). The court was destroyed by tla London, Chatham, and Dover Railway (for > description see Notes and Quei-ies, 3rd ser. vi> 233). Here he used to collect the childre' to dance to his flute, and made friends with ; clever watchmaker . He was beginning to wii some reputation as a writer. The ' Enquirj into the Present State of Polite Learning ii E urope' appeared in AprUJl759. The infor- mation is. of course, acquired for the nonce. I The book snows pessimistic views as to the state of literature, wnicli is naturally attri- buted to the inadequate remuneration of , authors. It attracted some notice, and some useful visitors came to Green Arbour Court. Among them was Thomas Percy [q. v.], after- wards bishop of Dromore, who had been intro- duced to Goldsmith by James Grainger [q.v.J, a contributor to the 'Monthly Review.' Percy was collecting materials for the ' Reliques,' , and Goldsmith shared his love of old ballads. Percy found only one chair in Goldsmith's room, and a neighbour sent a child during his visit to borrow ' a chamberpot full of coals.' Smollett, another acquaintance, was at this time connected with the ' Critical Review,' to which Goldsmith contributed a few articles in 1757-9, and in 1760 starte^ the ' British Magazine,' for which Goldsmit8 also wrote. He was employed on three periodicals started in this year, the ' Lady*! Magazine,' the ' Bee,' and the ' Busybody,' of which the first numbers appeared on 1, 6, and 9 Oct. 1759 respectively. The 'Bee' only lasted through eight weekly numoers,' of which lioldsmith was the principal if not the sole author. His contributions to the ' British Magazine ' in 1760 are said to have included ' The History of Mrs. Stanton,' which has been regarded as the germ of the ' Vicar of Wakefield.' Mr. Austin Dobson, with apparent reason, doubts the authorship. He left the ' British Magazine ' for a time to edit the ' Lady's Magazine,' but appears to have afterwards contributed a series of ar- ticles on the ' Belles-Lettres, which began in July 1761, and continued with intervals until 1763. Another periodical to which he contributed was Dodd's ' Christian Maga- zine.' Goldsmith had formed a more important connection with John Newbery, bookseller, in St. Paul's Churchyard. He is mentioned Goldsmith Goldsmith the ' Vicar of Wakefield' (ch. xviii.) as the hilanthropic bookseller ' who has ' written many little books for children.' Newbery arted the ' Public Ledger,' a newspaper of hich the first number appeared 12 Jan. '60. He engaged Goldsmith for 100J. a ?ar to contribute papers twice a week. ohnson was at the same time writing the Idler ' for another paper of Newbery's, the Universal Chronicle.' The first of Gold- tnith's papers, called the ' Chinese Letters,' ppeared on 24 Jan. They continued during ;he year, in which ninety-eight letters ap- jeared in all. He afterwards used some of ;hem, together with his ' Life of Voltaire,' in ;he ' Lady's Magazine,' which occupied much rf his time in 1761. The ' Chinese Letters,' which were printed in 2 vols. 12mo in 1762 as ' The Citizen of the World,' raised Goldsmith's reputation. He inserted some of his other anonymous essays. Th^y ""ntain m".y descriptions of character, which, if piirpag'gpH hy ~ weresurpassed by no other writer of, the time. His position improved as his reputa- tion rose, and he moved in 1760 to superior lodgings at No. 6 Wine Office Court, Fleet Street, where he lodged with one of Newbery's connections. He had paid a compliment to Johnson in the fifth number of the ' Bee,' and on 31 May 1761 Johnson came to a supper at Goldsmith's lodgings, dressed with scrupu- lous neatness, because, as he told Percy, he had heard that he had been quoted by Gold- k.mith as a precedent for slovenly habits. frJoldsmith was generally more inclined to k*ivishness in the matter of tailors' bills. H bout this time, on the accession of Bute *'o office (PRIOR, i. 383), Goldsmith is said to have memorialised him, asking to be sent to the East to make scientific inquiries. He also applied to Garrick to recommend him for the secretaryship of the Society of Arts,which was vacant in 1760. Garrick refused in con- sequence of passages by Goldsmith in 'Polite Literature' reflecting upon his theatrical management (ib. p. 379). During 1762 Goldsmith did various pieces of hackwork for Newbery. He wrote a pam- phlet on the Cock Lane ghost for 31. 3s. ; a ' History of Mecklenburgh,' the country of the new queen, Charlotte ; and he began a 'Compendium of Biography,' based upon Plutarch's ' Lives.' Seven volumes appeared during the year, the last two volumes of which were probably compiled by a hack named Collyer. Goldsmith's health jtvas weak at this period, and be visited- Bath. aving for his exppnsesr it. is t.n ha hoped. aF Nash (published 14 Oct. 1762), for which he received fourteen guineas. Prior estimates his whole income for 1762 at under 120^. At the end of 1762 he moved to Islington. Newbery occupied a room in the old tower of Canonbury House in that parish (descrip- tion and engraving in WELSH, A Bookseller of the last Century,}). 46); and Goldsmith lodged with a Mrs. Elizabeth Fleming, paying 50/. a year for his board and lodging. He worked for Newbery at a variety of odd jobs, writing prefaces, correcting the press, and so forth, though Newbery's advances during the year previous to October 1763 exceeded the amount due for ' Copy of different kinds,' namely, 63/.,by 487. \s. Qd., for which Goldsmith gave a promissory note dated 11 Oct. 1763. On 17 Dec. he borrowed twenty-five guineas from Newbery. According to one story he needed the money for an excursion to Yorkshire, in the course of which the ' Vicar of Wakefield ' was suggested by some incident. He was absent from Islington, as his bills show, during the first quarter of 1764. ' A History of England in a Series of Letters from a Nobleman to his Son,' in 2 vols. 12mo, for which Goldsmith received some 507. (PRIOR, i. 498), appeared in June 1764 anonymously, and was attributed to many eminent writers. About this time be hpp.fl.mft nne of the ori- ginal nine members nf .Inhngnn'g fammis r.liih . which met during his life at, t*»p TnrV'g Head, Gerrard Street, Soho. Hawkins, an original memberpsays that • we ' considered him ' as a mere literary drudge.' The election was no doubt due to Johnson's gnnrl opining who told Boswell in June 1763 that Goldsmith was ' one of the first men we now have as an author.' The opinion, then esoteric, be- came general on the publication of the ' Tra- veller,' 19 Dec. 1764, inscribed to his brother Henry, to whom he had sent some portions from Switzerland. Four editions appeared during 1765, a fifth in 1768, a sixth (the last revised by the author) in 1770, and a ninth in 1774. He received twenty guineas for it on publication, and probably an additional twenty guineas on its success. Johnson de- clared in the ' Critical Review ' that it would not be easy to find its equal since the death of Pope. He also contributed a few lines (' nine,' as he told Boswell), and was there- fore supposed to have written more. The ' Traveller' owes something to Johnson's own didactic poems, and something to Addison's ' Letter from Italy.' But Johnson's eulogy is fully deserved, and the ' Traveller ' is still . among the most perfect examples of its style. The ' Traveller ' brought him the acquaint- ance of Robert Nugent (afterwards Viscount Clare), and it seems that Nugent introduced him to the Earl of Northumberland, lord- Goldsmith 91 Goldsmith lieutenant of Ireland from April 1763 till April 1765. Hawkins (Johnson, p. 419) states that Northumberland offered to help Gold- smith in Ireland, and that this ' idiot in the affairs of the world ' only recommended his brother Henry, and preferred for himself to depend upon the booksellers. His lamentable indifference, says this stern censor, confined him to one patron (Lord Clare), whom he occasionally visited. Northumberland (to whom Goldsmith's friend Percy was chap- lain) did not return to Ireland, and there- fore, perhaps, did nothing for Goldsmith. Percy (p. 66) says that Goldsmith was con- fused on this or some other occasion by mis- taking the groom of the chambers for the nobleman. In any case, Goldsmith continued to be on friendly terms with him, and sent his ballad ' Edwin and Angelina' to the Countess of Northumberland, for whose amusement it was privately printed. A spiteful charge made against him in 1767 by Kenrick of stealing from Percy's ' Friar of Orders Grey ' was disposed of by Goldsmith's statement, confirmed by Percy, that ' Edwin and Ange- lina ' was the first written. In 1797 Gold- smith's ballad was asserted to have teen taken from a French poem, really a translation from Goldsmith (PRIOK, ii. 89). The ballad was first published in the ' Vicar of Wake- field/ A collection of Goldsmith's essays in 1765 proYed~tlie growth of his fame, and he tried to take Advantage of it by setting up as a physician. The cost of ' purple silk small clothes^and a ' scarlet roquelaure ' probably exceeded all that he made by fees. One of his patients preferring the advice of an apothe- cary to that of her physician, Goldsmith declared that he would prescribe no more (ib. ii. 105). The ' Vicar of Wakefield ' was published on 27 March 1766 (first editions described in Notes and Queries, 6th ser. ix. 68, xi. 268, 371). It had been kept back until the suc- cess of the ' Traveller ' had raised the author's reputation. Boswell (Johnson (Birkbeck Hill), i. 415) tells the story that Johnson was one morning called in by Goldsmith, whose landlady had arrested him for his rent. Johnson found that Goldsmith had a novel ready for press, took it to a publisher, sold it for 60/. (or guineas, ib. iii. 321), and brought back the sum, which enabled Gold- smith to pay his rent and rate his landlady. The story is told with variations and obvious inaccuracies in Mrs. Piozzi's ' Anecdotes,' p. 119, in Hawkins's ' Life of Johnson,' p. 420, and in Cumberland's ' Memoirs,' i. 372. Cooke, in the ' European Magazine,' gives a rather different version. Boswell's account, care- fully taken from Johnson's statement, is no doubt substantially accurate. Some difficulty has arisen from the discovery of Mr. Welsh that Goldsmith sold a third share in the book to Collins, a Salisbury printer, for twenty guineas on 28 Oct. 1762. It seems, how- ever, that the statements may be sufficiently harmonised if we suppose the incident de- scribed by Johnson to have taken place in Wine Office Court before the sale to Collins, and that Johnson obtained, not the full price, but an advance on account of an unfinished story. Several minute circumstances show that the book was partly written in 1762, but not completed until a later period (see AUSTIN DOBSON, pp. 110-17). The success of this masterpiece was marked and imme- diate, though its popularity is now greater than it was at first. (An ingenious attempt to identify the scenery with the district in Yorkshire visited by Goldsmith (see above) has been made by Mr. Ford's article in the < National Review,' May 1883.) Goldsmith's reputation was now esta- blished, and his circumstances improved correspondingly. Upon leaving Islington, he had taken chambers in the Temple ; first at Garden Court, afterwards in the King's Bench Walk, and finally on the second floor at 2 Brick Court, where he remained till his death. At different times he took lodgings in the country to work without interruption. In the summer of 1767 he again lodged at Islington, this time in the turret of Canon- bury House, and attended convivial meet- ings at the Crown tavern. At a later period he took lodgings at a farm near Hyde, on the Edgware road, where in 1771-4 he wrote ' She stoops to conquer,' and worked at the ' Animated Is'ature. In London his love of society, of masquerades, and probably of gaming, distracted mm trom regular work^~ GoT5gmitb_ laboured industriously at tasks which brought in regular pay, though not which brought in regular pay, though not conducive to permanent fame. He appears to Ttavirfulnlled his engagements with book- sellersjwith a punctuality hardly to be anti- from his gpnprnl Tin.hira. In Decem- ber 1766 appeared a selection of ' Poems for Young Ladies,' for which he received ten guineas ; and in April 1767 he had probably 501. (PKIOE, ii. 130) for two volumes of ' The Beauties of English Poesy,' which gave offence by the inclusion of two indelicate poems of Prior. In 1767 he engaged to write a Roman history, for which Davies offered him 250 guineas. It appeared in May 1769, and its pleasant style gave it a popularity not earned by any severe research. His lives of Parnell and Bolingbroke were published in 1770. In February 1709 he agreed to write a book for Goldsmith Goldsmith Griffin upon natural history, in eight volumes, for which he was to receive a hundred guineas a volume ; and in the following June he wrote an English history (for Davies) for which he was to have five hundred guineas. The Eng- lish history (chiefly derived from Hume) ap- peared in August 1771, and he afterwards wrote a small schoolbook on the same sub- ject, which was posthumously published. He I wrote a Greek history, for which Griffin paid him 2501. in June 1773, though it was not published till two months after his death. The payments for the 'Animated Nature' (the ultimate title of his book on natural history) were completed in June 1772. This, like the two preceding, was posthumously published. The hackwork had moro than tho ueual merit from the invariable charm of Gold- gr>vt'kJcf sty10 Happily, however, he found time for more permanent work. Early in 1767 he offered his ' Good-natured Man ' to Garrick for Drury Lane. Garrick probably retained some resentment against Goldsmith, and doubted the success of the play. A pro- posal to refer the matter to William White- head only led to a quarrel. Goldsmith then offered his play to Colman for Covent Gar- den (July 1 767). It was accepted for Christ- mas. Garrick in competition brought out Hugh Kelly's sentimental comedy, ' False Deficacy,' and Colman, who meanwhile was reconciled to Garrick, postponed Goldsmith's play till 29 Jan. 1768 (Kelly's being acted a week earlier). The reception was not en- tirely favourable. The scene with the bailiffs was hissed, and Goldsmith going to the club with Johnson professed to be in high spirits, but when left alone with his friend burst into tears and swore that he would never write again (Piozzi, pp. 244-6). The ob- noxious scene being retrenched the play went better, and ran for ten nights. The omitted scene was replaced ' by particular desire ' at Covent Garden, 3 March 1773 (GENEST, v. 372). Goldsmith made 3001. or 4001. be- sides another KXM. for the copyright. The popularity of the ' sentimental comedy ' seems to have hindered a full appreciation of Gold- smith's fun. The next triumph of Goldsmith's genius was the ' Deserted Village,' published 26 May 1770, and begun two years previously. It went through five editions at once (for first editions see Notes and Queries, 5th ser. xi. 491) ; and the only critical question since raised has been whether it is a little better than the ' Traveller ' or not quite so good. Both poems are elegant versions of the pnpu- lar declamation 01 the _ time p.gfl.ipfjtTuxury and^depopulation! Auburn in some degree represents Lissoy, and the story of an old eviction by a General Napier was probably in Goldsmith's mind. Some of the characters are obviously his old friendsi is intended to apply to England ; and the attempt to turn poems into a gazetteer is generally illusory. The statement by Glover that he received a hundred guineas and re- turned it as too much is hardly probable. 'She stoops to conquer' had been written in 1771 at Hyde. It was offered to Colman in 1772. He hesitated till January 1773, when he yielded to the pressure applied by Johnson. Column's doubts were shared by the actors, some of whom threw up their parts. It was at last performed at Covent Garden 15 March 1773. Johnson led a body of friends, including Burke and Reynolds, to the first night. Cumberland, whose inaccu- racies make all his statements doubtful, says that he was of the party, and minutely de- scribes the result (Memoirs, i. 367). In any case the success wa.R ^nrlftniahlp It an- swered, as Johnson said, the ' grgat end of comedy, making an audience merry? \Vhen Goldsmith heard from Northcote (then a pupil of Reynolds) that he had laughed ' ex- ceedingly,' ' That,' he replied, ' is all that I require.' The adherents of the sentimental comedy had forgotten the advantages of laughter ; and the success of Goldsmith's play led to their discomfiture. It ran for twelve nights, producing 400J. or 5001. for the author, and was published with a dedica- tion to his staunch supporter, Johnson. During his later years Goldsmith was widely known and beloved. His most inti- mate friends appear to have been the Hor- necks, who were Devonshire people, and known through Reynolds. The family con- sisted of a widowed mother, a son Charles, who was in the guards, and two daughters, Catherine, ' Little Comedy,' married in 1771 to Henry William Bunbury [q. v.], and Mary, ' the Jessamy Bride,' who became Mrs. Gwyn, gave recollections to Prior, and died in 1840. In 1770 he took a trip to Paris with Mrs. Horneck and her daughters. In 1771 his old enemy, Kenrick (probably), wrote an insult- ing letter to the ' London Packet ' (24 March), signed ' Tom Tickle,' abusing Goldsmith as an author, and alluding insultingly to his pas- sion for 'the lovely H k.' Goldsmith went to the shop of the publisher, Evans, and struck him with a cane. Evans returned the blow; a scuffle followed, a broken lamp covered the combatants with oil, and Gold- smith was sent home in a coach. An action was threatened, which Goldsmith compro- mised by paying 50Z. to a Welsh charity, while he relieved his feelings by writing a dignified Goldsmith 93 Goldsmith letter to the papers about the 'licentiousness' of the press. Goldsmith's friendship with Lord Clare is shown by a recorded visit to Clare at Bath in the winter of 1770-1, and by the admirable ' Haunch of Venison,' pro- bably written in the same spring. The most viyjj rUgr-riptinna pf ftnldsmith in SOCJetV are, however, to be found i^ fWwpll That Boswell had some prejudice against Gold- smith, partly dueto jealousy ot his intimacy with Johnson, talks of him with an absurd affectation of superiority, kfld dwells" too much on his foibles, is no doubt true. The portrait may be slightly caricatured ; but the substantial likeness is not doubtful. It would be as ill-judged to dispute Goldsmith's foibles as to assert that Uncle Toby was above a weakness for his hobby. doubt, often blundered in conversation ; went on without knowing- how he should come off (Johnson in BOSWELL, ii. 196), and displayed ignorance when trying to ' get in and shine.' Reynolds admitted the fact by explaining it as intended to diminish the awe which isolates an author (NORTHCOTE, i. 328). On such a question there can be no appeal from the unani- mous judgment of contemporaries. But all this is perfectly compatible with his having frequently made the excellent hits reported by Boswell. The statements that he was jealous of the admiration excited by pretty women (cf. BOSWELL, Johnson (Hill), i. 414 ; NORTHCOTE, Life of Reynolds; PRIOR, ii. 290; FORSTER, ii. 217) or puppet-shows (see CRA- DOCK:, i. 232, iv. 280) are probably exag- gerations or misunderstandings of humorous remarks. But he was clearly vain, acutely sensitive to neglect, and hostile to criticism ; fond of splendid garments, as appears from the testimony ot his tailorsMnjIs, printed by Prior] and occasionally jealous, so far as jealousy can coexist with absolute guileless- ness and freedom from the slightest tinge jjf malice^ His cnarity seems tp^ have been piished beyond the limits of prudence, ancT all who knew nun testify to the singular kindliness of his nature. According to Cra- dock (i. 232) he indulged in gambling. He was certainly not retentive of money ; but his extravagance went naturally with an ex- pansive and sympathetic character open to all social impulses. In 1773 Goldsmith was much interested in a proposed ' Dictionary of Arts and Sciences.' He drew up a prospectus and had promises of contributions from Johnson, Burke, Rey- nolds, and others. Burney had actually written the article ' Museum.' The book- sellers, however, showed a coolness which caused the scheme to drop, and depressed Goldsmith's spirits. Goldsmith was mean- while anxious, and Cradock noticed that his gaiety was forced. He was in debt and had spent the sum received for his works in ad- vance. His last poem, ' ^^"Jinf ''"",' was probably written in February 1774. It was an answer to some mock-epitaphs composed at a dinner of some of his friends at the St. James's Coffee-house — the exact circum- stances being differently stated by Cradock (i. 228) and Cumberland (i. 370), both of whom profess to have been present. Passages of Goldsmith's poem were shown to a few of his friends, but it was not published till after his death. He had gone to Hyde, where he felt ill, returned to London, and on 25 March sent for an apothecary, William Hawes, who afterwards wrote an account of his illness. In spite of Hawes's advice, he doctored himself with James's powder. Hawes called in Dr. Fordyce and Dr. Turton. Turton, thinking that his pulse was worse than it should be, asked whether his mind was at ease. Gold- smith replied ' It is not.' He was, however, calm and sometimes cheerful ; but grew weaker and died 4 April 1774. Burke burst into tears at the news, and Reynolds, his most beloved friend, gave up painting for the day. Johnson thought that the fever had been in- creased by the pressure of debt, and reports that, according to Reynolds, he ' owed not less than 2,000/.' A public funeral was abandoned, and he was_buriedin the Tempte — A wuuuwent, witna medallion b_y Nollekens and the well- known epitaph by Johnson, was erected in Westminster Abbey at the expense of the club. The benchers of the Temple placed a tablet in their church, now removed to the triforium. A stone on the north side of the Temple Church is supposed to mark his burial- place, which is not, however, certainly known. A statue by Foley was erected in 1864 in front of Trinity College, Dublin. The best portrait of Goldsmith, by Rey- nolds, is now at Knole Park, Kent. Another, painted by Reynolds for Thrale's gallery at Streatham, was bought by the Duke of Bed- ford. A copy is in the National Portrait Gal- lery. A caricature by his friend Bunbury was prefixed to the ' Haunch of Venison.' Another portrait is prefixed to the ' Poetical and Dramatic Works' (1780). A portrait attributed to Hogarth, engraved in Forster's ' Life ' (ii. 11), was in the possession of Mr. Studley Martin of Liverpool in 1877. Of Goldsmith's brothers and sisters (1) Catherine (Mrs. Hodson) survived to give information for the ' Percy Memoir; ' her son, Oliver Goldsmith Hodson, came to London about 1770, and lived partly upon his uncle and partly as an apothecary, finally settling Goldsmith 94 Goldsmith on his father's estate near Athlone; (2) Henry died at Athlone in May 1768; his widow became matron of the Meath infirmary ; a daughter, Catherine, died in Dublin about 1803 ; one son Henry was in the army, settled in Nova Scotia, died at St. John's, New Bruns- wick, and was father of Hugh Colvill Gold- smith [q. v.] ; another son, Oliver, wrote the ' Rising Village,' in imitation of his uncle ; (3) Jane married a Mr. Johnstone and died poor in Athlone ; (4) Maurice became a cabi- net-maker, administered to his brother's will, obtained a small office in 1787 (NICHOLS, Illus- trations, viii. 238), and died in 1792, leaving a widow but no children ; (5) Charles went to the West Indies after the visit to his bro- ther in 1757, and returned to England thirty- four years later ; he settled in Somers Town, went to France at the peace of Amiens, re- turned ' very poor,' and died soon afterwards ; he left a widow and two sons, who returned to the West Indies, and a daughter, married in France. Goldsmith's sister Catherine and his brother John probably died young. Percy hoped to get something for the family by publishing the ' Life and Works,' but after long disputes with publishers nothing, or next to nothing, came of it (FoRSTEE, Life, app. to vol. ii.) Goldsmith's works are: 1. ' Enquiry into the Present State of Polite Learning in Eu- rope,' 1759, 8vo. 2. 'The Bee; being essays on the most interesting subjects,' 1759 (eight weekly essays, 6 Oct. to 24 Nov.), 12mo. 3. 'History of Mecklenburgh,' 1762. 4. 'The Mystery Revealed, containing a series of transactions and authentic testimonials re- specting the supposed Cock Lane Ghost,' 1742 [1762], 8vo. 5. ' The Citizen of the World ; or Letters from a Chinese Philosopher residing in London to his Friends in the East,' 2 vols. 12mo, 1762 (from 'Public Ledger,' &c.) 6. ' Life of Richard Nash, of Bath, Esquire,' 1762, 8vo. 7. ' A History of England in a series of Letters from a Nobleman to his Son,' 1764, 2 vols. 12mo. 8. ' The Traveller,' 1765, 4to. 9. ' Essays ' (collected from 'The Bee,' &c.), 1765, 8vo. 10. 'The Vicar of Wakefield ; a Tale, supposed to be written by himself,' 2 vols. 12mo, 1766 ; a list of ninety-six editions down to 1886 is ' given in Mr. Anderson's bibliography appen- ded to Mr. Austin Dobson's 'Goldsmith.' Thirty appeared from 1863 to 1886. 11.' The Good-natured Man,' a comedy, 1768. 12. 'The Roman History from the Foundation of the City of Rome to the Destruction of the Ro- man Empire,' 1769, 2 vols. 8vo (abridgment by himself 1772). 13. ' The Deserted Vil- lage,' 1770, 4to. 14. ' The Life of Thomas Parnell, compiled from original papers and memoirs,' 1770, 8vo (also prefixed to Parnell's ' Poems,' 1770). 15. ' Life of Henry St. John, Lord Viscount Bolingbroke,' 1770 (also pre- fixed to Bolingbroke's ' Dissertation on Par- ties,' 1770). 16. ' The History of England from the Earliest Times to the Death of George II,' 1771, 4 vols. 8vo (abridgment in 1774). 17. ' Threnodia Augustalis ' (on death of Princess Dowager of Wales), 1772, 4to. 18. ' She stoops to conquer, or the Mistakes of a Night,' 1774. 19. ' Retaliation, a Poem ; including epitaphs on the most dis- tinguished wits of this metropolis,' 1774, 4to j (fifth ed., with the Whitefoord ' Postscript,' same year). 20. ' The Grecian History from : the Earliest State to the Death of Alexander the Great,' 1774, 2 vols. 8vo. 21. 'An History of the Earth and Animated Nature,' 1774, [ 8 vols. 8vo. 22. 'The Haunch of Venison, a i Poetical EpistletoLord Clare/1776 (with por- trait by Bunbury) ; later edition of same year with alterations from author's manuscript. 23. ' A Survey of Experimental Philosophy considered in its Present State of Improve- ment,' 1776, 2 vols. 8vo, written in 1765 (see PRIOR, ii. 102, 123). 24. 'The Captivity, an Oratorio,' 1836 (written and sold to Dods- ley in 1764 ; see PRIOR, ii. 9-12). A one-act comedy called 'The Grumbler,' adapted by Goldsmith from Sedley's version of Brueys's three-act comedy ' Le Grondeur,' was per- formed at Covent Garden on 8 May 1773, but never published. A scene is printed in vol. iv. of ' Miscellaneous Works ' by Prior (1837). Prior published from Goldsmith's manuscript ' A History of the Seven Years' War,' 1761, part of which had appeared in the ' Literary Magazine ' of 1757-8 ; as a ' History of our own Times ' Goldsmith also wrote a preface to the ' Martial Review, or a General History of the late War,' 1763, which appeared in the ' Reading Mercury.' He edited and annotated ' Poems for Young Ladies ' and 'Beauties of English Poesy' in 1767. An ' Art of Poetry ' (1762), by Newbery, was only revised by Goldsmith. Some of New- bery's children's books, especially the ' His- tory of Little Goody Two Shoes ' (3rd edit. 1766), have been attributed to him. He translated ' Memoirs of a Protestant con- demned to the Galleys' ('Jean Marteilhe' of Bergerac), 1758; Formey's 'Concise History of Philosophy,' 1766 ; and Scarron's ' Comic Romance' (1776). With Joseph Collyer he abridged Plutarch's ' Lives,' 7 vols. 1762. In 1763 he engaged with Dodsley fora series of lives of ' Eminent Persons of Great Britain and Ireland,' which was never completed. Pre- faces and revisions of many other books are mentioned in Newbery's accounts. The ' His- toire de Francis Wills, par 1'auteur du " Mi- Goldsmith 95 Goldstuecker nistre de Wakefield " ' (1773), of which an English version was published in Sweden in 1799, is spurious. An edition of ' Poems and Plays ' appeared at Dublin in 1777, and his ' Poetical and Dramatic Works ' in 1780. The best editions of his ' Poetical Works ' are the Aldine edition by J. Mitford (1831) and the edition by Bolton Corney (1846). His ' Miscellaneous Works,' with the ' Percy Memoir,' were first published in 1801 (also in 1806, 1812, 1820) ; Prior's edition, in 4vols. 8vo, in 1837 ; Peter Cunningham's, in 4 vols. 8vo, in 1855. The last and fullest collection, edited by J. W. M. Gibbs, is Bell's edition, in 5 vols. 1884-6. For many other editions see the bibliography, by J. P. Anderson, in Mr. Austin Dobson's ' Goldsmith ' in ' Great Writers Series,' 1888. [Johnson undertook to write Goldsmith's life for an edition of his works ; the plan fell through from disputes among the booksellers concerned. After Johnson's death Percy, to whom Goldsmith had given some materials, offered to prefix a life to an edition of the poems to be published for the benefit of Goldsmith's relations. He after- wards handed over the task to Thomas Campbell (1733-1795) [q. v.], who drew up a short memoir (with Percy's help) about 1791. Percy added further notes, which were incorporated in the text by his chaplain, Henry Boyd [q. v.] A dispute with the booksellers induced Percy to hand over the completion of the task to Samuel Rose, the friend of Cowper. This memoir, for which Malone also gave hints, was first published with the Miscellaneous Works in 1801 and again in 1806, 1812, 1820. It is generally described as the ' Percy Memoir,' and cited above from the edition prefixed to the works in 1812 (for further statements see preface to Prior's Life, appendix to Forster's Life, vol. ii., and Percy Correspon- dence in Nichols's Illustrations, vii. 31, 759-95, viii. 82, 237-9). James Prior published a life in 2 vols. 8vo in 1837, which contained a good deal of information carefully collected from surviving relations and others. It was heavily written and has been superseded by John Forster's well- known Life (1st edit. 1848 ; 6th, 1877). Forster could add little, and replied with some acrimony to Prior's not unnatural complaints on being sup- planted; but Forster s book is the more readable. Other authorities are anonymous Life printed for Swan, 1774; Annual Register for 1774, pp. 29-34 (anecdotes by G[lover], an Irish friend); European Magazine, xxiv. 91, 170, 258 (anecdotes by W. Cooke), liii. 373-5 (anec- dotes by John Evans on the Milner school), Iv. 443; Gent. Mag. (1817), i. 277, (1820), ii. 6 1 8-22 ; Edward Mangin's Essay on Light Read- ing (1808), pp. 136-50 (letter from Dr. Strean) ; Mrs. Piozzi's Anecdotes (1786), pp. 31, 119, 179, 244 ; Northcote's Life of Reynolds (1818), i. 21 1, 215, 249, 285-8, 300, 324-33; Hawkins's Life of Johnson, pp. 416-19; Davies's Life of Gar- rick, vol. H. chap. xli. ; (T. Campbell's) Historical Survey, pp. 286-9 ; Shaw Mason's Statistical Account of South of Ireland, iii. 356-66 ; Cra- dock's Memoirs, i. 33, 224-36, iv. 279-88, 336 ; Cumberland's Memoirs; Boswell's Johnson (pas- sim); Genest's History of the Stage, v. 189,365, 372; Colman's Random Records, i. 110-13; Leslie and Taylor's Life of Reynolds ; Charles Welsh's A Bookseller of the Last Century, 1885, chap. iii. ; Washington Irving's Life is founded upon Prior and Forster. See also Macaulay's Life in Miscellaneous Works (for Encycl. Brit.); W. Black's Life in Men of Letters Series ; and Mr. Austin Dobson in Great Writers Series, 1888.] L. S. GOLDSTUECKER, THEODOR (1821- 1872), orientalist, was born of Jewish parents at Konigsberg, Prussia, on 18 Jan. 1821. His earlier instruction (1829-36) was re- ceived at the Altstadtisches Gymnasium of his native town, where in 1836 he also com- menced his university course, attending with especial profit the lectures of Rosenkranz, the Hegelian philosopher, and of Peter von Boh- len in Sanskrit. In 1838 he removed to the university of Bonn, continuing his oriental studies under the well-known Sanskritists A. W. von Schlegel and Lassen, and attend- ing the Arabi c classes of Frey tag. Return ing to Konigsberg, he graduated as doctor in 1840. He appears about this time to have developed advanced political views. A request for per- mission to act as a privat-docent in the uni- versity, addressed to the department of public instruction, was refused, though itwas backed by Rosenkranz. In 1842 he published anony- mously a translation of the Sanskrit play, ' Prabodha-candrodaya,' with an introduc- tion by Professor Rosenkranz. In the same year he went to live in Paris, and remained there for three years. While in Paris he as- sisted Burnouf in his great work ' Introduction a 1'histoire du Bouddhisme indien.' About 1844 he paid his first visit to this country, and examined the great oriental collections in the Bodleian Library and at the East India House. At the India House he made the ac- quaintance of Professor II. H. Wilson, a criti- cal event in his career. From 1845 to 1847 he was again at Konigsberg. In the latter year he went to Berlin, where he met Alexander von Humboldt, then engaged on his ' Kosmos,' in which Goldstuecker gave some assistance. One long note on Indian matters is entirely from his pen. In 1850 Goldstuecker was ordered to leave Berlin on account of his political opinions. Six weeks afterwards the order was rescinded ; Goldstuecker had retired no further than Potsdam, but, recognising his insecurity, and doubtless disgusted at the intolerance and want of appreciation mani- fested by his countrymen, he readily accepted Goldstuecker 96 Gold well in 1850 the invitation of Professor Wilson to come to England and assist in a new edition of his 'Sanskrit Dictionary.' In May 1852 he was appointed professor of Sanskrit in University College, London, an appointment then as now more honourable than lucrative. Goldstuecker appears to have lectured to less than the prescribed minimum of students, and to have given gratuitous help to such students as needed it. He was a prominent member of the Royal Asiatic and the Philological Societies, and other learned bodies. But though he read numerous papers at their meetings, he rarely allowed them to be published. The papers he explained ' were mere offshoots from his own particular method of Sanskritic and com- parative inquiry, as opposed to that of other scholars ; they could not be rightly under- stood before he had dealt with the science of Comparative Philology as a whole. . . .' Like many other of Goldstuecker's great projects, few of which he carried beyond the ground plan, this project of a systematic exposition of philology never saw the light. The Sans- krit Text Society was founded in 1866 mainly by his exertions, and announced a series : •'Auctores Sanscriti, edited . . . under the supervision of Th. Goldstuecker.' Gold- stuecker began to edit for the society the ' Jaiminiya-nyaya-mala-vistara,' by the great Indian commentator Sayana, a learned and valuable though somewhat tedious philoso- phical treatise. A small portion appeared as the society's first issue in 1872, the year of the editor's death. Four-fifths of it remained unpublished, nor had Goldstuecker left any notes. Happily the edition was completed by Professor E. B. Cowell, and finally ap- peared in 1878. Four other works were after- wards issued by the Sanskrit Text Society. But its practical failure, when compared with the success of the less ambitious Pali Text Society, proves Goldstuecker's defective man- agement. The history of Goldstuecker's other great unpublished work, his ' Dictionary,' is hardly more satisfactory. He began in 1856 to re-edit Wilson's ' Dictionary,' a work be- longing to a rather rudimentary stage of lexicography. The first part contained a notice that ten sheets were to be issued every two or three months. Instead of this only six parts appeared in eight years, and then the publication ceased before a twentieth part of the work had been completed. Yet even in this space the design of the work was prac- tically revolutionised, for already at pt. 3 we find not only references (which were at first eschewed), but such a ponderous system of quotations, fitting only for an encyclopaedia or thesaurus, as would have absorbed all the energies of the author, even if he had lived to the end of the century. For the elucida- tion of technical terms, especially those of philosophy, this remarkable fragment, treat- ing only a part of the letter a, is still of con- siderable value. Goldstuecker was a violent controversialist. In his chief controversial work, ' Panini and his Place in Sanskrit Literature,' 1861, he savagely attacked the two greatest oriental lexicographers of our time, Bohtlingk and Roth. The severity of his controversial tone is utterly disproportionate to the importance of the point at issue . On subj ects of acknow- ledged intricacy like Sanskrit grammar, which the ordinary learned reader would have little means of verifying, he expressed himself with a confidence which did injustice to his ad- versaries. And he himself was by no means infallible. The best living authority, Profes- sor Kielhorn, effectually disposes of his views on Katyayana as the result of a prolonged study of Goldstuecker's own favourite ar- moury of offensive weapons, the ' Mahabha- shya.' Similarly Dr. Eggeling, in his preface to the ' Ganaratnamahodadhi,' published by the Sanskrit Text Society, shows that Gold- stuecker's attack on Bohtlingk with respect to the grammarian Vardhamana was quite unjustifiable. Goldstuecker also impugned in the same volume Professor Weber's ' Vedic Criticism,' to which Weber replied in his ' In- dische Studien,' Bd. 5. Goldstuecker wrote a number of essays and reviews on Indian sub- jects in the ' Athenaeum,' the ' Westminster Review,' Chambers's ' Cyclopaedia,' and else- where. They are full of learning and eccen- tricity, missing that true balance of judgment that marks the best scholarship. The chief of them, including some useful contributions to the study of Indian law, were collected in two volumes of ' Literary Remains ' in 1879. Goldstuecker took a practical interest in modern India, and a pleasant account of his relations with many natives appears in the ' Biographical Sketch 'prefixed to the ' Re- mains.' He died at his residence, St. George's Square, Primrose Hill, London, on 6 March 1872. [Report of Royal Asiatic Society for 1872 j biog. sketch prefixed to Goldstuecker's Literary Remains, 1879.] C. B. GOLDWELL, JAMES (d. 1499), bishop of Norwich, son of William and Avice Gold- well, was born at Great Chart, Kent, on the manor which had belonged to his family since the days of Sir John Gold well, a soldier in the reign of King John (HASTED, Sent, iii. 246; LE NEVE, Fasti, iii. 539). He was educated at All Souls' College, Oxford, ad- Goldwell 97 Goldwell mitted B.C.L. 3 July 1449, D.C.L. March 1452 (Oaf. Univ. Reg. Oxf. Hist. Soc. i. 4), in which year he was made president of St. George's Hall (WooD, Hist, of Oxford, ed. Gutch, ii. 754). During his long life Goldwell received constant preferment in the church, and was employed on political mis- sions by Edward IV. He was admitted rector of St. John the Evangelist's, London, 20 May 1455, but resigned this living the same year on being transferred to Rivenhall, Essex. He also became a prebendary of St. Paul's Cathedral, receiving the prebends of Wild- land (28 Oct. 1457), Sneating (1458), and Isledon successively (NEWCOTJRT, Reperto- rium, i. 71), besides a Windsor canonry in 1458 (LB NEVE, Fasti, iii. 387). That he held the living of Cliffe-at-Hoo, Kent, to- g ether with these other benefices, is shown by is resignation of that rectory when, in 1461, he was promoted to the archdeaconry of Essex, and also received a canonry at Hereford Cathedral (NEWCOURT, ii. 495 ; WILLIS, Hist, of Cathedrals, p. 604). Two years after Gold- well became dean of Salisbury. In 1460 he was registrar of the order of the Garter (LE NEVE, ibid.), afterwards master of the requests, and finally principal secretary of state to Edward IV. In June 1465 his name occurs among the commissioners sent to make peace with Denmark ; three years after he was the king's agent at Rome ; and in September 1471 was given power to treat of peace with France (Syllabus of Rymer, ii. 695-6, 702-9). In the following autumn he was sent on a mission from Edward to Pope Sixtus IV, filling the office of king's proctor at the Roman court. The pope raised Goldwell to the vacant see of Norwich, and he was consecrated at Rome 4 Oct. 1472, the temporalities being restored on his return (25 Feb. 1473). Although a ' pluralist ' Gold- well was liberal. According to a manuscript in the Cai us College Library, quoted byBlome- field, he had at one time been the rector of his own parish church, Great Chart, and when he became bishop he ' repaired, if not wholly rebuilt, Chart Church,' and founded a chantry chapel for himself and his family on the south side. Weever speaks of a figure of the bishop in the east window, with the date 1477, pro- bably that of the restorations. Before leaving Rome he had obtained an indulgence from the pope to restore Chart, which had been damaged by fire, and, in order to meet the expense, a pardon of twelve years and forty days was to be granted to all who came twice a year and gave their offerings to the church (BLOMEFIELD). So great was Goldwell's bounty to the abbey of Leeds in Kent in the reign of Henry VII, after he was bishop, VOL. XXII. that the monks acknowledged him ' in some measure ' their founder, and in token of grati- tude appointed a canon in 1487 to pray for his soul (HASTED, ii. 479). After the death of Edward IV Goldwell seems wholly to have retired from political life, and his re- maining years were spent in pious works. At Norwich he not only adorned his own palace, but completed the tower of the cathedral, fitted up the choir and chapels, covered the vaulting with lead, and had the arms of the benefactors painted on the walls and win- dows (BLOMEFIELD). By his will, dated 10 June 1497, he left 1467. 13*. 4rf. for the foundation of a chantry in the chapel of All Souls' College, Oxford, besides having given money to the college during his lifetime (GuTCH, ed. 1786, p. 262). He died 15 Fe- bruary 1498-9. Thomas Goldwell [q.v.], bishop of St. Asaph, was his great-great- nephew. [Authorities cited above ; Blomefield's History of Norfolk, iii. 539, iv. 6 ; Jessopp's Dioc. Hist, of Norwich, p. 153.] E. T. B. GOLDWELL, THOMAS (d. 1585), bishop of St. Asaph, was a member of a family living long before his time at the manor of Goldwell in the parish of Great Chart in Kent (HASTED, Kent, iii. 246), where he was probably born (FULLER, Worthies, \. 495, ed. Nichols). His father's name seems to have been William Goldwell. His mother was still alive in 1532. He had a brother named John, who in 1559 lived at Goldwell (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1547-80, p. 132). He had another brother named Stephen, also alive in the same year (ib.) He must be distinguished from his namesake, probably his kinsman, Thomas Goldwell, who became a D.D. in 1507, and was the last prior of Canterbury. James Goldwell [q. v.], bishop of Norwich between 1472 and 1499, was his great-grand-uncle. Goldwell was educated at Oxford, where he proceeded B.A. in 1528, M.A. in 1531, and ; B.D. in 1534 (BoASE, Register of the Uni- versity of Oxford, i. 149, Oxford Historical Soc.) So late as 1555 he had attained no higher degree. He was a member of All Souls' College, of which his kinsman, Bishop I Goldwell of Norwich, had been a benefactor : (WooD, Colleges and Halls, p. 262, ed. Gutch). According to Wood, he was ' more eminent in mathematics and astronomy than in di- vinity.' This is probably an inference from I Harrison's libel that ' Goldwell was more conversant in the black art than skilful in the j scriptures ' (Description of England, bk. ii. | ch.ii.,NewShakspereSoc.) In 1531 a Thomas Goldwell was admitted to the living of Cheri- Goldwell 98 Goldwell ton, near Folkestone, in the diocese of Can- terbury. This is probably the same person, but in 1532 Thomas seems to have been study- ing at Padua when William Goldwell urged him to write to the Archbishop of Canterbury a Greek letter of thanks (GAIRDNER, Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII, iv. 512). Goldwell never seems to have accepted Henry VIII's religious changes, and he early attached himself to Reginald Pole, whose chaplain he became, and with whom he re- mained in exile as long as the papal power was unrecognised in England. In 1535 Ni- cholas Hobbes had succeeded him as vicar of Cheriton ( Valor Ecclesiasticus, ii. 146), and in 1539 he was attainted with Pole. Accom- panying Pole to Rome, he was in 1538 ap- pointed 'camerarius' of the English hospital of the Holy Trinity in the Via di Monserrato in that city, under Pole as ' custos.' Before 1541 he had himself become ' custos,' while Pole was now called 'protector.' But in No- vember 1547 Goldwell entered as a novice the Theatine house of St. Paul at Naples. He was specially allowed to return to Rome to attend Pole as his servant during the conclave which lasted from 29 Nov. 1549 to 7 Feb. 1550, and which resulted in the election of Julius III. He then returned to Naples, and in October 1550 made his solemn profession as a member of the Theatine order of regular priests. When, after Mary's accession. Pole was appointed papal legate to England, Gold- well was allowed to accompany him. In September 1553 he joined his master at Maguzzano on the lake of Garda. When Pole was detained by political complications, he sent Goldwell on from Brussels to London to urge on the queen to greater haste (COLLIER, Church Hist. vi. 63, 8vo ed., summarises his instructions from Cotton. MS. Titus B. 11). At the end of November 1553 Goldwell reached Calais (Cal. State Papers, For. 1553- 1558, p. 34). In the spring of 1555 he was selected as bishop of St. Asaph, and, having on 12 May received the custody of his tem- poralities (Fcedera, xv. 422), was sent, when still bishop elect or designate, on 2 July by Pole to Rome to give information upon Eng- lish affairs to Paul IV. Pole warmly com- mended Goldwell as an old Theatine to the Theatine pope (POLE, Epp. v. 14-15). Gold- well came back from Rome at the end of the year (Cal. State Papers, Venetian, 1555-6, pp. 288, 293), and on 7 Jan. 1556 received full restitution of his temporalities (Fcedera, xv. 427). His consecration was probably effected during his sojourn at Rome, where he was formally reappointed to his bishopric by papal provision (tb.) On 22 March 1556 Goldwell was one of the consecrators of his patron Pole. He had already served as an examiner of the heretic John Philpot (FoxE, Acts and Monuments, vii. 620, ed. Towns- end). He is chiefly remembered at St. Asaph for reviving the habit of pilgrimage to St. Winifred's Well at Holywell in Flintshire, and as confirming the injunctions of his pre- decessor, Bishop Llewelyn ab Ynyr (1296) as to the constitution of the cathedral chap- ter (WiLLis, Survey, vol. ii. App. 134-6). In 1556 Goldwell issued a series of injunc- tions to his clergy, which prohibited mar- ried priests from celebrating mass, and for- bade the schools which had begun to be held in churches for the benefit of the poor (WILKINS, Concilia, iv. 145). It was now proposed to make Goldwell ambassador at Rome, and to translate him to Oxford. On 31 Oct. letters of credence to the pope were made out, and on 5 Nov. 1558 he received the custody of the temporalities of his new see (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1547-80, p. Ill ; Fcedera, xv. 492), while on 5 Nov. Thomas Wood, already nominated to St. Asaph, was entrusted with the custody of the scanty tem- poralities of Goldwell's former bishopric (LB NEVE, i. 74). The death of the queen pre- vented either scheme from being carried out. At the time of Mary's death (17 Nov.) Gold- well was attending the deathbed of Cardinal Pole, to whom he administered extreme unc- tion. He gave an account of the archbishop's last days to Beccatelli ( Calendar State Papers, Venetian, 1557-8, p. 1556 ; cf. BECCATELLI, Life of Cardinal Pole, translated by Pye, p. 130). Goldwell was uncompromisingly hostile to the restoration of protestantism. In De- cember he wrote a letter to Cecil, in which, though expressing his desire to be absent from the parliament, he complained that the writ was not sent to him, as he still con- sidered himself bishop of St. Asaph (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1547-80, p. 118). On 15 May 1559 he was summoned with the other bishops before the queen, when Arch- bishop Heath's ' incompliant declaration ' showed Elizabeth that she had nothing to hope from their support. Goldwell was also 300/. in debt to the queen for the subsidy. On 26 June he wrote from St. Albans to his brother Stephen, asking him to go down to Wales and sell his goods there. He disappeared so quietly that his alarmed servants went to Stephen Goldwell's house to know what had become of their master (ib. p. 132). In vain Sir Nicholas Bacon ordered that the ports should be watched. He succeeded in gaining the continent in safety. The circumstances of his flight sufficiently refute the rumour Goldwell 99 Goldwin that he carried off with him the registers and records of his see. For the rest of his life Goldwell was one of the most active of the exiled English catholics. He started at once for Rome, but he fell sick on the way, and spent the winter at Louvain. Early in March 1560 he was seen at Antwerp purchasing the necessaries for the voyage. He had to borrow money for his journey (ib. For. 1559-60, p. 439). It was believed that he would be made a cardinal on his arrival, but he refused Italian bishoprics to devote himself to a ' regular ' life, and to the winning back of England to his church. Perhaps the description of him contained in the mendacious account of his career which Cecil spread on the continent, that he was a ' very simple and fond man,' had some grain of truth in it (ib. For. 1561-2, p. 563). But on his arrival in Italy he went back to his old Theatine convent of St. Paul at Naples, and in January 1561 was made its superior. He was about the same time restored to his old office of warden of the English hospital at Rome. But he was sent almost at once to attend the council of Trent (1562). He was the only English bishop present at the council (ib. p. 555), and the marked respect paid to him there annoyed Elizabeth and Cecil very much. He was employed there in correcting the breviary, and urged Elizabeth's excom- munication on the council. In the same year (1562) he was in correspondence with Arthur Pole and the other kinsfolk of his old master, who were now conspiring to effect the restora- tion of Catholicism in England, and he shared their attainder (STRYPE, Annals, i. i. 556). In December 1563 Goldwell was made vicar- general to Carlo Borromeo, the famous arch- bishop of Milan. Soon after he was sent on an unsuccessful mission to Flanders, whence he found it impossible to cross over to England. He returned, therefore, to Italy, and in 1565 began to reside at the Theatine convent of St. Sylvester on Monte Cavallo. On three occasions, in 1566, 1567, and 1572. he pre- sided over several chapters of the Theatine order. In 1567 he was made vicar of the car- dinal archpriest in the Lateran Church. In 1574 he became vicegerent for Cardinal Sa- velli, the cardinal vicar, an office which in- volved his acting for the pope as diocesan bishop of Rome. In 1568 Arthur Hall, an English traveller, wrote to Cecil that he found Goldwell at Rome, and that he alone ' used him courteously,' while the rest of the catholic exiles from England denounced him as a heretic (Cal. State Papers, For. 1566-8, p. 514). In 1580 he is mentioned as receiv- ing a pension from the king of Spain (ib. Dom. 1547-80, p. 694), and on 13 April of that year is mentioned as having left Rome for Venice (ib. p. 651). He was really gone on the pro- posed English mission [see CAMPION, ED- MUND], sent to win back England to the pope. It was proposed that he should act as bishop in charge of the catholic missionaries in Eng- land. But he was too old for such work. He was taken ill at Rheims, where he had arrived in May 1580. On his recovery he was sent for to Rome by Pope Gregory XIII, and left Rheims on 8 Aug. He was again in Rome in April 1581 (Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. p. 468). In 1582 he acted on the congregation for revising the Roman martyrology. He died on 3 April 1585, and was buried in the Theatine convent. He i s reputed to have been eighty-four years old, and must anyhow have been over seventy. Addison on his travels saw a portrait of Goldwell at Ravenna ( Travels, p. 79). There is another in the English College at Rome. He was the last survivor of the old English hierarchy of the Roman obedience. [Archdeacon Thomas's Hist, of the Diocese of St. Asaph, pp. 84, 201, 225; Browne Willis's Survey of St. Asaph, ed. Edwards ; Wood's Athenae Oxon. ii. 822-3, ed. Bliss; Wilkins's Concilia, vol. iv. ; Cal. of State Papers, For. and Dom.; Eymer's Fcedera; Strype's Ecclesi- astical Memorials and Annals of the Reforma- tion, 8vo editions ; Beccatelli's Life of Pole. A complete biography of Goldwell, by T. F. K. (Dr. Knox, of the London Oratory), entitled Thomas Goldwell, the Last Survivor of the Ancient Eng- lish Hierarchy, was reprinted separately from the Month of 1876, and in Knox and Bridgett's True Story of the Catholic Hierarchy, 1 889. It prints letters of Goldwell from the Record Office, and gives a detailed account of his Italian life, relying chiefly upon Del Tufo's Historia della religione de' cherici regolari (1609) ; Castaldo's Vita di Paolo IV (1615), and Vita del Beato Giovanni Marinoni (1616) ; and Silo's Hist. Clericorum Regularium (1650). Knox's account is sum- marised in Gillow's Bibl. Diet, of English Ca- tholics, ii. 513-22.] T. F. T. GOLDWIN or GOLDING, JOHN (d. 1719), organist and composer, probably be- longed to the Buckinghamshire family of Goldwins. His name occurs with those of other Windsor choristers 'assessed at Is.' in 1690. He had been trained by Dr. William Child, and succeeded him as organist of St. George's Chapel, Windsor, on 12 April 1697, was master of the choristers in 1703, and died on 7 Nov. 1719. Manuscript music by Gold- win includes twenty-one anthems, service in F, and motet in Christ Church Library, Ox- ford, four anthems in Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, seven anthems in Tudway's col- lection, British Museum (Harl. 7341-2), and H2 Golightly 100 Golightly others at Ely Cathedral. The favourite anthem, ' I will set God always before me,' six voices, was published in Boyce's ' Cathe- dral Music,' vol. ii. ; 'I will sing' and ' O praise God in His holiness' in Page's 'Har- monia Sacra,' i. 206, ii. 227 ; ' Behold thy servant' and service in F major in Arnold's ' Cathedral Music,' vol. i. Burney quotes with approval Boyce's opinion that Goldwin's music has a singularity in its modulation uncommon and agreeable, and adds : ' When we consider the time of his death, it seems, by the small number of his works that have come to my knowledge, as if this composer had anticipated many combinations and pas- sages of a much later period.' [Chamberlayne's State of England, 1692 ; Sloane MS. 4847, fol. 86; Boyce's Cathedral Music, ii. 15, 501 ; catalogues of musical libraries communicated by Mr. W. B. Squire ; Burney, iii. 602 ; Grove, i. 608.] L. M. M. GOLIGHTLY, CHARLES POUR- TALES (1807-1885), Anglican clergyman, born on 23 May 1807, was second son of Wil- liam Golightly of Ham, Surrey, gentleman, by his wife, Frances Dodd. His mother's mother, Aldegunda, was granddaughter of Charles de Pourtales, ' a distinguished mem- ber of an ancient and honourable Huguenot family.' He was educated at Eton. In his youth he travelled in Europe, visited Rome, seeing there ' a good deal of certain cardinals, and entering into their characters and their politics.' He matriculated 4 March 1824 at Oriel College, Oxford, where he proceeded as B. A. in 1828, M. A. in 1830. His attainments would have justified his election to a fellow- ship, but as his private property was thought to be a disqualification he took curacies at Penshurst in Kent, and afterwards at Godal- ming in Surrey. In 1836, when the chapel of Littlemore, near Oxford, was almost finished, it was suggested that Golightly's means would enable him to take it without an endowment. Golightly entered into the scheme with en- thusiasm, and bought one of the curious old houses in Holywell Street, Oxford. A single sermon led, however, to a disagreement with Cardinal Newman, the then vicar of St. Mary's, Oxford, to which Littlemore had been an adjunct, and their official connection, though they had been acquaintances from early youth, at once ceased. In this house he remained for the rest of his life, keenly interested in church matters, and struggling against the spread of what he deemed Ro- manism. For some time he was curate of Headington ; he held the miserably endowed vicarage of Baldon Toot, and he occasionally officiated in the church of St. Peter in the East, Oxford, for Hamilton, afterwards bishop of Salisbury. He was a thorough student of theology and history. His religious views were those of Hooker, and he gloried in the traditions of the old high church party, but his hatred of Romanism, deepened by his Huguenot descent, made him a fierce oppo- nent of ritualism. Even opponents admitted his deep religious feelings and his frank fear- lessness. He was friendly with men of every division of thought, and his charity was un- bounded and unostentatious. He was full of anecdote, heightened by much dryness of wit, and was always accessible. For the last three years of his life he was haunted by painful illusions, and his death was a re- lease from pain. He died on Christmas day 1885, and was buried in Holywell cemetery, near Magdalen College, Oxford. The Very Rev. E. M. Goulburn, dean of Norwich, re- printed, ' with additions and a preface, from the " Guardian " of 13 Jan. 1886 ' his remi- niscences of Golightly. An auction cata- logue of his furniture and library was issued in February 1886. All his publications were controversial. They comprise : 1. ' Look at Home, or a Short and Easy Method with the Roman Catholics,' 1837. 2. ' Letter to the Bishop of Oxford, containing Strictures upon certain I parts of Dr. Pusey's Letter to his Lordship. ' By a Clergyman of the Diocese,' &c., 1840. j 3. ' New and Strange Doctrines extracted from the Writings of Mr. Newman and his Friends, in a Letter to the Rev. W. F. Hook, D.D. By one of the original Subscribers to the " Tracts for the Times," ' 2nd edition, 1 841 . 4. ' Strictures on No. 90 of the " Tracts for the Times," by a Member of the Univer- sity of Oxford,' 1841, which reappeared as ' Brief Remarks upon No. 90, second edi- tion, and some subsequent Publications in defence of it, by Rev. C. P. Golightly,' 1841. 5. l Correspondence illustrative of the actual state of Oxford with reference to Tracta- rianism,' 1842. 6. ' Facts and Documents showing the alarming state of the Diocese of Oxford, by a Senior Clergyman of the Diocese,' 1859. This publication had its ori- gin in an article in the ' Quarterly Review ' for January 1858, in which the practices at Cuddesdon College were severely criticised, and to which he drew attention in a circular letter addressed to the clergy and laity of the diocese. At a meeting in the Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford, on 22 Nov. 1861, an anony- mous handbill, written by Golightly in con- demnation of the teaching in the middle class schools connected with St. Nicholas College, Lancing, was gratuitously distributed. Some severe reflections were then made upon it by Gomersall 101 Gomm Dr. Jeune, the vice-chancellor, and this pro- voked : 7. ' A Letter to the Rev. Dr. Jeune, in vindication of the Handbill by Rev. C. P. Golightly,' 1861. A second letter to Dr. Jeune, 1861. Still undaunted, he wrote : 8. ' The position of Bishop Wilberforce in reference to Ritualism, together with a Pre- fatory Account of the Romeward Movement in the Church of England in the days of Archbishop Laud. By a Senior Resident Member of the University,' 1867. He re- turned to the subject with : 9. ' A Solemn Warning against Cuddesdon College,' 1878, in connection with which should be read ' An Address respecting Cuddesdon College by Rev. E. A. Knox ' (1878), the « Address of the Old Students of the College to the Bishop of Oxford,' and the ' Report for the five years ending Trinity Term 1878, by Rev. C. W. Furse, Principal.' In the same year Golightly reissued in separate form, and with his name, his ' Brief Account of Romeward Movement in Days of Laud.' The attack on Cuddesdon College was the subject of pp. 358-66, 415-18, vol. ii. of the < Life of Bishop Wilberforce,' and Golightly retorted with ' A Letter to the Very Reverend the Dean of Ripon, containing Strictures on the Life of Bishop Wilberforce,' 1881. [Mozley's Keminiscences, ii. 108-14; Burgon's Twelve Good Men, i. xxiv-viii, ii. 79-87 ; Stapyl- ton's Eton Lists, 2nd ed. pp. 108 a, 113 a; Foster's Alumni Oxon.; Churchman, 1886, xiv. 70-6, by the Rev. R. S. Mylne ; Guardian, 6 Jan. 1886, p. 26.] W. P. C. GOMERSALL, ROBERT (1602-1646?), | dramatist and divine, was born in London in 1602. He matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, 19 April 1616 (Wood's date 1614 is wrong), proceeded B.A. 19 Dec. 1618, M.A. j 14 June 1621, and B.D. 11 Nov. 1628 (Reg. \ Univ. Oxon. vol. ii. pt. i. p. 369, pt. ii. p. 348). i Having taken holy orders he ' became a very florid preacher in the university' (Wooo). : In 1628 he published ' The Tragedie of Lodo- | vick Sforza, Duke of Millan,' 8vo, a somewhat l stiffly written play, which may have been privately acted at Oxford by students, but does not appear to have been put on the stage by any regular company. It was dedicated to Francis Hide of Christ Church. In the same year appeared a poem, ' The Levites Revenge : containing Poeticall Meditations upon the 19 and 20 Chapters of Judges,' 8vo, dedicated to Dr. Barten Holiday. Both volumes contain curious engraved fronti- j spieces. The two pieces were reprinted to- gether in ' Poems,' 1633, 8vo, with the addi- tion of a small collection of miscellaneous verses. Some of the poetical epistles are dated 1625 from Flower in Northampton- | ' shire. John Marriot the publisher, in an ad- dress to the reader, writes : ' from hence for- i ward you must expect nothing from him [Gomersall] but what shall relish of a bearded and austere Devotion. And this, I trust, will be no small incitement to thy approbatio of the worke since it is the last.' In Harl. MS. 6931 a short poem of Gomersall is preserved. His last work was a collection of ' Sermons on 1 Pet. cap. ii. vv. 13, 14, 15, 16,' London, 1634, 4to, dedicated to Sir John Strangwayes of Melbury, Dorsetshire. In 1639[-40] he pre- fixed to Fuller's ' History of the Holy Warre ' a copy of commendatory verses signed ' Ro- bert Gomersall, Vicar of Thorncombe in Devon.' Wood notices that ' one Rob. Go- mersall, who seems to be a Devonian born, died 1646, leaving then by his will 1,0001. to his son Robert.' [Wood's Athenae, ed. Bliss, ii. 590 ; Addit. MS. 24489, fol. 91 (Hunter's Chorus Vatum); Lang- baine's Dram. Poets ; Corser's Collectanea.] A. H. B. GOMM, SIR WILLIAM MAYNARD (1784- 1875), field marshal, G.C.B., eldest son of Lieutenant-colonel William Gomm of the 55th regiment, and Mary Alleyne, daughter of Joseph Maynard, esq., of Barbadoes, was born in Barbadoes, West Indies, in 1784. His father was killed at the storming of Pointe a Petre in the island of Guadeloupe, West Indies, in 1794. His mother died at Pen- zance two years after, leaving three sons and a daughter. One son died in childhood, the other three children were brought up by their aunt, Miss Jane Gomm, and her friend Miss M. C. Goldsworthy, who had both been governesses to the daughters of George III. William Maynard Gomm was gazetted an ensign in the 9th regiment on 24 May and a lieutenant on 16 Nov. 1794, before he was ten years of age, in recognition of his father's services. He remained at Woolwich prose- cuting his studies till the summer of 1799, when he joined his regiment and embarked for Holland with the expedition under the Duke of York. At the early age of fifteen he took part in the operations on the Helder, and in the engagements of Bergen, Alkmar, and Egmont, and, on the termination of the short campaign in October, he returned to England and remained with his regiment at Norwich until August 1800, when he embarked with it for foreign service under Sir James Pul- teney. Proceeding to the Spanish coast, an unsuccessful attempt was made on Ferrol, and, after a visit to Gibraltar and Lisbon, the ex- pedition returned to England at the com- mencement of 1801. Gomm was now ap- pointed aide-de-camp to General Benson at Gomm Gomm Liverpool. In the following year he rejoined his regiment and was quartered at Chatham and Plymouth. On 25 June 1803 he was pro- moted captain, and went with his regiment to Ireland. In 1804 he obtained leave to join the military college at High Wy combe, where he studied under Colonel (afterwards Sir) Howard Douglas [q. v.] for the staff, until the end of 1805, when he embarked with his regi- ment for Hanover. The expedition was soon over, and he returned to his studies at High "Wycombe, receiving at the end of 1806 a very satisfactory certificate of his qualifica- tions for the general staff of the army. In 1807 he took part as assistant quartermaster- Sgneral in the expedition to Stralsund and openhagen, under Admiral Gambier and Lord Cathcart. On his return he rejoined his regiment at Mallow in Ireland, and the follow- ing year (July 1808) embarked with it for the Peninsula in the expedition under Sir Arthur Wellesley. Before sailing, however, he was appointed to the staff of the expedition as assistant quartermaster-general. He was pre- sent at the battles of Ro^a and Vimiera, and, after the convention of Cintra (30 Aug. 1808), was appointed to the staff of Sir John Moore ; took part in the retreat on Corunna, and was one of the last to embark after his regiment, the 9th foot, had carried Sir John's body to its hasty burial. On his return to England he was quartered with his regiment at Canter- bury until July 1809, when he was appointed to the staff of the expedition to Walcheren. He was present at the siege and surrender of Flushing, and when Lord Chatham's army retired into the fever-stricken swamps of Wal- cheren, he contracted a fever from which he suffered for some years after. On the return of the expedition to England his regiment was again quartered at Canterbury until March 1810, when he once more embarked with it for the Peninsula. In September he was appointed a deputy-assistant quartermaster- general and was attached to General Leith's column. He was present at the battle of Busaco, where he had a horse shot under him, and at Fuentes d' Onoro (5 May 1811). He was promoted major 10 Oct. 1811 ; was at the storming and capture of Ciudad Rodrigo, 20 Jan. 1812 ; at the siege and storming of Badajos, 6 April 1812, where he was slightly wounded ; at the battle of Salamanca, 22 July 1812, where he particularly distinguished himself, and for which on 17 Aug. he was promoted lieutenant-colonel, and at the entry into Madrid, 12 Aug. 1812. He was present at the siege of Burgos, which Lord Wellington was obliged to raise after five unsuccessful assaults. He led his division of the army in the disastrous retreat to the Portuguese fron- tier, and again in the masterly advance to the Ebro, through the wild districts of Tras-os- Montes, of which he had previously made reconnaissances. He took part in the battle of Vittoria, 21 June 1813, in the siege and capture of St. Sebastian, and in the hard fight- ing in the south of France in December 1813, when he was again slightly wounded. After the conclusion of peace he went to Paris and landed in England early in September 1814. For his services in the Peninsula Gomm was transferred from the 9th foot into the Cold- stream guards, and was made a K.C.B. He received the gold cross with a clasp and the silver war medal with six clasps. On the re- turn of Napoleon from Elba, Gomm went with the Coldstreams to Brussels and was again appointed to the staff. He took part with the fifth division in the battles of Quatre Bras and Waterloo. No better estimate of the fine character of Gomm can be formed than that gathered from the modest and cul- tivated letters to his aunt and sister, written from the stirring scenes of the Peninsula. These letters, edited by Mr. Francis C. Carr- Gomm, were published in 1881. In 1816 Sir William lost his brother Henry, who had been his comrade in the Peninsula, and who had been severely wounded in July 1813. The following year he lost his dearly loved sister and corre- spondent, and in 1822 his aunt, Miss Gomm, on whose death he succeeded to her property and became lord of the manor of Rother- hithe. The years between 1817 and 1839 were spent in home service. During this period he married first, Sophia, granddaugh- ter of William Penn of Pennsylvania, who died in 1827, and secondly, in 1830, Eliza- beth, eldest daughter of Lord Robert Kerr. He had no issue by either of these marriages. He was made a full colonel on 16 May 1829, and a major-general on 10 Jan. 1837. He devoted much of his spare time to travel and to the study of literature. In 1839 he was appointed to the command of the troops in Jamaica, where he founded a sanatorium for the white troops at Newcastle in the moun- tains. On his return to England in the spring of 1842 he was given the command of the northern district, which he did not long re- tain, for in the autumn he was appointed governor of Mauritius in succession to Sir Lionel Smith, bart. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general 9 Nov. 1846. He held the government of Mauritius for seven years. From Mauritius he went to Calcutta, having received an intimation from the Horse Guards of his appointment as commander- in-chief in India. To his bitter disappoint- ment, on arriving in the Hooghly he found Gomme 103 Gomme that, owing to the panic at home after the second Sikh war and to the jealousy of the court of directors of the direct patronage of the crown, his appointment had been can- celled, and Sir Charles Napier had just ar- rived at Calcutta as commander-in-chief and proceeded to the Punjab. Ample explana- tions from the Duke of Wellington and Lord Fitzroy Somerset awaited him at Calcutta, and the manner in which he bore his disap- pointment did him the greatest credit. He returned home with Lady Gomm, visiting Oeylon on their way, and arrived in England in January 1850. In the following August he was appointed commander-in-chief of Bombay, but on the eve of starting, Sir Charles Napier suddenly resigned, and Gomm was appointed commander-in-chief in India. The five years he held the chief command were comparatively uneventful. He was extremely popular, and his popularity was promoted by the social accomplishments of his wife. He was promoted to be full general on 20 June 1854. He returned home in 1855 to enjoy twenty years of dignified and honoured old age. In 1846 he had been appointed honorary colonel of the 13th foot, and in Au- gust 1863 was transferred to the colonelcy of the Coldstream guards, in succession to Lord Clyde. On 1 Jan. 1868 he received his baton as field-marshal, and on the death of Sir George Pollock (October 1782) was appointed con- stable of the Tower. The emperor of Russia when visiting England in 1874 sent him the order of St. Vladimir ; he was already a knight of the second class of the order of St. Anne of Russia. He had been made a grand cross of the Bath, and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge had conferred upon him the hono- rary degree of D.C.L. (13 June 1834) and LL.D. respectively. He died on 15 March 1875, in his ninety-first year. Five ' Field-Marshal Gomm ' scholarships have since been founded at Keble College, Oxford. [Letters and Journals of Field-Marshal Sir W. M. Gomm, by F. C. Carr-Gomm, 1881 ; Wellington Despatches.] E. H. V. GOMME, SIR BERNARD DB (1620- 1685), military engineer, a Dutchman, was born at Lille in 1620. In his youth he served in the campaigns of Frederick Henry, prince of Orange. He afterwards accompanied Prince Rupert to England, and was knighted by Charles I. He served with conspicuous ability in the royalist army as engineer and quartermaster-general from June 1642 to May 1646 (Oil. State Papers, Dom. 1660-1, p. 448). His plan of the fortifications and castle of Liverpool, dated 1644, is preserved in the British Museum, Sloane MS. 5027, A. art. 63. The original of his plan of the battle of Naseby, drawn up by Prince Rupert's orders, was sold with the collections of Ru- pert and Fairfax's papers at Sotheby's in June 1852 (lot 1443). The British Museum contains a more elaborate drawing of this plan, and also coloured military plans by Gomme of the battle of Marston Moor (2 July 1644) and the second fight at Newbury (27 Oct. 1644), all 48 by 20 inches. They with others are in Addit. MSS. 16370 and 16371. On 15 June 1649 Gomme received a commission from Charles II, then at Breda, to be quar- termaster-general of all forces to be raised in England and Wales (ib. 1649-50, p. 188). At the Restoration he petitioned for a pen- sion and employment as engineer and quar- termaster-general ; he also produced a patent for the place of surveyor-general of fortifica- tions, dated 30 June 1645, and confirmed by the king at Breda on 15 June 1649 (ib. 1660- 1661, p. 204). The engineers' places were filled, and the surveyor-generalship was not a permanent appointment ; but Gomme received a life pension of 30QI. a year (ib. 1665-6, p. 421). In March 1661 he was made engineer- in-chief of all the king's castles and fortifica- tions in England and Wales, with a fee of 13a. 4d. a day, and an allowance of 20s. a day for ' riding charges ' when employed on the king's immediate service (ib. 1660-1 p. 558, 1661-2 pp. 155, 281). Among his first tasks were the repairs of Dover pier, the erection of fortifications at Dunkirk, and the surveying of Tilbury Fort. On 10 Jan. 1664-5 the treasury were recommended to make regular payment of his pension, ' as the king had immediate occasion for him at Tangier ' (ib. 1664-5, pp. 167-8). In August 1665 instruc- tions were given for making the fortifications at Portsmouth according to the plans prepared by Gomme (ib. 1664-5, p. 510). His esti- mates and plans for the works are in Addit. MSS. 16370 and 28088, f. 26. On 14 Nov. of the same year the king directed him to give his assistance to commissioners for making the Cam navigable, and establishing a communication with the Thames. Three days later he received a commission to build a new citadel on the Hoe of Plymouth (ib. 1665-6, pp. 57, 61). On 15 Nov. 1666 the officers of ordnance were authorised to make a bridge after a model prepared for Gomme for the safer bringing in of explosives (ib. 1666-7 p. 261, 1667 p. 52). In March 1667 he accompanied the Duke of York to Har- wich, which it was proposed to entrench completely all round (ib. 1666-7 p. 577, 1667 pp. 70, 77). On returning to London he was summoned to give advice for fortifying the Gompertz 104 Gompertz Medway and Portsmouth, as well as Har- wich (PEPYS, Diary, ed. 1854, iii. 90). In May 1667 he was employed at Plymouth (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1667, pp. 128, 136, 187). In 1673 and 1675 he was making sur- veys about Dublin. An interesting document was exhibited at the Royal Irish Academy in 1861, and privately printed by Charles Haliday of Dublin, entitled 'Observations explanatory of a plan and estimate for a citadel at Dublin, designed by Sir Bernard de Gomme, Engineer-General in the year 1673, with his Map,' &c. A reference to Gomme's ' design of building a fort-royal on the strand near Ringsend,' in the neighbour- hood of Dublin, occurs in the report of the elder Sir Jonas Moore, surveyor-general of ordnance, drawn up in 1675 and printed in ' Letters written by Arthur Capel, Earl of Essex, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland,' &c., 4to, London, 1770 (p. 167). On the death of Sir Jonas Moore the younger in July 1682, Gomme was appointed surveyor-general of ordnance (CHAMBEKLAYNE, Anglice Notitia, ed. 1684, pt. ii. p. 219). He died on 23 Nov. 1685, and was buried on the 30th of that month in the chapel of the Tower of London (Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. ix. 252). By his will dated 4 and proved at London on 27 Nov. 1685 (P. C. C. 134, Cann) he left liberal legacies to the Dutch Church in London and to Christ's Hospital. He mentions his manor of Wadnall, or Waddenhall, in Waltham and Petham in Kent. He married, first, Katherine van Deniza, widow of Adrian (?) Beverland, by whom he had a daughter, Anna, married to John Riches. Their daugh- ter was Catherine Bovey [q. v.j The • son ' of Gomme mentioned as living in December 1665 (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1665-6, p. 95) was probably his stepson, Adrian Bever- land, to whom he bequeathed 2,000/. Gomme married secondly, by license dated 15 Oct. 1667, Catherine Lucas of Bevis Marks, a widow of fifty (CHESTER, London Marriage Licences, ed. Foster, col. 562), who died a few weeks before him, and was buried in the Tower chapel 19 Oct. 1685. A miniature portrait in oil of Gomme is prefixed to a col- lection of plans (executed probably for him) illustrating the campaigns of the Prince of Orange between 1625 and 1645, preserved at the British Museum in George Ill's library, No. cii. 21. [Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1660-7; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. ix. 221-2, 252, 3rd ser. iv. 338- 339, 6th ser. v. 246-7, 332-3, 391.] G. G. GOMPERTZ, BENJAMIN (1779-1865), mathematician and actuary, descended from the distinguished Jewish family of Gompertz of Emmerich, was born on 5 March 1779, in London, where his father and grandfather had been successful diamond merchants. De- barred, as a Jew, from a university educa- tion, he studied without guidance from an early age, and when a mere lad was familiar with the writings of Newton, Maclaurin, j and Emerson. As early as 1798 he was a prominent contributor to the ' Gentleman's ! Mathematical Companion,' and for a long j period carried ofl7 the annual prizes of that ma- j gazine for the best solutions of prize problems. In compliance with his father s wish, he en- tered the Stock Exchange, but continued his private studies. He became a member of the Old Mathematical Society of Spitalfields, and served as its president when it was merged in the Astronomical Society. From 1806 he was a frequent contributor to the ' Transactions ' j of the Royal Society ; but his early tracts on imaginary quantities andporisms (1817-18), which first established his reputation as a mathematician, were declined by the society, and were printed and published at his own expense. In 1819 he was elected a F.R.S., and in 1832 became a member of the council. The foundation of the Astronomical Society in 1820 opened to Gompertz a fresh field of activity. He was elected a member of the council in 1821, and for ten years actively participated in its work, contributing valu- able papers on the theory of astronomical in- struments, the aberration of light, the diffe- rential sextant, the convertible pendulum, and other subjects. With Francis Baily [q. v.] he began in 1822 the construction of tables for the mean places of the fixed stars ; the work was left uncompleted, because, in the midst of their calculations, Baily and Gompertz found themselves anticipated by the publication of the ' Fundamenta Astro- nomiae' of Bessel. Their labours, however, resulted in the complete catalogue of stars of the Royal Astronomical Society. Gom- pertz may be regarded as the last of the old English school of mathematicians. So great was his reverence for Newton that he ad- hered to the almost obsolete language of fluxions throughout his life, and ably de- fended the fluxional against what he called 'the furtive' notation (Phil. Trans. 1862, pt. i. p. 513). It was as an actuary that Gompertz's most lasting work was performed. On the death of an only son he retired from the Stock Ex- change, and absorbed himself in mathematics. When the Guardian Insurance Office was esta- blished in 1821, he was a candidate for the actuaryship, but the directors objected to him on the score of his religion. His brother- in-law, Sir Moses Montefiore — he married Gompertz 105 Gondibour Abigail Montefiore in 1810 — in conjunction with his relative Nathan Rothschild, there- upon founded the Alliance Assurance Com- pany (1824), and Gompertz was appointed actuary under the deed of settlement (MAR- TIN, Hist, of Lloyd's, p. 292). Some years previously he had worked out a new series of tables of mortality for the Royal Society, and these suggested to him in 1825 his well- known law of human mortality, which he first expounded in a letter to Francis Baily. The law rests on the a priori assumption that a person's resistance to death decreases as his years increase, in such a manner that at the end of equally infinitely small intervals of time he loses equally infinitely small propor- tions of his remaining power to oppose de- struction. ' Had this principle been pro- pounded in the days of Newton,' says Pro- fessor De Morgan, ' vitality would have been made a thing of, like attraction.' His manage- ment of the Alliance Company was very suc- cessful. He was frequently consulted by go- vernment, and made elaborate computations for the army medical board. In 1848 he re- tired from active work and returned to his scientific labours. He was a member of nu- merous learned societies besides those already mentioned, and was also one of the promo- ters of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. Of the leading Jewish charities he was a prominent member, and he worked out a plan of poor relief (Jewish Chronicle, 6 Oct. 1845), which was afterwards adopted by the Jewish board of guardians. Gompertz died from a paralytic seizure on 14 July 1865. [Memoir in the Assurance Magazine, xiii. 1-20, by M. N. Adler; Monthly Notices of Astr. Soc. xxvi. 104-9; Athenaeum, 22 July 1865, by Professor De Morgan ; List of Works in Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. x. 163.] L. W. GOMPERTZ, LEWIS (d. 1861), lover of animals and inventor, was the youngest brother of Benjamin Gompertz [q. v. J, mathe- matician and actuary. His life was mainly devoted to preaching and enforcing kindness to animals. He held that it was not only unlawful to kill an animal, but to turn it to any use not directly beneficial to the animal itself. Accordingly he abstained from all animal food, including milk and eggs, and would never ride in a coach. In 1824 he expounded his views in ' Moral Enquiries on the situation of Men and Brutes.' The work, although eccentric and even extravagant, en- couraged the movement in favour of the pro- tection of animals. On 24 June of the same year a public meeting was held at the Old Slaughter Coffee House, St. Martin's Lane, under the auspices of Richard Martin, M.P., which resulted in the foundation of the So- ciety for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. At first the society was not successful, but in 1826 Gompertz undertook the management and honorary secretaryship, and prosecuted its work with enthusiasm and energy. In 1832 religious differences broke out between Gompertz and his committee. One of the subscribers, a clergyman, imagined that he detected Pythagorean doctrines in the ' Moral Enquiries,' and denounced it to the commit- tee as hostile to Christianity. The committee resolved that the society should be exclu- sively Christian, and Gompertz, while pro- testing his innocence of the alleged Pytha- goreanism, resigned his connection with the society on the grounds that its work had nothing to do with religious sectarianism, and that, as a Jew, he was practically ex- cluded from the society by the terms of its resolution. Supported by many subscribers, he proceeded to found a new society, which he called the Animals' Friend Society, and which he managed with such zeal and acti- vity that it speedily outstripped the parent institution in the extent of its public work. In connection with this society Gompertz edited ' The Animals' Friend, or the Progress of Humanity;' but in 1846, owing to ill- health, he was obliged to retire from public work, and as a consequence the society lan- guished and ultimately died. Gompertz also possessed remarkable aptitude for mechanical science. His inventions were very numerous, but the majority were ingenious rather than practical. A list of them, thirty-eight in number, were privately printed in 1837 (Index to Inventions of Lewis Gompertz). Among them are shot-proof ships, fortifications for reflecting the balls to the places fired from, and a mechanical cure for apoplexy. His most valuable contribution to mechanical engineer- ing was the expanding chuck, which is now found in almost every workshop, and attached to every lathe, although it is doubtful whether its inventor ever derived any pecuniary bene- fit from it. Many of Gompertz's inventions were designed to render the lives of animals easy and comfortable. He was author of ' Mechanical Inventions and Suggestions on Land and Water Locomotion,' 1850 ; and ' Fragments in Defence of Animals,' 1852. His portrait appears as a frontispiece to the latter work. He died 2 Dec. 1861. [Animals' Friend, ]833; Reports of the Ani- mals' Friend Society ; private information.] L. W. GONDIBOUR or GOUDIBOUR, THO- MAS (Jl. 1484), prior of Carlisle— the only episcopal chapter belonging to the order of St.- Gonell 1 06 Gonvile Austin in England — was prior (the twenty- ! eighth) from 1484 to 1507. During that time he made considerable additions to the monas- tery, erecting the refectory and other mo- ] nastic buildings, only the foundations of which now remain, and was perhaps the most skilled architect ever in the priory. In the i cathedral proofs of his great skill are still to : be seen in the screen of St. Catherine's chapel, | where his initials are on the scroll work. The screen which separated the choir from the aisles before 1764 was also his work. On an old chest in the vestry is the following Latin verse : ' En domus haec floruit Gou- diboursubtegmineThomse.' He and Castell, prior of Durham from 1494 to 1519, ' are i thoroughly identified with the use of an ele- gant and peculiar school of art,' but it is impossible to say which of them had the priority (meeting of Society of Antiquaries -at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1863; Gent. Mag. 1864, i. 213). [Dugdale, vi. 141 ; Burn and Nicolson's Hist, of Westmoreland and Cumberland, ii. 303 ; E.W. Billing's Hist, of Carlisle Cathedral, pp. 4, 27.] E. T. B. GONELL, WILLIAM (d. 1546?), scholar and correspondent of Erasmus, a native of Landbeach, Cambridgeshire, proceeded B.A. at Cambridge 1484-5, and M.A. 1488, and probably maintained himself by teaching at the university, for Pits speaks of him as a ' public professor.' He became an intimate friend of Erasmus, who probably recom- mended him to Sir Thomas More, in whose household he succeeded Dr. Clement as tutor. He is said to have been attached at one time to Wolsey's household. In 1517 West, bishop of Ely, collated him to the rectory of Coning- ton, Cambridgeshire. Gonell announces the fact in an extant letter to his friend Henry Gold of St. Neots, inquiring if Gold can hire a preacher of simple faith and honesty, and endeavouring to borrow Cicero's ' Letters ' for More's use (BREWER, Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII, ii. 2, App. 17). Six short letters from Erasmus to Gonell are extant, which indicate a close intimacy be- tween the two. The earliest was written in 1511, the latest in 1518. Erasmus was in the habit of lending his horse to Gonell. Dr. Knight (Life of Erasmus, pp. 176-8) touches upon the chief points of interest in the let- ters, and summaries of them will be found in Brewer's ' Letters and Papers of Henry VIII's Reign.' According to Tanner, Gonell was the author of ' Ad Erasmum Roterodamensen Epistolarum Liber,' which Dodd may allude to when he speaks of Erasmus's ' letters to him extant ' (Church History, i. 205). Dodd calls him ' an universal and polite writer.' There are forty-four lines addressed to him in Leland's ' Encomia ' (1589, p. 28), entitled ' Ad Gonellum ut urbem relinquat.' In Cole MS. ix. 50 the will of Gonell names among the executors ' my brother Master William Gonell, Pryest,' this is dated ' Ult. Jan. 37 H. 8.' The exact date of his death is not known. [Brewer's Letters and Papers of the Eeign of Henry VIII, ii. 1, 106, 115, 203, ii. 2, 1270, 1528, App. 17; the index to Erasmus's Letters in the Leyden edition of his works, under • Gonel- lus;' Cooper's Athenae Cantabr. i. 94, 537, where a list of references is given; Pits, De Rebus Anglicis, App. 1619, p. 854.] R. B. GONVILE, EDMUND (d. 1351), founder of Gonville Hall, Cambridge, and of Rush- worth College, Norfolk, is described in the commemoration service of Gonville and Caius College as a son of Sir Nicholas Gonvile, but Dr. Bennet has given very strong grounds for regarding the latter as his elder brother, and for holding that he was a son of William de Gonvile, an alien, ' natus de potestate reg' Francia commorans in Anglia,' who obtained the manor of Lerling, Norfolk, in or about 1295. Edmund Gonvile first appears as rector of Thelnetham, Suffolk, in 1320, being about the same time steward of William, earl War- ren, and of the Earl of Lancaster, who both held large property in that neighbourhood. He was rector of Rush worth in 1326, rector of Terrington St. John in 1 342, and commissioner of the marshlands of Norfolk. His first foundation was at Rushworth in 1342. This was a collegiate church with an endowment (i.e. the rectory and manor of Rushworth) for a master and four fellows. ' He provides for five priests to be continu- ally resident in one house, to one of whom, as master, he commits the general oversight of his foundation, and also, specially and person- ally, the spiritual care of the town. . . . There is no hint of any educational purpose in the original foundation. It was a purely reli- gious foundation' (BEXXET, who gives in extenso the original deed of foundation, in which the statutes are incorporated : this appears to be the earliest complete example of statutes framed for these rural colleges). This college, after having been somewhat altered and largely added to by subsequent benefactions, shared the fate of other religious houses by being suppressed in 1541. It may be remarked that Blomefield mentions (Norf. i i. 427) an earlier foundation than this, but assigns no authorities. According to him Gonvile was co-founder, with Earl Warren and the Earl of Lancaster, of the Friars Preachers' House at Thetford. It is, of course, by his Cambridge founda- Gonvile 107 Gooch tion, now known as Gonville and Caius Col- lege, that Gonvile is most celebrated. In 1348 he obtained from Edward III permission to establish a college in Lurteburgh Lane, now known as Freeschool Lane, on the site afterwards occupied by Corpus Christi Col- lege. It was officially called the Hall of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin, but was commonly and more familiarly known as Gon- ville or Gunnell Hall. The statutes which he provided for his foundation are still extant. According to this design his college was to represent the usual course of study included in the ' Trivium ' and ' Quadrivium,' as the basis of an almost exclusively theological training. Each of the fellows was required to have studied, read, and lectured in logic, but on the completion of his course in arts theology was to form the main subject, his studies being also directed with a view to enabling him to keep his acts and dispute with ability in the schools. The unanimous consent of the master and fellows was neces- sary before he could apply himself to any other faculty. That is, as Mr. Mullinger shows — from whom this statement is taken — Gonvile's first thought was for theology and the training of a learned priesthood. This falls in with what little we can other- wise infer of his character as a pious country clergyman. If this was his intention, how- ever, it was not altogether adhered to. Gon- vile died before his foundation could be carried out, and left his work in the hands of "William Bateman, bishop of Norwich. It does not, of course, lie within the scope of this notice to trace the fortunes of the college, but it may be remarked that Bateman, besides changing the locality of the college from Freeschool Lane to its present site, made considerable al- terations in the statutes, and conformed them more closely to those of his own foundation, Trinity Hall. The alteration was mainly shown in the comparatively greater impor- tance assigned to the study of the civil and canon law as against that of theology. The college retained popularly the name of Gon- ville Hall until the new charter for the en- larged foundation of Dr. John Caius (1510- 1573) [q. v.], granted in 1558. The original patent granted to Gonvile, dated West- minster, 28 Jan. 22 Edward III, is printed in ' Documents relating to the University and Colleges of Cambridge,' 1852 ; as are also the earliest statutes granted to the col- lege by William Bateman [q. v.] bishop of Norwich. The exact date of Gonvile's death is not known, but it must have been some time in 1351. The last actual mention of him is on 20 March 1350-1, and his successor at Ter- rington was instituted 18 Oct. 1351. The family became extinct in the male line in the third generation following. [Mullinger's Hist, of the Univ. of Cambr. ; E. K. Bennet's Rush worth College; Proc.of Norf. Archseol. Soc., vol. x. ; Willis and Clark's Hist, of the Univ. of Cambr.] J. V. GOOCH, BENJAMIN (Jl. 1775), surgeon, was probably the son of Benjamin Gooch (d. 1728), rector of Ashwellthorpe, Norfolk, and his wife Anne Phyllis (d. 1701). He practised chiefly at Shottisham in Norfolk. He was appointed surgeon to the infirmary there by the founder, William Fellowes. In 1758 he published a volume of ' Cases and Practical Remarks in Surgery,' 8vo, London, of which an enlarged edition was issued under the title of ' A Practical Treatise on Wounds and other Chirurgical Subjects ; to which is prefixed a short Historical Account of ... Surgery and Anatomy,' 2 vols. 8vo, Norwich, 1767. He afterwards added an appendix called ' Medical and Chirurgical Observations,' 8vo, London, 1773. A collec- tive edition of his works appeared in three volumes, 8vo, London, 1792. On 9 Oct. 1771 Gooch was chosen consulting surgeon to the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital. At the re- quest of Hayter, bishop of Norwich, he visited before 1759 all the great hospitals in London in order to observe their working, and his reports were of the greatest service to the committee for the Norfolk Hospital. Some surgical cases communicated by him to the Royal Society were printed in the 'Philo- sophical Transactions ' (vols. lix. Ixv.) [Prefaces to works cited above.] G. G. GOOCH, SIR DANIEL (1816-1889), railway pioneer and inventor, born 24 Aug. 1816, was third son of John Gooch (1783- 1833) of Bedlington, Northumberland, by his wife Anna, daughter of Thomas Long- ridge of Newcastle-on-Tyne. At Birkin- shaw's ironworks in his native village of Bedlington, Gooch acquired as a child his first knowledge of enigneering. He there met George Stephenson, who was well ac- quainted with Birkinshaw. His apprentice- ship as a practical engineer was served in the Forth Street works of Stephenson and Pease in Newcastle. In 1837, when aged twenty- one, he was appointed locomotive superin- tendent of the Great Western Railway, on the recommendation of Marc Isambard Brunei [q. v.], the engineer. He held this post for twenty-seven years. Gooch took advantage of the space allowed by the broad gauge, adopted by Brunei, to design locomotives on boldly original lines. His engines attained a speed and safety not previously deemed pos- Gooch 108 Gooch sible, and not exceeded since. His ' North Star' engine, ' a marvel of symmetry and compact- ness,' constructed about 1839, is still at Swin- don. His engine called the ' North Briton,' constructed in 1846, is the pattern from which all engines for broad-gauged express trains were afterwards designed. In 1843 he in- vented ' the suspended link motion with the shifting radius link,' first fitted to the en- fine called ' Great Britain.' He, with Mr. IcNaught, also constructed the earliest indi- cator used on locomotives. His experiments on atmospheric resistance of trains and in- ternal and rolling friction fully exhibited his inventive genius. For the purpose of his researches he constructed a dynamometer carriage, 'in which all the results were regis- tered (automatically) upon a large scale, op- posite each other on the same roll of paper.' He read an account of these experiments before the Institution of Civil Engineers on 18 April 1848, and a full report was printed in the ' Morning Herald ' of the next day. Gooch, as a champion of the broad gauge, was severely criticised by the advocates of the narrow gauge, but the results of his ex- periments proved true. In 1864 Gooch resigned his post as loco- motive superintendent to inaugurate tele- graphic communication between England and America. His efforts were successful, and he despatched the first cable message across the Atlantic in 1866. For his energy in conducting this enterprise he was made a baronet on 15 Nov. 1866. Until the end of his life he was chairman of the Telegraph Con- struction and Maintenance Company, and was long a director of the Anglo-American Company. In 1865 the Great Western Rail- way was in a critical situation. Its stock stood at 38£, and bankruptcy seemed imminent. Gooch re-entered its service as chairman of the board of directors, and his activity and financial skill rapidly placed the railway on a sound footing. He was deeply interested in the construction of the Severn Tunnel, which was opened in 1887. He remained chairman of the railway till his death, when Great Western stock was quoted at over 160. Gooch also supported the building of the Great Eastern steamship, and was one of her owners when she was purchased for lay- ing the Atlantic cable. Gooch was M.P. for Cricklade from 1865 to 1885, was a D.L. for Wiltshire, a J.P. for Berkshire, and a prominent freemason, being grand sword-bearer of England, and pro- vincial grand-master of Berkshire and Buck- inghamshire. He died at his residence, Clewer Park, Berkshire, 15 Oct. 1889, and was buried, 19 Oct., in Clewer churchyard. He married, first, on 22 March 1838, Margaret, daughter of Henry Tanner, esq., of Bishopwearmouth, Durham ; she died on 22 May 1868 ; and secondly, on 17 Sept. 1870, Emily, youngest daughter of John Burder, esq., of Norwood, Surrey. By his first wife he had four sons and two daughters, the eldest son, Henry Daniel, succeeding as second baronet. A portrait is in the board room of the Great Western Railway, Paddington, and a bust in the shareholders' meeting-room. [Times, 16 and 21 Oct. 1889; Foster's Baro- netage ; Men of the Time, 1887 ; Engineering, 20 Oct. 1889.] GOOCH, ROBERT, M.D. (1784-1830), physician, born at Yarmouth, Norfolk, in June 1784, was son of Robert Gooch, a sea captain who was grandson of Sir Thomas Gooch [q. v.] He was educated at a private day school, and when fifteen was apprenticed to Giles Borrett, surgeon-apothecary at Yar- mouth, who had a great practice, and had shown ability in published observations on hernia. Gooch used to visit a blind Mr. Harley, who gave him a taste for literature and philosophy, which he felt grateful lor throughout life, and acknowledged by a be- quest large in^proportion to his means. When Nelson came to visit the wounded of the battle of Copenhagen, Gooch went round the Yarmouth Hospital with him, and was de- lighted with the kind words which the ad- miral addressed to every wounded man. In 1804 he went to the university of Edinburgh, where among his chief friends were Henry Southey [q.v.] and William Knighton [q. v.] In his vacations he studied German at Nor- wich with William Taylor [q.v.], and became engaged to marry Miss Bolingbroke. He graduated M.D.June 1807, his inaugural dis- sertation being on rickets. After a tour in the highlands, and some further holiday in Norfolk, he came to London, worked under Astley Cooper, and in 1808 began general practice at Croydon, Surrey. He also wrote in the ' London Medical Record,' and married the lady to whom he had been engaged for four years. She died in January 1811, and her child in July of the same year. He left Croydon, took a house in Aldermanbury, and after a tour, in which he became intimate with the poet Southey at Keswick, was admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians 6 March 1812 (Muarx, Coll. of Phys. iii. 102), and was soon after elected lecturer on mid- wifery at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. In January 1814 he married the sister of Ben- jamin Travers [q. v.], the surgeon, and in 1816 went to live in Berners Street, where his practice in midwifery and the diseases of women soon became large. His health was Gooch 109 Gooch feeble, and often obliged him to suspend his work. During one of his journeys abroad for health he wrote the letters on ' Beguines and Nursing,' printed in the appendix to Southey's ' Colloquies on Society,' and in December 1825 he wrote an article on the plague in the ' Quarterly Review.' In Ja- nuary 1826 he had haemoptysis, and in April of that year, in view of the probable neces- sity of his retirement from practice, his friend Sir William Knighton procured for him the post of librarian to the king. He grew more and more emaciated, but still worked hard, and in 1829 finished at Brighton the < Ac- count of some of the most Important Diseases peculiar to Women,' which is his chief work, and is still read. In January 1830 he wrote an article in the ' Quarterly Review ' on the Anatomy Act, and at last, confined to bed by consumption, died 16 Feb. 1830, leaving two sons and a daughter. His scattered papers have been published, with a new edition of his treatise on the diseases of women, by Dr. Robert Ferguson, London, 1859. Gooch had a power of clear description, and besides showing careful clinical observation his writ- ings are readable. His account of a night- mare which he had in boyhood (Lives of British Physicians, p. 306) is a model of a de- scription which owes its power to the per- fect truth and simplicity of the narration. Many similar examples of precise forcible de- scription are to De iound in his medical writ- ings. He certainly deserved the high repu- tation which he had among his contempora- ries. He was a small man, with large dark eyes, and his hands were always cold ; ' the cold hand of a dyspeptic,' he once said (for he was unwilling to admit that the coldness was due to the consumption obvious in his face), 'is an advantage in the examination of the abdomen ; the old physicians used for the purpose to plunge one hand into cold water.' His portrait by R. J. Lane, given by his daughter, is at the College of Physicians of London, [Dr. MacMichael's Lives of British Physicians, p. 305. This life is based upon personal know- ledge and information given by Gooch's friend, Dr. H. H. Southey; Munk's Coll. of Phys. iii. 100; Memoir of the late Giles Borrett, Yar- mouth, 1842 ; MS. Minutes St. Bartholomew's Hospital ; information from the late Dr. Patrick Black.] N. M. GOOCH, SIR THOMAS, D.D. (1674- 1754), bishop of Ely, was the son of Thomas Gooch of Yarmouth, by Frances, daughter of Thomas Lone of Worlingham, Suffolk, where he was born 9 Jan. 1674. He entered Caius College, Cambridge, in 1691, and graduated B.A. in 1694, and M.A. in 1698. He was elected to a fellowship 9 July 1698, and seems to have resided and held various lectureships and college offices for some years. His first step of ecclesiastical promotion was his ap- pointment as domestic chaplain to Henry Compton [q. v.], bishop of London, whose funeral sermon he preached at St. Paul's (1713). He was then successively chaplain in ordinary to Queen Anne ; rector of St. Cle- ment's, Eastcheap, and St. Martin Orgar's ; archdeacon of Essex (1714-37); canon resi- dentiary of Chichester (1719) ; lecturer at Gray's Inn ; canon of Canterbury (1730-8) ; master of Caius College (from 29 Nov. 1716 to his death) ; vice-chancellor in 1717, when, owing partly to his exertions, the senate house was built ; bishop of Bristol (12 June 1737), ' where he stayed so short a time as never to have visited his diocese ' (COLE) ; bishop of Norwich (17 Oct. 1738), ' where he repaired and beautified the palace at a very great expense ; ' bishop of Ely (January 1747- 1748) to his death (14 Feb. 1753-4). He succeeded to the baronetcy at the death of his brother William, governor of Virginia, in 1751 ; ' although the bishop was the elder brother (it being most probably thought of by him), yet he was also put into the patent to succeed to the title in case the governor [i.e. his brother] should die without male issue ' (COLE). He was three times married : first to Mary, daughter of Dr. William Sherlock, dean of St. Paul's, afterwards bishop of Salisbury; by her he had one son, Sir Thomas Gooch (1720- 1781) of Benacre, Suffolk, who inherited a very large fortune from his maternal grand- father ; secondly to Hannah, daughter of Sir John Miller of Lavant, Sussex, bart., by whom he had also one son, John; thirdly, when in his seventy-fifth year, to Mary, daughter of Hatton Compton, esq., great-granddaughter of Spencer Compton, second earl of Northamp- ton [q. v.], and great-niece of Henry Compton, bishop of London [q. v.] He was in many ways a typical bishop of the last century : courteous, dignified, and charitable in his conduct; attentive to the official work of his diocese, as well as to his parliamentary duties to his party. Cole (whose narrative must of course be received with caution) has a number of amusing anec- dotes illustrative of Gooch's adroitness in his own personal advancement, and pertinacity in securing abundant preferment1 for his younger son. These characteristics are not borne out by his extant correspondence. It may also be remarked that a certain story, still repeated in combination rooms, of the device by which the master of Caius allowed a college living to lapse to the Bishop of Nor- Good Good wich(at a time when he held both offices), the result being the appointment of John Gooch, is not true. Cole sums up his character as follows : ' He was of a kind and generous disposition ... as I have hinted that he was a man of as great art, craft, and cunning as any in the age he lived in, so I must bear my testimony that he was as much of a gentle- man in his outward appearance, carriage, and behaviour.' He died at Ely House, Hoi born, 14 Feb. 1753^4, but was buried at Cambridge in the college chapel, where there is a monument to him. There are portraits in the college lodge, in the university library. A third, by Heins, is at Benacre Hall, and a fourth, by Bard- well, is in the possession of Mr. A. Hartshorne. He is only known as an author by the publica- tion of three sermons. [Cole's MSS., Brit. Mus. : College Keeords ; notes kindly supplied by Albert Hartshorne, esq., from Gooch's manuscripts in his possession.] GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1 827),phy- sician and miscellaneous writer, the second son of the Rev. Peter Good, a congregational minister at Epping, was born at Epping on 25 May 1764. His mother, a Miss Peyto, the favourite niece of the Rev. John Mason [q. v.], author of ' Self- Knowledge,' died in 1766. Good was well taught in a school kept by his father at Romsey, near the New Forest, and the latter's system of commonplace books was of great use to the son in after life. While at school he mastered Greek, Latin, and French, and showed unusual devotion to study. At fifteen he was apprenticed to a medical practitioner at Gosport, and during his apprenticeship he mastered Italian, read- ing Ariosto, Tasso, and Dante. In 1783-4 he went to London for medical study, attended the lectures of Dr. George Fordyce and others, and became an active member of the Physical Society of Guy's Hospital. In the summer of 1784, when only twenty, he settled in Sud- bury, in partnership with a Mr. Decks, who very shortly retired. Here Good married in 1785 a Miss Godfrey, who only survived six months, and in 1788 a Miss Fenn, who bore him six children, and survived him. In 1792 he lost a considerable sum of money by be- coming surety for friends, and although re- lieved by his father-in-law, he determined to free himself from difficulty by literary work. He wrote plays, translations, poems, essays, &c., but failed for some time to sell anything. At last he gained a footing on ' The World,' and one of the London reviews. In 1793 he removed to London, entering into partnership with a medical man, and on 7 Nov. was ad- mitted a member of the College of Surgeons. I His new partner was jealous of him, and soon caused the business to fail. While struggling to surmount his difficulties, Good in February 1795 won a prize of twenty guineas offered : by Dr. Lettsom for an essay on the ' Diseases 1 frequent in Workhouses, their Cure and Prevention.' In 1794 he became an active member of the ' General Pharmaceutic As- sociation,' designed to improve the education 1 of druggists, who were then notorious for ; their frequent illiteracy and mistakes. At ' the request of some members of this society Good wrote his ' History of Medicine, so far as it relates to the Profession of the Apo- thecary,' 1795. He now gained considerable practice, and contributed to several leading I periodicals, including the ' Analytical ' and the ' Critical ' Reviews. The latter he edited for some time. In 1797 he began to trans- late Lucretius into blank verse. In order to search for parallel passages, he studied suc- cessively Spanish, Portuguese, Arabic, and Persian; he was already acquainted with Hebrew ; later he extended his acquirements to Russian, Sanscrit, Chinese, and other lan- guages. Much of his literary work was done while he walked the streets on his rounds ; even his translation of Lucretius was thus composed, a page or two at a time being ela- borated, until it was ready for being written down. This work occupied the intervals of nearly six years till 1805. The notes still have considerable value from their parallel passages and quotations. From 1804 to 1812 he was much occupied, with his friend and biographer. Olinthus Gregory [q. v.], in the preparation of ' Pantologia,' a cyclopaedia in twelve volumes, to which he furnished a great variety of articles, often supplying by return of post articles requiring much research. IniOOS he was elected F.R.S. In 1811-12 he gave three courses of lectures at the Surrey Insti- tution, which were afterwards published in three volumes, under the title ' The Book of Nature.' In 1820 he devoted himself to prac- tice exclusively as a physician, and obtained the diploma of M.D. from Marischal College, Aberdeen, and in 1822 he became a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians. In this year he published his ' Study of Medicine ' in four volumes,which was well received and sold rapidly, but proved of no permanent value. In it he endeavoured to unite physiology with pathology and therapeutics, an attempt which was bound to fail owing to the defective state of those sciences. His enormous labours at length told on his constitution, and for some years before his death his health was bad. He died of inflammation of the bladder on 2 Jan. 1827, in his sixty-third year, at the house of his widowed daughter, Mrs. Neale, Good Good at Shepperton, Middlesex. Only one other child, a daughter, survived him. His son-in- law, the Rev. Cornelius Neale, senior wrangler in 1812, died in 1823. His grandson was Dr. J. M. Neale [q. v.] No man could be more conscientious or industrious than Good. He had a striking power of acquiring knowledge and of ar- ranging it in an orderly fashion. But he was without creative ability, and hence his works, while full of erudition, pleasingly though not brilliantly imparted, are not of permanent value. He was always active in works of benevolence, and had strong religious feel- ings. During the latter part of his residence atSudbury he became aSocinian or Unitarian, and from the time of his settling in London to 1807 he was a member of a Unitarian church. In that year he withdrew, in consequence of what he considered recommendations of scepticism delivered from the pulpit, and he afterwards became a member of the esta- blished church, attaching himself to the evan- gelicals. In his later years he was an active supporter of the Church Missionary Society, giving the missionaries instruction in useful medical knowledge. Good wrote : 1. ' Maria, an Elegiac Ode,' 1786, 4to. 2. ' Dissertation on the Diseases of Prisons and Poorhouses,' 1795. 3. 'History of Medicine, so far as it relates to the Pro- fession of the Apothecary,' 1795, 2nd edit. 1796, with an answer to a tract entitled ' Murepsologia,' criticising the first edition. 4. ' Dissertation on the best Means of em- ployingthe Poor in Parish Workhouses,' 1798. 5. 'The Song of Songs, or Sacred Idyls, trans- lated from the Hebrew, with notes critical and explanatory, 1803 ; two translations, one literal, the other metrical, are given, and the book is regarded as a collection of love-songs. 6. ' The Triumph of Britain,' an ode, 1803. 7. ' Memoirs of theLife and Writings of Alex- ander Geddes, LL.D.' [q. v.], 1803. 8. < The Nature of Things ; translated from Lucretius, with the original Text and Notes, Philological and Explanatory,' 2 vols. 4to, 1805-7. Jeffrey, in the ' Edinburgh Review,' x. 217-34, wrote : ' These vast volumes are more like the work of a learned German professor than of an ungraduated Englishman. They display ex- tensive erudition, considerable judgment, and some taste ; yet they are extremely dull and uninteresting.' This translation has since been published in Bohn's Classical Library. 9. ' Oration before the Medical Society of London on the Structure and Physiology of Plants,' 1808. 10. 'Essay on Medical Technology,' 1810 ('Trans. Medical Society,' 1808). This essay gained the Fothergillian medal. 11. 'The Book of Job, literally translated, with Notes and an Introductory Dissertation,' 1812, 8vo. 12. ' Memoir of Rev. John Mason, prefixed to a new edition of his "Treatise on Self-Knowledge,"' 1812. 13. ' Pantologia,' in conjunction with Olin- thus Gregory and Newton Bosworth, 12 vols. 1802-13. Good wrote most of the medical and scientific articles, with some on philo- logical subjects. 14. 'A Physiological System of Nosology,' 1817. 15. ' The Study of Medi- cine,' 4 vols. 1822 ; 2nd edit. 1825 ; two edi- tions were afterwards edited bySamuel Cooper (1780-1848) [q. v.], 1832 and 1834. Six American editions of this work had been published up to 1835. 16. 'The Book of Nature,' 3 vols. 1826. This reached a third edition in England, and there were several American editions. 17. 'Thoughts on Select Texts of Scripture,' 1828. 18. 'Historical Outline of the Book of Psalms,' edited by the Rev. J. M. Neale, 1842. 19. 'The Book of Psalms, a new Translation, with Notes/ 1854. 20. ' Thoughts for aU Seasons,' 1860. Good also wrote much in periodicals, besides those mentioned, contributed largely for some years to Dodsley's ' New Annual Register/ and was one of the editors and principal writers of ' The Gallery of Nature and Art,' 1821 (see Life, pp. 88, 108). He contri- buted the introduction and notes to Wood- fall's edition of ' Junius,' 1812. Many of his occasional poems are contained in his ' Life/ and several in his ' Thoughts for all Seasons.' He left in manuscript, in addition to work* that have been published since his death, a new translation of the ' Book of Proverbs.' [Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Character of John Mason Good, by Olinthus Gregory, 1828 ; Funeral Sermon, -with Notes and Appendix, by C. Jerram, 1827; Gent. Mag. (1827), xcvii. pt. i. 276-8.] G-. T. B. GOOD, JOSEPH HENRY (1775-1857), architect, was a son of the rector of Sambrook, Shropshire, where he was born on 18 Nov. 1775. He received his professional training from Sir John Soane, to whom he was ar- ticled from 1795 to 1799, and early in his career he gained a number of premiums for designs for public buildings. His most note- worthy works for private clients were Apps' Court Park, Surrey, and the mansion of Horndean, Hampshire, and other buildings, designed for Sir William Knighton. In 1814 he was appointed surveyor to the trustees of the Thavies estate, Holborn, and some years later to the parish of St. Andrew's, Holborn, in which latter capacity he designed and carried out in 1825 the vestry hall, in 1830 the national school, and in 1831 the work- house, Shoe Lane. He also in 1818 designed Good 112 Good the interior decoration, &c., of St. Andrew's Church. In 1840 he erected the new hall in Coleman Street for the Armourers' Company, to which in 1819 he had been appointed sur- veyor. About 1822 he was appointed archi- tect to the Royal Pavilion at Brighton, and from 1830 to 1837 erected several new build- ings there, including the north and south lodges and entrances,additional stables,coach- houses, dormitory, &c. From 1826 to the dissolution of the commission he was archi- tect to the commissioners for building new churches, from which he subsequently enjoyed a pension. In 1830 he was appointed, under the office of works and public buildings, clerk of works to the Tower, Royal Mint, Fleet and King's Bench prisons, &c., and on 4 Jan. 1831 succeeded, as clerk of works to Kensing- ton Palace, to the official residence at Palace Green, which, in spite of the abolition of the office, he occupied by permission of the sove- reign during the remainder of his life. He died there on 20 Nov. 1857, and was buried in Kensal Green cemetery. One of the ori- ginal fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects, he took a lively interest in the study and progress of architecture. Among his many pupils were Robert Wallace, Henry Ashton, and Alfred Bartholomew. [Diet, of Architecture, Architectural Publica- tions Soc. 1848.] G. W. B. GOOD, THOMAS (1609-1678), master of Balliol College, born in 1609. was a native of Worcestershire or Shropshire. He was ad- mitted scholar at Balliol College in 1624, and took the degree of B. A. in 1628. Next year he was elected probationer-fellow, and in 1630 fellow of his college. He proceeded M. A. in 1631, and B.D. in 1639. He became vicar of St. Alkmund's in Shrewsbury, probably in 1642. From this living he seems to have been ejected by the parliament (WALKER, Sufferings of the Clergy, pt. ii. pp. 253, 254 ; BLAKEWAY, Shrewsbury, ii. 280, 281) ; but he continued to hold the rectory of Coreley in Shropshire, to which he had been instituted before 1647, throughout the interregnum, and he submitted to the parliamentary visi- tors for Oxford. He was even appointed one of the visitors' delegates on 30 Sept. 1647. With Dr. Warmestry he met Baxter and other ministers of the Worcestershire Asso- ciation in September 1653 at Cleobury Mor- timer, in order to discuss the question of the Shropshire clergy joining the association, and signed a paper expressing unqualified ap- proval of the articles of agreement. He obtained leave of absence from Balliol Col- lege for a large part of the years from 1647 to 1658, and then resigned his fellowship. At the Restoration he was created doctor of divinity as a sufferer for the king's cause. He was also appointed prebendary of Hereford on 29 Aug. 1660, and about the same time he was presented to the rectory of Wistanstow in Herefordshire. In 1672 he was unani- mously elected master of Balliol College. He died at Hereford 9 April 1678. His published works were : 1. 'Firmianus and Dubitantius, certain dialogues concerning Atheism, Infidelity, Popery, and other Here- sies and Schismes that trouble the peace of the Church and are destructive of primitive piety,' 8vo, Oxford, 1674. Reflections on the nonconformists contained in this work moved Baxter to write the author a letter of strong remonstrance, which is printed in ' Reliquiae Baxterianse,' pt. iii. pp. 148-51. 2. A folio sheet addressed to the ' Lords, Gentlemen, and Clergy of the Diocese and County of Wor- cester,' ' the humble proposal of a native of that county in behalf of ingenious young scholars.' This states that Worcestershire has no ' considerable encouragement ' for such scholars, and suggests the endowment of two or more fellowships in Balliol College, which (it is said) is ' commonlv known by the name of the Worcester College.' 3. 'A Brief Eng- lish Tract of Logick,' 12mo, 1677. In the British Museum (Addit. MS. 15857, f. 254) there is a letter from Good to Evelyn, thank- ing him for offering to present two of his books to Balliol College Library. [Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 1154; Re- liquiie Baxterianae, ii. 149, iii. 148 ; Register of the Visitors of the University of Oxford, 1 647-58 (Camden Soc.) ; Kennett's Register and Chronicle, p. 333 ; Balliol College MS. Register; Bodleian Library Cat. of Printed Books.] E. C-N. GOOD, THOMAS SWORD (1789-1872), painter, was born at Berwick-upon-Tweed, 4 Dec. 1789, the birth-year of David Wilkie. He was brought up as an ordinary house- painter, but in course of time began to exe- cute portraits at a cheap rate. From this he passed to genre painting, and between 1820 and 1834 exhibited at the principal London exhibitions. To the Royal Academy he sent in 1820 'A Scotch Shepherd;' 'in 1821 ' Music ' and ' A Man with a Hare : ' in 1822 (the year in which Wilkie's ' Chelsea Pen- sioners ' was exhibited) ' Two Old Men (still living) who fought at the Battle of Minden/ a charming little picture, now (1890) in the possession of Mr. F. Locker-Lampson. To the same year belongs 'An Old Northumbrian Piper.' In 1823 he exhibited 'Practice' (pro- bably the barber's apprentice shaving a sheep's head, engraved in mezzotint by W. Morrison) ; 1824, ' Rummaging an Old Wardrobe ; ' 1825, Good Good ' Girl and Boy ' and ' Smugglers Resting ; ' 1826, ' A Study of Figures;' 1827, ' Fisher- men ; ' 1828, ' Interior, with Figures ; ' 1829, 'Coast Scene, with Fishermen 'and 'Idlers;' 1830, ' The Truant ' and ' Merry Cottagers ; ' 1831, 'Medicine:' 1832, ' Coast Scene, with a Fisherman ' (now in the National Gallery) ; and 1833, ' The Industrious Mother.' Besides these, he sent forty-three pictures to the British Institution and two to the Suffolk Street Gallery, making a total of sixty-four works up to 1834. About this date, from some obscure cause, he relinquished his brush, and never resumed it professionally. He died in his house on the Quay Walls of his native town, 15 April 1872. Little is known of his life. He visited London and Wilkie, to whose school he belongs, though his con- nection with the ' Goldsmith of art ' would appear to be rather instinctive than direct. Besides the picture in the National Gal- lery mentioned above, there are in the same collection three specimens of Good's work, ' The Newspaper,' which has been more than once reproduced, and two others ('No News ' and ' Study of a Boy '), both bequeathed in 1874 by the painter's widow, Mary Evans Good, to whom he had been married in 1839. There are also several examples of Good's art in the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge, and there is an admirable portrait of the artist's friend, the wood-engraver, Thomas Bewick, in the Museum of the Newcastle Natural History Society. But by far the largest collection of his works is that owned by Mr. J. W. Barnes of Durham, which be- sides oils, e.g. the above-mentioned ' Smug- glers Resting ' and ' Merry Cottagers,' water- colours, drawings, and etchings, includes a characteristic portrait of the artist by him- self. Good's subjects are simple, ingeniously lighted, and cleanly and dexterously painted. They are generally on panel. In boys, fisher- men, and smugglers he excelled, and he some- times exhibits considerable humour. W. Morrison, who engraved ' Practice,' also en- graved ' Music.' [Communications from Mr. J. W. Barnes ; Ward's English Art in the Public Galleries of London, pp. 118-20; Portfolio, 1889, xx. 111- 113.] A. D. GOOD, WILLIAM (1527-1586), Jesuit, born at Glastonbury, Somersetshire, in 1527, was educated there, and admitted at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 26 Feb. 1545-6, elected a fellow of that society 15 June 1548, and commenced M.A. 18 July 1552, being about that time humanity reader in the col- lege (BoASE, Registrum Univ. O.von. i. 218). He was one of the clerks of the market in VOL. XXII. 1652. In Queen Mary's reign he obtained the benefice of Middle Chinnock, Somerset- shire, the prebend of Comba Octava in the church of Wells, and the head-mastership of the grammar school at Wells. Soon after the accession of Elizabeth he withdrew to Tournay, where in 1562 he was admitted into the Society of Jesus by Father Mercurianus, the provincial (afterwards general of the so- ciety). After he had passed his novitiate he was sent into Ireland with Dr. Richard Creagh j [l- v>]> archbishop of Armagh, and laboured as a missionary in that country for several years. Then he went to Louvain, where he became acquainted with Robert Parsons, whom he persuaded to join the Jesuit order. In 1577 he was professed of the four vows at Rome. Subsequently he visited Sweden and Poland in company with Anthony Possevin in order to settle certain affairs relating to the order. While living in Poland he was elected by the provincial meeting as procura- tor to the fourth general congregation, and by his vote he assisted in the election of Father Claudius Aquaviva as general of the Jesuits (1581). After the congregation was over he remained in Rome as confessor to the Eng- lish College then recently established. His ! appointment gave special satisfaction to Dr. \ Allen, as appears by his letter to Father I Agazzari, 1 June 1581. In 1582 Agazzari I appealed to him to clear him from the charge of enticing the students of the college into the Society of Jesus (Kyox.,'Letters and Me- morials of Cardinal Allen, p. 153). Good j died at Naples on 5 July (N. S.) 1586, and was buried in the college of the Jesuits in that city. His works are : 1. An abstract of the lives of the British saints, digested, says Wood, according to the years of Christ and kings of Great Britain. Manuscript formerly in the English College, Rome. 2. ' Ecclesiae Anglicanse Trophsea, sive sanctorum Mar- tyrum, qui pro Christo Catholicseque Fidei veritate asserenda, antiquorecentiorique Per- secutionum tempore, mortem in Anglia subie- runt, Passiones. Romse in Collegio Anglico per Nicolaum Circinianum depictse ; nuper autem per Jo. Bap. de Cavalleriis seneis typis repraesentatse,' Rome, 1584, fol., containing thirty-six plates, inclusive of the title-page, engraved on copper. These curious pictures, which formerly covered the walls of the church attached to the English College at Rome, were presented to that institution by George Gilbert [q. v.l Good superintended the work and supplied the artist with the subjects. A reproduction of the engravings, under the editorial supervision of the Rev. John Morris, appeared in 1888. Goodacre 114 Goodall [Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), i. 516 ; Tan- ner's Bibl. Brif. p. 332 ; Oliver's Jesuit Collec- tions, p. 105 ; Dodd's Church Hist. ii. 145 ; Re- cords of English Catholics, i. 328, 334, ii. 466 ; More's Hist. Missionis Anglic. Soc. Jesu, p. 13 ; Tanner's Societas Jesu Apostolorum Imitatrix, p. 210; Foley's Records, iv. 477, vii. 307; South- well's Bibl. Scriptt. Soc. Jesu, p. 314.] T. C. GOODACRE, HUGH (d. 1553), primate of Ireland, was vicar of Shalfleet, Isle of Wight, and chaplain to Bishop Poynet of Winchester. Strype supposes him to have been at first chaplain to Princess Elizabeth, who about 1548 or 1549 procured him a license to preach from the Protector, saying in a letter to Cecil that he had been ' long time known unto her to be as well of honest conversation and sober living as of sufficient learning and judgment in the Scriptures to preach the "Word of God.' When Archbishop George Dowdall, who was opposed to the Reforma- tion, retired from Armagh in 1552, Cranmer recommended Goodacre to Edward VI for the vacant see as ' a wise and well learned man/ and he was appointed by a letter under the privy seal dated 28 Oct. 1552. On 2 Feb. 1552-3 he was consecrated in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin. He died in Dublin on 1 May of the same year, not without suspicion of having been poisoned I by priests ' for preaching God's verity and j rebuking their common vices ' (BALE, Voca- \ cyon, p. 343; see also BTJRNET, Reformation, iii. 325). He is said to have been 'famed for his preaching' (STRYPE). None of his writings were published. [Ware's Bishops of Ireland ; Strype's Me- morials of Archbishop Cranmer; Cotton's Fasti ; Mant's Hist, of Church of Ireland.] T. H. GOODAL, WALTER (1706 P-1766), Scottish antiquary. [See GOODALL.] GOODALL, CHARLES, M.D. (1642- 1712), physician, was born in Suffolk in 1642, studied medicine at Leyden, and graduated M.D. at Cambridge 26 Nov. 1670. He then went to reside in London, attended some of the anatomical lectures of Dr. Walter Need- ham [q. v.] (The Colledge of Physicians vin- dicated, p. 66), and was admitted a candidate, a grade corresponding to the present degree of member, at the College of Physicians on 26 June 1676. Earlier in the same year he had published ' The Colledge of Physicians vindicated, and the True State of Physick in this Nation faithfully represented.' This work is a reply to an attack on the college by Adrian Hyberts, and proves three points : that the College of Physicians was legally established, that it exercised its rights justly, and that it had advanced medical learning in England. The illustrations in support of the last show Goodall to have been well read in the science of his time. On 5 April 1680 he was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians, delivered the Gulstonian lectures there in 1685, and the Harveian oration in 1694 and 1709. He was censor in 1697, 1703, 1705, and 1706, and president from 1708 till his death. In 1684 he published ' The Royal College of Physicians of London founded and established by law,' and 'An Historical Account of the College's Proceedings against Empirics, &c., in every prince's reign from their first Incorporation to the Murther of the Royal Martyr, King Charles the First.' These treatises are usually bound in one vo- lume. The first gives an account of all the acts of parliament, royal charters, and judicial decisions establishing the privileges of the College of Physicians. The second, after an epistle dedicatory, which contains excelleat brief biographies of the most distinguished fellows of the college of past times, gives de- tails of all the prosecutions of empirics, or uneducated practisers of physic, extracted from the college records, and is of great his- torical interest. On 28 April 1691 Goodall succeeded Needham as physician to the Char- terhouse, and for the rest of his life resided there with occasional visits to a house which he owned at Kensington. He enjoyed the friendship of Sydenham [q. v.], of Sydenham's son, of Sir Hans Sloane, and of most of the physicians of his time. He was warmly at- tached to the College of Physicians, and the manuscript annals bear testimony to his con- stant attendance at its meetings. He pre- sented the portraits of Henry VHI and of Wolsey which now hang in the censor's room. Sydenham dedicated his ' Schedula Monitoria ' to Goodall, and speaks with re- spect of his medical skill and with warm ad- miration of his character. A letter from Goodall making an appointment to meet Sloane in consultation at the Three Tuns in Newgate Street, London, is in the British Museum (Sloane MS. 4046), and in the same volume are six other autograph letters of his, all written in a hand of beautiful clearness. One dated 1 Sept. 1709 is from Leatherhead, the others from Charterhouse. On 26 Oct. ] 698 he asks to borrow some books, on 28 Jan. 1697 he asks Sloane about two Arabian mea- sures, ' Zasang' and 'Rhoxates,' and wishes to borrow ' Agricola, de ponderibus.' In an- other he proposes an edition of ' Sydenham,' and 9 Jan. 1699 wishes to consult Sloane as to his own health. He married thrice, died at Kensington 23 Aug. 1712, and is buried in the church of that parish. His widow gave Goodall Goodall his portrait to the College of Physicians in 1713. His combat as Stentor, champion of the College of Physicians, with a champion of the Apothecaries, is one of the incidents of the fifth canto of Garth's ' Dispensary.' CHAELES GOODALL, the younger (1671- 1689), poet, son of the foregoing, was edu- cated at Eton, and Merton College, Oxford, where he became post-master in 1688. He died 11 May 1689, and was buried in Mer- ton College chapel. He was, says Wood, ' a most ingenious young man.' He is author of an easily written volume of poems, entitled 'Poems and translations written upon several occasions and to several persons by a late scholar of Eaton,' London, 1689. There are two dedications, one to the Countess of Claren- don, and the other to ' Mr. Roderick, Upper Master of Eaton School ' (WOOD, Athence, ed. Bliss, iv. 256). [Munk's Coll. of Phys. i. 403 ; Garth's Dis- pensary, 6th ed. 1706, p. 91; Works; Sloane MSS. in British Museum.] N. M. GOODALL, CHARLOTTE (Jl. 1784- 1813), actress, was the daughter of Stanton, manager of what was called a ' sharing com- pany ' in Staffordshire. From an early age she played in her father's company. She made so successful a debut at Bath as Rosa- lind, 17 April 1784, that John Palmer [q. v.] engaged her for his theatre. In Bath or Bristol she played Lady Teazle, Lydia Lan- guish, Miss Hardcastle, Mrs. Page, and many other characters, including Juliet and Des- demona. On 6 Oct. 1787, still in Bath as Mrs. Goodall, late Miss Stanton, she played Miranda in the ' Busybody.' On 2 Oct. 1788 she made her d6but in London, at DruryLane, as Rosalind. She supported Miss Farren [q.v.] and Mrs. Jordan [q. v.] in other characters, and played also Charlotte Rusport in ' West Indian,' Angelica in ' Love for Love,' Milla- mant in ' Way of the World,' and Viola in ' Twelfth Night.' Her refusal to play Lady Anne in ' King Richard III ' led to a quarrel with Kemble and to a keen newspaper con- troversy On 30 July 1789, expressly en- gaged by Colman the younger for ' breeches parts,' she appeared at the Haymarket as Sir Harry Wildair in the ' Constant Couple.' At one or other house she played many original characters in plays of secondary importance now forgotten. With the Drury Lane com- pany she migrated in 1791-2 to the King's Theatre in the Haymarket, where she played, 30 Nov. 1791, Katharine to the Petruchio of Palmer, returning in 1794 with the company to Drury Lane. Two or three years later she ceased to belong to the summer company at the Haymarket, and in 1798-9 her name disap- pears from the Drury Lane bills. Sheplayed at the Haymarket for a short time in 1803. On 19 July 1813 an action was brought by her husband, Thomas Goodall [q. v.], a merchant- captain in Bristol, who took the title of Admi- ral of Hayti, against William Fletcher, an at- torney, for criminal conversation. A verdict for the plaintiff, with 5,000/. damages,was then given. In the evidence it is stated that Mrs. Goodall was originally an actress, and had a family of eight children. From this point traces of Mrs. Goodall disappear. She had a symmetrical figure, and in this respect was pitted against Mrs. Jordan, whom she sur- passed in height. Her voice was melodious, but her articulation not quite clear. Her character is said to have been amiable. A portrait by De Wilde [q. v.], representing her as Sir Harry Wildair, is in the Mathews Collection at the Garrick Club. In the ' Druriad,' a satire, 1798, 4to, she is described as possessing a neat figure and a pretty, lifeless face ; and it is said Nor joy, nor grief, affect (sic) her lifeless frame, Inanimate and gentle, mild and tame. A note says she conveys the idea of ' a well- constructed automaton.' [Genest's Account of theEnglish Stage; Hazle- wood's Secret History of the Green Eoom, 1795 ; Gilliland's Dramatic Mirror, 1808 ; Keport of Trial, Goodall v. Fletcher, 8vo, n. d. (1813) ; works cited.] J. K. GOODALL, EDWARD (1795-1870), line-engraver, was born at Leeds on 17 Sept. 1795. He was entirely self-taught, and owed his proficiency solely to his own ability and perseverance. From the age of sixteen he practised both engraving and painting ; but having attracted the attention of Turner by one of his pictures exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1822 or 1823, the latter offered him as many plates to engrave from his paintings as he would undertake. This de- cided his future course as a landscape en- graver, and his principal plates were from the works of the great landscape painter. These included ' Cologne,' ' Tivoli, with the Temple of the Sybil,' ' Caligula's Bridge '— a commission from the artist which was never published — ' Old London Bridge,' and several plates for the ' England and Wales ' series, and the ' Southern Coast.' To these must be added the exquisite little vignettes for Rogers's ' Italy ' and ' Poems,' and the illus- trations to Campbell's ' Poems.' He engraved also ' A Seaport at Sunset ' and ' The Mar- riage Festival of Isaac and Rebecca ' after Claude Lorrain, a ' Landscape, with Cattle and Figures,' after Cuyp, and ' The Market Cart ' after Gainsborough, all for the series i2 Goodall 116 Goodall of ' Engravings from the Pictures in the National Gallery/ published by the Asso- ciated Engravers ; ' The Ferry Boat,' after F. R. Lee, for Finden's 'Royal Gallery of British Art; ' and 'The Castle of Ischia,' after Clarkson Stanfield, for the Art Union of Lon- don. Although landscape engraving was his speciality, he also executed several figure sub- jects, more especially after the paintings of his son, Frederick Goodall, R.A. Among these were ' The Angel's Whisper ' and ' The Soldier's Dream,' 'The Piper' (engraved for the Art Union of London), 'Cranmer at the Traitor's Gate,' and ' The Happy Days of Charles the First,' all after Frederick Goodall; and 'The Chalk Waggoner ' after Rosa Bonheur. He also engraved some plates for the ' Amulet ' and for the ' Art Journal,' the latter com- prising ' Raising the Maypole,' ' A Summer Holiday,' ' The Swing,' ' Felice Ballarin re- citing Tasso/ ' Hunt the Slipper,' ' Arrest of a Peasant Royalist, Brittany, 1793,' ' The Post-boy, 'and 'The School of Sultan Hassan,' all after Frederick Goodall ; ' The Bridge of Toledo ' after David Roberts ; ' Amalfi, Gulf of Salerno/ after George E. Hering; ' Manchester from Kersal Moor/ after W. Wyld ; ' Evening in Italy/ after T. M. Ri- chardson ; ' The Monastery/ after 0. Achen- bach ; and ' Dido building Carthage/ ' Cali- gula's Palace and Bridge, Bay of Baise/ and ' Ulysses deriding Polyphemus/ after Turner. Goodall's fame rests mainly upon his plates after Turner, which are executed with great delicacy and beauty. He died at Hampstead Road, London, on 11 April 1870, leaving three sons, Frederick Goodall, R.A., Ed- ward A. Goodall, and Walter Goodall [q. v.], members of the Royal Society of Painters in Water-Colours, and a daughter, Eliza Goodall, afterwards Mrs. Wild, who exhibited some domestic subjects at the Royal Academy and British Institution between 1846 and 1855. [Art Journal, 1870, p. 182; Bryan's Diet, of Painters and Engravers, ed. Graves, 1886, i. 584.] R. E. G. GOODALL, FREDERICK TRE- VELYAN (1848-1871), painter, son of Frederick Goodall, R.A., was a student at the Royal Academy. In 1868 and 1869 he exhibited some studies there, and in 1869 was successful in obtaining the gold medal of the Academy for an original picture, ' The Return of Ulysses.' He went to Italy, and seemed on the threshold of a successful career, when he lost his life by an accident at Capri on 11 April 1871. He was twenty- three years of age. [Redgrave's Diet, of Artists ; Graves's Diet, of Artists, 1760-1880.] L. C. GOODALL, HOWARD (1850-1874), painter, son of Frederick Goodall, R.A., showed early promise as a painter. He ex- hibited at the Royal Academy in 1870 'Nydia in the House of Glaucus/ and in 1873 ' Capri Girls winnowing.' He died at Cairo on 17 Jan. 1874, aged 24. [Redgrave's Diet, of Artists ; Graves's Diet, of Artists, 1760-1880.] L. C. GOODALL, JOSEPH (1760-1840), pro- vost of Eton, was born 2 March 1760. He was elected to King's College, Cambridge, from Eton in 1778. He gained Browne's medals in 1781 and 1782, and the Craven scholarship in 1782. He graduated B.A. in 1783 and M.A. in 1786. In 1783 he became a fellow of his college and assistant-master at Eton. In 1801 he was appointed head-mas- ter of the school, which preserved its num- bers and reputation under him. In 1808 he became canon of Windsor on the recommen- dation of his friend and schoolfellow, the Marquis Wellesley. In 1809 he succeeded Jonathan Davies [q. v.] as provost of Eton. In 1827 he accepted the rectory of West Ils- ley, Berkshire, from the chapter of Windsor. Goodall had the virtues of the ideal head- master of an English public school ; he wrote Latin verses, of which specimens are in the ' Muste Etonenses ' (1817, i. 146, ii. 24, 58,. 87). The second volume is dedicated to him. His discipline was mild, and he was courteous, witty, hospitable, and generous. He was a staunch conservative, and during his life was supposed to be an insuperable obstacle to any threatened innovations. William IV once said in his presence, ' When Goodall goes I'll make you [Keate] provost ; ' to which he re- plied, ' I could not think of " going " before your majesty.' He kept his word, and died 25 March 1840. He was buried in the col- lege chapel 2 April following. A statue in the college chapel was raised to his memory by a subscription of 2,000^., headed by the queen dowager. He founded a scholarship of 50/. a year, to be held at Oxford or Cam- bridge. A mezzotint from a portait by H. E. Dawe was published. [Gent. Mag. 1840, pp. 545, 670 ; Harwood's Alumni Etonenses, p. 354 ; Maxwell Lyte's Eton (1875), pp. 355, 371,401-3.] L. S. GOODALL, SAMUEL GRANSTON (d. 1801), admiral, was promoted to the rank of lieutenant in the navy in 1756, and on 2 June 1760 to the command of the Hazard sloop, in which he captured a French privateer, the Due d'Ayen, at anchor on the coast of Norway near Egersund — an alleged breach of Denmark's neutrality, which gave Goodall 117 Goodall rise to a long and curious correspondence, Goodall defending his action on the grounds that the French ship had made prizes within a league of the shore ; that ' the place was a piratical nest for French rovers, to the ob- struction of commerce by the meanest of vessels ; ' and that as the king of Denmark had no forts or ensigns there, and exercised no control or protection, the privateer be- came a just subject of forfeiture. On 13 Jan. 1762, Goodall was posted to the command of the Mercury of 24 guns, in which he joined the flag of Sir George Pocock [q. v.] in the West Indies, and took part in the reduction of Havana. He was after- wards employed in the protection of trade on the coast of Georgia, and returned home in the spring of 1764. In 1769 he com- missioned the Winchelsea for service in the Mediterranean, and in the summer of 1770 was sent to protect British interests at Smyrna, where the Turks, by reason of the war with Russia and the recent destruction of their fleet in Chesme Bay [see ELPHIN- STON, JOHN], were in a state of great excite- ment and exasperation. In 1778 he com- manded the Defiance of 64 guns, in the action off" Ushant on 27 July; and being afterwards moved into the Valiant, served in the Channel fleet through the three fol- lowing years, and at the relief of Gibraltar in 1781. He afterwards went out with Rodney to the West Indies, and took an honourable part in the actions off Dominica on 9 and 12 April 1782. The Valiant was one of the ships then detached with Sir Samuel Hood to intercept the flying enemy in the Mona passage, and being, by her better sailing, ahead of her consorts, it was to her that both the Caton and Jason struck their flags on 19 April. She returned to England on the peace, and was paid off. For a short time in the summer of 1790 Goodall commanded the Gibraltar ; and on 21 Sept. 1790 he was advanced to the rank of rear-admiral. In 1792 he was commander- in-chief in Newfoundland, but returned home in the winter, and in April 1793, with his flag in the Princess Royal, took one of the divisions of the fleet out to the Medi- terranean, where, during the occupation of Toulon, he acted as governor of the city. On 12 April 1794 he became a vice-admiral, and after the recall of Lord Hood com- manded in the second post under Admiral Hotham, in the actions of 13 March and 13 July 1795, but without any opportunity of special distinction. Towards the close of the year he applied for leave to strike his flag, being disappointed, it was said, at not succeeding to the command of the fleet. He had no further service, but was advanced to the rank of admiral on 14 Feb. 1799. He died at Teignmouth in 1801. [Charnock's Biog. Nav. vi. 458; Ralfe's Naval Biog. i. 335 ; Official Letters in the Public Ee- cord Office. There are also some interesting notices in Nicolas's Nelson Despatches (see Index).] J. K. L. GOODALL, THOMAS (1767-1832?), admiral of Hayti, was born at Bristol in 1767, and was intended by his father to be brought up as a lawyer ; but at the age of thirteen he ran away from school, and shipped on board a privateer bound for the West Indies, which was cast away on St. Kitts in the hurricane of Oct. 1780. He was so fortunate as to fall into the hands of a merchant there who was acquainted with his father, and passed him on to an uncle in Montserrat. He was now entered on board the Triton frigate, in which he was rated as midshipman, and was present at the action off Dominica on 12 April 1782. In October 1782 he was transferred to the Thetis for a passage home ; after which he returned to the merchant service for a voyage to the Levant, and afterwards to China. In 1787 he married Miss Stanton, a young actress [see GOODALL, CHARLOTTE], described as a very beautiful woman, whom he saw play ing at the Bath Theatre. During the Spanish armament in 1790, Goodall was borne as master's mate on board the Nemesis, com- manded by Captain A. J. Ball ; but on that dispute being arranged, having no prospects in the navy, he obtained command of a merchant ship bound to the West Indies. During his absence the war with France began, and on his homeward voyage he was captured by a French privateer and carried into L'Orient. He was, however, fortunate enough to win the good will of his captor, who found an opportunity to let him escape on board a Dutch timber ship then in the port. On his return to England, he is said to have been appointed to the Diadem frigate ; but he does not seem to have joined her ; he was certainly not entered on the ship's books [Pay-Book of the Diadem]. He accepted the command of a small privateer, and continued in her till the peace of 1801, ' during which time he is said to have made more voyages, fought more actions, and captured more prizes than ever before were effected in the same time by any private ship.' When the war broke out again, Goodall fitted out a small privateer of 10 guns and forty men, in which, on 25 July 1803, he fell in with, and after a stubborn defence was captured by, La Caro- line, a large privateer, and again carried into Goodall 118 Goodall L'Orient. He and his men were sent on to Rennes, and thence to Espinal ; from which place he made his escape, in company with one of his officers. After many hardships and ad- ventures they reached the Rhine, succeeded in crossing it, and so making their way to Berlin, whence they were sent on to Eng- land. On the beginning of the war with Spain Goodall again obtained command of a pri- vateer, and in her captured a treasure-ship from Vera Cruz. He afterwards touched at St. Domingo, and having made some ac- quaintance with Christophe, one of two rival black presidents, he was induced to put his ship and his own services at the disposal of Christophe in the civil war that was raging between the two. His assist- ance seems to have turned the scale definitely in Christophe's favour; but Goodall was considered by the governor of Jamaica to have acted improperly, and was therefore sent home in 1808. On his arrival he was released, and shortly after returned to Hayti ; coming home again in 1810 and again in 1812. He is said to have remitted to his agent in England — an attorney named Fletcher — very large sums of money, to the amount of 120,000/. The amount was probably exag- gerated, but that he had remitted consider- able sums seems established. He now, however, found himself a bankrupt by the chicanery of Fletcher, who had not only robbed him of his fortune but also of his wife, who, although the mother of eight children by Goodall, six of whom were living, had become Fletcher's mistress. It was de- posed on the trial that during her husband's imprisonment and absence from home Mrs. Goodall had supported her family by her theatrical profession ; but there was no whisper of any misconduct or even levity on her part, till she yielded to the seductions of Fletcher ; and the jury before whom the case was tried, taking this view of the matter, awarded the injured husband 5,000/. Of Goodall, nothing further is known ; but as his name does not occur in the later history of Hayti (LiMONADE, Relation des evenements, &c.), it would seem probable that he lived in privacy till his death, which is said to have taken place in 1832 (EvANS, Catalogue of Engraved Portraits, 1836). [European Mag. (May 1808), liii. 323. This biographical sketch would appear to have been furnished by Goodall himself, and is therefore liable to suspicion of exaggerating a romantic career : so far as they go, it is corroborated by the pay-books of the Triton and the Nemesis, now in the Public Record Office. General Evening Post, 23 April, 14 May 1808 ; Report of the Trial between Thomas Goodall (Plaintiff) and William Fletcher (Defendant), 1813, 8vo.] J. K. L. GOODALL, WALTER (1706 P-1766), apologist of Mary Queen of Scots, was the eldest son of John Goodall, a farmer in Banff- shire. He was educated at King's College, Old Aberdeen, which he entered in 1723, but left without taking a degree. In 1730 he obtained employment in the Advocates' Li- brary, Edinburgh, and in 1735 became sub- librarian. He aided the principal librarian, Thomas Ruddiman, in the compilation of the catalogue of the library, printed in 1742, which has now been entirely superseded. In 1753 Goodall edited a new issue of the garbled ' Memoirs of the Affairs of Scotland/ originally published by David Crawford [q. v.] His interest in the ' Memoirs ' arose from the favourable representation they contained of the career of Queen Mary. Goodall at this time purposed to write a life of Queen Mary, and as a preliminary published in 1754, in two volumes, an ' Examination of the Letters said to be written by Mary Queen of Scots to James, Earl of Bothwell.' The work may be regarded as the inauguration of the apolo- gist epoch of the literature relating to the unhappy queen. It shows acuteness and dili- gence, and many of his arguments are still made to do service in vindication of Mary, although others have been discarded, and his researches have been supplemented by means of a more thorough examination, especially of the internal evidence bearing on the genuine- ness of the letters. In 1764 he also pub- lished an edition, with emendations, of Scot of Scotstarvet's ' Staggering State of Scots Statesmen,' and an edition of Sir James Bal- four's ' Practicks,' with preface and life. He assisted Bishop Keith in the preparation of his ' New Catalogue of Scottish Bishops,' for which he supplied the preliminary account of the Culdees. The historical value of this dissertation is impaired by Goodall's violent national prejudices. Not content with en- deavouring to deny that the Scotia of the early writers was Ireland, not Scotland, and that those first termed Scoti were really emigrants from Ireland, he affirmed that Ire- land's other ancient name, lerne, belonged also to Scotland. The ' glacialis lerne,' which,, according to Claudian, wept for her slain Scots, was in his opinion the brilliant and exquisite valley of Strathearn, the seat of an ancient Celtic earldom. Goodall published in 1759 an edition of Fordun's ' Scotichroni- con,' with a Latin introduction on the anti- quities of Scotland, and a dissertation on the marriage of Robert III. An English trans- Goodall 119 Goode lationof the introduction appeared separately in 1769. Goodall died in poverty 28 July 1766. [Scots Mag. xxviii. 390 ; Anderson's Scottish Nation ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] T. F. H. GOODALL, WALTER (1830-1889), water-colour painter, born on 6 Nov. 1830, was youngest son of Edward Goodall [q. v.l, the engraver, and brother of Frederick Goodall, R.A. He studied in the school of design at Somerset House and at the Royal Academy. In 1852 he exhibited three draw- ings at the Royal Academy. In 1853 he became an associate of the old Society of Painters in Water-colours, and continued to be a frequent exhibitor in Pall Mall from that date. In 1862 he became a full member of that society. His drawings were very much esteemed. He was a constant exhi- bitor at the Royal Manchester Institution and all the principal water-colour exhibitions. Some of his best work was shown at the exhibition of water-colour paintings at Man- chester in 1861. His 'Lottery Ticket' was exhibited at the Philadelphia Centennial Ex- hibition in 1876. Goodall usually painted small subject-pictures, such as ' The Day- dream,' ' The Cradle Song,' ' Waiting for the Ferry-boat,' and ' The Tired Lace-maker.' A number of these were lithographed in a series entitled ' Walter Goodall's Rustic Sketches.' Goodall also made many drawings from pic- tures in the Vernon Gallery for engravings published in the ' Art Journal.' About four- teen years before his death he had a paralytic seizure, from which he never quite recovered, and during the last few years of his life was unable to practise his art. He died on 14 May 1889, in his sixtieth year, leaving a widow and three children. [Athenaeum, 1 June 1889; Manchester Guar- dian, 28 May 1889.] L. C. GOODCOLE, HENRY (1586-1641), di- vine, baptised at St. James's, Clerkenwell, MiddleseXj on 23 May 1586, was the son of James Goodcole of that parish, by his wife Joan Duncombe (Parish Registers, Harl. Soc. i. 17, iii. 4). He does not appear to have graduated at a university, nor to have ob- tained church preferment until late in life. A scandal connected with his marriage may have been the cause of his non-advancement. His ministrations seem to have proved ac- ceptable to the condemned prisoners in New- gate, whom he attended by leave of the ordinary, and whose dying confessions he occasionally published. Such are : 1 . ' A True Declaration of the happy Conuersion, con- trition, and Christian preparation of Francis Robinson, Gentleman. Who for covnter- fetting the Great Scale of England, was drawen, Hang'd, and quartered at Charing Crosse, on Friday last, being the Thirteenth day of Nouember, 1618,' 4to, London, 1618. 2. ' The Wonderful Discovery of Elizabeth Sawyer, a Witch, late of Edmonton, her Conviction, Condemnation, and Death ; to- getherwith the Relation of the Devil'sAccess to her, and their Conference together,' 4to, London, 1621. 3. ' The Adultresses Funerall Day : in flaming, scorching, and consuming fire : or the burning downe to ashes of Alice Clarke late of Vxbridge in the County of Middlesex, in West-smithfield, on Wensday the 20. of May, 1635, for the unnatural! poisoning of Fortune Clarke her Husband. A breviary of whose Confession taken from her owne mouth is here unto annexed : As also what she sayd at the place of her Execution,' 4to, London, 1635. In 1637 Goodcole appears as curate of St. James's, Clerkenwell, in which cure he was succeeded by James Sibbald, D.D., on 19 Nov. 1641 (NEWCOFRT, Repertorium, i. 657). He married, at St. James's, Clerken- well, on 24 Aug. 1606, Anne Tryme, by whom he had, rather too soon, a daughter Joan, baptised on 25 Feb. 1606-7, and two sons, Andrew and Humphry (Parish Regis- ters, Harl. Soc. i. 49, 54, 60, iii. 31). [Robinson's Edmonton, p. 118.] G. G. GOODE, FRANCIS (1797 P-1842), di- vine, born in 1797 or 1798, was the son of William Goode, the elder [q. v.], by his wife Rebecca, daughter of Abraham Coles, silk manufacturer, of London and St. Albans, Hertfordshire. On 3 May 1809 he was ad- mitted to St. Paul's School, London, was captain during 1815-16, and proceeded as Campden exhibitioner to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was elected to a Perry exhibition in 1818, and held it until 1823. In 1817 he gained a Bell university scholar- ship, and went out B.A. in 1820 as seventh wrangler, becoming subsequently fellow of his college (Admission Registers of St Paul's School, ed. Gardiner, p. 237). He proceeded M.A. in 1823. Soon after his ordination he went to India in the service of the Church Missionary Society. On his return home he was chosen evening lecturer of Clapham, Surrey, and in 1834 morning preacher at the Female Orphan Asylum, London. He died at Clapham on 19 Nov. 1842. He pub- lished many sermons. A collected volume, 'The Better Covenant,' reached a fifth edition in 1848. [Gent. Mag. new ser. xix. 215-16; Cam-' bridge University Calendar; Funeral Sermons by C. Bradley, W. Dealtry, and W. Borrows in The Pulpit, xlii. 387-99, 417-22.] G. G. Goode 120 Goode GOODE, WILLIAM, the elder (1762- 1816), divine, born 2 April 1762 at Bucking- ham, was the son of William Goode (d. 1780) of that town. At ten years of age he was placed at a private school in Buckingham, and in January 1776 at the Rev. T. Bull's academy at Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire, where he remained until Christmas 1777. In the sum- mer of 1778, after making trial of his father's business, he went as a private pupil to the Rev. Thomas Clarke at Chesham Bois, Buck- inghamshire. He matriculated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, on 2 May 1780, commenced re- sidence on the following 1 July, graduating B.A. 20 Feb. 1784,M.A.10 July 1787 (FOSTER, Alumni Oxon. 1715-1886, p. 537 ; Oxford Graduates, 1851, p. 264). On 19 Dec. 1784 he was ordained deacon by Thurlow, bishop of Lincoln. He took the curacy of Abbots Langley in Hertfordshire, to which he added next year the curacy of King's Langley. At the end of March 1786 he became curate to William Romaine, then rector of the united parishes of St. Andrew by the Wardrobe and St. Anne, Blackfriars, at a salary of 40/. a year. On 11 June of the same year he was ordained priest by Bishop Thurlow. In February 1789 he obtained the Sunday after- noon lectureship at Blackfriars, and in De- cember 1793 the Lady Camden Tuesday even- ing lectureship at St. Lawrence Jewry. At the former lecture he delivered between No- vember 1793 and September 1795 a course of sermons on the Epistle to the Ephesians. The second edition of Brown's ' Self-inter- preting Bible,' published in 1791, was super- intended by him. Not long after he under- took for a while the ' typographic revisal ' of Bowyer's edition of Hume's ' History of England,' issued in 1806, but found his eye- sight unable to bear the strain. On 2 July 1795 he was chosen secretary to the Society for the Relief of poor pious Clergymen of the Established Church residing in the Country. He had supported the society from its institu- tion in 1788, and held the office till his death. He declined a salary, voted by the com- mittee in 1803, preferring to accept an occa- sional present of money. In August 1 795 he succeeded, on the death of William Romaine, to the rectory of St. Andrew by the Ward- robe and St. Anne, Blackfriars; and in Decem- ber 1796 he resigned the Sunday afternoon lectureship at Blackfriars on his appoint- ment to a similar lectureship at St. John's, Wapping, which he retained until his death. He was elected to the triennial Sunday evening lectureship at Christ Church, Spital- fields, in 1807, and in July 1810 to the Wednesday morning lectureship at Black- friars. He thus preached never less than five sermons every week. In 1811 he pub- lished in two octavo volumes ' An Entire New Version of the Book of Psalms.' which reached a second edition in 1813 and a third in 1816. He was elected president of Sion College in the spring of 1813 and delivered the customary ' Concio ad Clerum.' In the autumn of 1814 Goode visited some of the principal towns in the north-western counties, and in 1815 Norwich and Ipswich, as the advocate of the Church Missionary Society. He died after a lingering illness at StockweU, Surrey, on 15 April 1816, and was buried in the rector's vault in St. Anne's, Black- friars, near the remains of William Romaine, as he had requested. By his marriage on 7 Nov. 1786 to Rebecca, daughter of Abraham Coles, silk manufacturer, of London and St. Albans, Hertfordshire, he had, with twelve other children, two sons, Francis (1797-1842) [q. v.] and William, the younger [q. v.] In the June before his death Goode completed a series of 156 essays on the Bible names of Christ, on which he had been engaged above thirteen years, besides delivering them as lectures on Tuesday mornings at Blackfriars. Of these eleven appeared in the ' Christian Guardian' between July 1813 and May 1816 and in September 1820. They were published in a collected form as ' Essay son all the Scrip- tural Names and Titles of Christ, or the Eco- nomy of the Gospel Dispensation as exhibited in the Person, Character, and Offices of the Re- deemer ... To which is prefixed a memoir of the Author' [by his son William], 6 vols. 8vo, London, 1822. The 'Memoir' was issued separately in 1828, with an appendix of letters. Goode also published several sermons. His portrait by S. Joseph was engraved by W. Bond. [Memoir referred to ; Evans's Cat. of Engraved Portraits, ii. 170.] G. G. GOODE, WILLIAM, D.D., the younger (1801-1868), divine, son of the Rev. William Goode, the elder [q. v.], was born 10 Nov. 1801, and educated at St. Paul's School, Lon- don, and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was first in classics in 1822, graduated in 1825, and was ordained deacon and priest in 1825, be- coming curate to his father's friend, Crowther, incumbent of Christ Church, Newgate Street. In 1835 he was appointed rector of St. An- tholin, Watling Street, which he held till 1849, when the Archbishop of Canterbury presented him to the rectory of Allhallows the Great, Thames Street. In 1856 the lord chancellor presented him to the rectory of St. Margaret, Lothbury, which he held till 1860, when Lord Palmerston advanced him to the deanery of Ripon. He was Warbur- Gooden 121 Gooden tonian lecturer from 1853 to 1857. He died very suddenly 13 Aug. 1868. For some years Goode was editor of the ' Christian Observer,' and became the recognised champion of the so-called evangelical party in the Anglican church. He was the author of a large number of tracts, pamphlets, letters, and speeches upon the church-rate question, the Gorham case, and the whole tractarian movement. His chief works are : 1. ' Memoir of the Rev. W. Goode, M.A.,' 2nd edition, 1828, 8vo. 2. ' The Modern Claims to the Posses- sion of the extraordinary Gifts of the Spirit, stated and examined,' &c., 2nd edition, 1834, 8vo. 3. 'A Brief History of Church Rates, proving the Liability of a Parish to them to be a Common-Law Liability,' &c., 2nd edi- tion, 1838, 8vo. 4. ' The Divine Rule of Faith and Practice,' 2 vols. 1842, 8vo, and again revised and enlarged in 3 vols. 1853, 8vo. This is an ' expansion of Chillingworth's doctrine that the Bible alone is the religion of protestants,' supported by a systematic col- lection of church authorities, and is perhaps the most learned exposition of distinctively evangelical theology. 5. 'Tract XC. histori- cally refuted ; or a Reply to a Work by the Rev. F. Oakeley, entituled " The subject of Tract XC. historically examined," ' 1845, 8vo, 2nd edition, 1866. 6. ' The Doctrine of the Church of England as to the effects of Bap- tism in the case of Infants. With an Ap- pendix containing the Baptismal Services of Luther and the Nuremberg and Cologne Liturgies,' 1849, 8vo ; 2nd edition, 1850. 7. ' A Vindication of the Doctrine of the Church of England on the Validity of the Orders of the Scotch and Foreign Non-Epi- scopal Churches,' in three pamphlets, &c., 1852, 8vo. 8. ' The Nature of Christ's Pre- sence in the Eucharist, or the Doctrine of the Real Presence vindicated in opposition to the fictitious Real Presence asserted by Arch- deacon Denison, Mr. (late Archdeacon) Wil- berforce, and Dr. Pusey,' 2 vols., 1856, 8vo. A supplement to this appeared in 1858. 9. 'Fulfilled Prophecy. A Proof of the Truth of Revealed Religion, being the War- burtonian Lectures for 1854-8,' 1863, 8vo. [Men of the Time, 1865; Record, 14 Aug. 1868; Guardian, 19 Aug. 1868; obituary re- printed from Clerical Journal, 1883. See Brit. Mus. Cat. and Crockford's Directory for his works.] R. B. GOODEN, JAMES (1670-1730), Jesuit, born in Denbighshire in 1670, was educated in the college at St. Omer, entered the no- vitiate at Watten in 1689, and was professed of the four vows 2 Feb. 1706-7. For several years he taught philosophy and mathematics at Liege, and he filled the office of rector of the college of St. Omer from 14 March 1721- 1722 till 15 April 1728, when he became su- perior of the house of probation at Ghent. He died at St. Omer on 11 Oct. 1730. His works are: 1. ' Anathemata Poetica serenissimo Walliae Principi Jacobi regis . . . filio recens nato sacra, offerebant ad ejusdem Principis pedes prostratae musse Audoma- renses,' St. Omer, 1688, 4to (composed by Gooden and G. Killick). 2. ' Trigonometria plana et sphserica, cum selectis ex astronomia Problematis,' Liege, 1704, 12mo. [Oliver's Jesuit Collections, p. 105; Paquot's Memoires ;xFoley's Records, vii. 307 ; De Backer's Bibl. des Ecrivains de la Compagnie de Jesus, 1869, i. 2206.] T. C. GOODEN, PETER (d. 1695), controver- sialist, probably a son of Peter Gooden of New Hall, Pendleton, near Manchester, was educated in the English College at Lisbon, and after being ordained priest was sent back to England upon the mission, in company with Edward Barlow, alias Booth [q. v.] He appears first to have been chaplain to the Middletons at Leighton Hall, near Lancaster. About 1680 he removed to Aldcliffe Hall, the seat of the seven daughters of Robert Dalton, esq. In this mansion Gooden ' kept a sort of academy or little seminary for educating of youth, who were afterwards sent to popish colleges abroad to be trained as priests.' After the accession of James II, he was ap- pointed chaplain to the Duke of Berwick's regiment, and during that reign he had fre- quent conferences with Stillingfleet, William Clagett [q. v.], and other learned divines of the church of England. ' No man,' says Dodd, ' was better qualified to come off with reputa- tion in a personal conference,' as ' he was naturally bold and intrepid, had a strong voice, a ready utterance, and generally made choice of such topics as afforded him matter to display his eloquence.' The revolution of 1688 obliged him to retire to his old abode at Aldcliffe Hall, where he died on 29 Dec. 1695. He published: 1. 'The Controversial Let- ters on the Grand Controversy, concerning the pretended temporal authority of the Popes over the whole earth; and the true Sove- reignty of kings within their own respective kingdoms ; between two English Gentlemen, the one of the Church of England, and the other of the Church of Rome,' 2nd edit. 1674, 8vo. This was against Thomas Birch, who was vicar of Preston, Lancashire, from 1682 till his death in 1700. 2. ' The Sum of the Conference had between two Divines of the Church of England and two Catholic Lay- Goodenough 122 Goodenough Gentlemen. At the request and for the satis- faction of three Persons of Quality, Aug. 8, 1671,' London, 1687, 4to. An earlier edition was published, sine loco [1684], 4to. His conference with Stillingfleet gave rise to the publication of several controversial pamphlets, and ' The Summ of a Conference on Feb. 21, 1686, between Dr. Clagett and Father Gooden, about the point of Transub- stantiation,' was published in 1689-90 by William Wake, D.D., afterwards archbishop of Canterbury. It is reprinted in 'Seven- teen Sermons,' &c. by William Clagett, D.D., 3rd edit., London, 1699, 8vo, vol. i. [Gillow's Bibl. Diet.; Dodd's Church Hist, ii. 481 ; Palatine Note-book (January 1582), ii. 9; Catholic Mag. yi. 108.] T. C. GOODENOUGH, EDMUND (1786- 1845), dean of Wells, youngest son of Samuel 'Goodenough [q. v.], bishop of Carlisle, by his wife, Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Dr. James Ford, physician extraordinary to Queen Char- lotte, was born at Baling, Middlesex, on 3 April 1785. At an early age he was sent to West- minster School, where in 1797, when only twelve years old, he was elected into college. In 1801 he obtained his election to Christ Church, Oxford, where he took honours in Easter term 1804, and graduated B.A. 1805, M.A. 1807, B.D. 1819, and D.D. 1820. Hav- ing taken orders, Goodenough became tutor and censor of Christ Church, and in 1810 was appointed curate of Cowley, Oxford. In 1811 he was chosen by the university as one of the mathematical examiners, and in 1816 filled the office of proctor. In Michaelmas term 1817 he was appointed select preacher to the university, and in the following year was in- stituted vicar of Warkworth, Northumber- land. In 1819 Goodenough was appointed head-master of Westminster School and sub- almoner to the king, in succession to Dr. Page. On 23 June 1824 he was made a pre- bendary of York, on 22 April 1826 a pre- bendary of Carlisle, and on 1 June 1827 a prebendary of Westminster. In 1828 he re- tired from the head-mastership, and was suc- ceeded by Dr. Williamson. Towards the end of Goodenough's rule the numbers of the school steadily declined. On 6 Sept. 1831 he was nominated dean of Wells, in the place of the Hon. Henry Ryder, bishop of Lichfield, who succeeded to Goodenough's stall at West- minster. Goodenough was prolocutor of the lower house of convocation for a short time. He died suddenly at Wells, while walking in the fields near his house, on 2 May 1845, aged 59, and was buried in the Lady Chapel of Wells Cathedral, where there is a brass to his me- mory. He married, on 31 May 1821, Frances, daughter of Samuel Pepys Cockerell of West- bourne House, Paddington, by whom he had James Graham Goodenough [q. v.] and many other children. His widow, dying of cholera at Malaga on 5 Aug. 1855, was buried there. A portrait of Goodenough hangs in the din- ing-room of the head-master of Westminster School. Goodenough was an excellent scho- lar, and a man of much general culture. He was elected on the council of the Royal So- ciety in 1828. He published the three fol- lowing sermons: 1. 'A Sermon [on 1 Cor. xiv. 33] preached at ... Lambeth [12 Nov. 1820], at the Consecration of ... W. Carey, . . . Bishop of Exeter,' London, 1821, 4to. 2. 'A Sermon [on Deut. xxxiii. 9] preached ... [13 May 1830] at the Festival of the Sons of the Clergy,' &c., London, 1830, 4to. 3. ' A Sermon [on Luke xii. 47 and part of 48] preached in the Abbey Church, Bath [24 Jan. 1832] at the Anniversary Meeting of the Bath Diocesan Association of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel,' &c., London, 1832, 8vo. [Alumni Westmon. (1852), pp. 36, 375-6, 447, 455-6; Nichols's Lit. Illustr. (1831), vi. 254; Annual Eegister (1845), app. to chron. p. 273; Gent. Mag. (1821), vol. xci. pt. i. p. 562, (1846) new ser. xxv. lul-2, (1855) xliv. 334 ; Somerset County Herald, 10 and 17 May 18io ; Le Neve's Fasti (1854), i. 155, iii. 222, 253, 369, 503 ; Chester's Westminster Abbey Registers (1876), p. 95; Catalogue of Oxford Graduates (1851), pp. 264, 793 ; Honours Eegister of the Univ. of Oxford (1883), pp. 26, 132, 193, 198-9; Brit. Mus. Cat.] G. F. R. B. GOODENOUGH, JAMES GRAHAM (1830-1875), commodore, son of Edmund Goodenough [q. v.], dean of Wells, and grandson of Samuel Goodenough [q. v.], bishop of Carlisle, was born on 3 Dec. 1830, at Stoke Hill, near Guildford, Surrey. The close connection of his godfather, Sir James Graham, with the admiralty had fixed his profession from the beginning, and after three years at school at Westminster, he en- tered the navy in May 1844 on board the Collingwood, commanded by Captain Robert Smart, and carrying the flag of Rear-admiral Sir George Francis Seymour [q. v.] as com- mander-in-chief in the Pacific. On the Col- lingwood's paying off, in the summer of 1848, Goodenough was appointed to the Cyclops on the coast of Africa, from which, towards the end of 1849, he was permitted to return home in order to pass his examination and compete for the lieutenant's commission in a special course at the college at Portsmouth. This commission he obtained in July 1861, and in September was appointed to the Cen- taur, carrying Rear-admiral Henderson's flag Goodenough 123 Goodenough on the east coast of South America. On the near prospect of war with Russia the Centaur was recalled to England in February 1854, and Goodenough, after a few months in the Calcutta guardship at Plymouth, was ap- pointed to the Royal William, which took a body of fifteen hundred French soldiers up the Baltic for the siege of Bomarsund, and after the reduction of the fortress returned to England with twelve hundred Russian prisoners. After a few weeks on board the Excellent, Goodenough was next appointed gunnery lieutenant of the Hastings, in which he served through the Baltic campaign of 1855, and was present at the bombardment of Sveaborg on 20 Aug. During the early part of 1856 he commanded the Goshawk gunboat, one of the flotilla reviewed at Spit- head on 23 April, and on 4 Aug. was ap- pointed first lieutenant of the Raleigh, a 50-gun frigate, commissioned for the broad pennant of Commodore the Hon. Henry Keppel, as second in command on the China station. After an extraordinarily rapid pas- sage, on 15 March 1857 the Raleigh, when within a hundred miles of Hongkong, struck on a rock till then vinknown, stove in her bows, and was run ashore near Macao as the only ; chance of saving her. The men and most of the stores were got safely ashore, but the ! ship, sinking gradually in the fetid mud, was ; lost. The Raleigh's crew was kept together for some months, during which time Good- ! enough commanded the hired steamer Hong- kong, and in her took part in the engage- j ment in Fatchan Creek on 1 June. He was afterwards appointed to the Calcutta, the flagship of Sir Michael Seymour (1802-1887) i [q. v.], and commanded her field-pieces at I the capture of Canton on 28-9 Dec. 1857. | He was immediately afterwards promoted to be commander of the Calcutta, in which ca- pacity he took part in the capture of the Taku forts on 20 May 1858. The Calcutta was paid off at Plymouth early in August 1859, and a few weeks later, on the news of Sir James Hope's [q. v.] bloody repulse from the Taku forts, Goodenough was again sent out to China in command of the Renard sloop. In her he took part in the second capture of the Taku forts in June 1860, and in the following operations in the Peiho, his ship being kept at Tien-tsin till November. He was after- wards senior officer at Shanghai and in the Yang-tse-kiang, till, in November 1861, his health having suffered from his long service in China, he obtained leave to return to England. In July 1862, at the request of Rear-admiral Smart, then in command of the Channel fleet, Goodenough was appointed commander of his flagship, the Revenge, in which in the following spring Smart went out to assume command of the Mediterranean station. On 9 May Goodenough was promoted to the rank of captain, and returning to England was within a few months sent out to North America on a special mission, ' to obtain what information he could with regard to the ships and guns there in use.' It was known that the civil war was causing a marked de- velopment of naval armaments, and Good- enough's reputation as a scientific gunnery officer stood high. He returned to England in May 1864, and was shortly afterwards ap- pointed to the Victoria, fitting for the flag of Admiral Smart in the Mediterranean. In May 1866 Smart, and with him his flag-cap- tain, were relieved, but shortly afterwards Goodenough was invited by Rear-admiral Warden to go as his flag-captain in the Mino- taur in the Channel squadron. From 1867 to 1870, first with Warden and then with Sir Thomas Symonds, Goodenough continued in the Minotaur, and on his being relieved from the command in October 1870, he offered his services on the French Peasant Relief Fund, which had been started by the ' Daily News.' After working for a month in the neighbourhood of Sedan, he was afterwards, in February 1871, sent to Dieppe to superin- tend the transmission to Paris of a quantity of relief stores. He was at this time also appointed a member of the admiralty com- mittee on designs for ships of war, on which he served till July, and in August he was appointed naval attach^ to the several em- bassies in Europe, on which duty he continued for a twelvemonth, his brother, Colonel Good- enough of the Royal Artillery, being at the same time military attache at Vienna. In May 1873 he was appointed commodore of the Australian station and captain of the Pearl, which sailed from Spithead in the following month. After a busy two years, visiting many of the islands on his wide ex- tended station, he was on 12 Aug. 1875 at Santa Cruz, where, going on shore with a few men, and engaged in what seemed friendly intercourse with the natives, he was trea- cherously shot in the side by an arrow. A flight of arrows followed : six men in all were wounded. They hastily got into the boats and pulled off to the ship, and understand- ing that, with the possibility of the arrows having been poisoned, it was advisable to get into a cooler climate, Goodenough gave orders to shape a course for Sydney. The wounds in themselves were slight, but in a few days Goodenough and two of the other men showed symptoms of tetanus, which in all three cases proved fatal. Goodenough died on the even- Goodenough 124 Goodenough ing of 20 Aug., about five hundred miles from Sydney, where he was buried on the 24th. He left a widow and two sons, one of whom is now a lieutenant in the navy. A subscription bust, an excellent likeness, by Prince Victor of Hohenlohe, himself a former messmate of Goodenough in the Raleigh, has been placed in the Painted Hall at Greenwich. Goodenough, in his rare moments of leisure, acquired varied accomplishments. He was a skilful and elegant swordsman ; he could read and enjoy the Latin poets ; and his knowledge of modern languages was remarkable. He is said to have been able to converse fluently in seven. All the theoretical parts of his pro- fession were familiar to him. Reserved and grave in manner, even as a young man, he inspired all with whom he served with con- fidence and esteem. [Journal (1873-5), edited, with a memoir, by his widow ; In Memoriam James Graham Good- enough, by the Hon. and Rev. Algernon Stanley ; personal knowledge.] J. K. L. GOpDENOUGH, RICHARD (fi. 1686), conspirator, was an attorney of bad repute, who contrived nevertheless to obtain the under-sherifidom of London, which he held in turn with his brother Francis for some years. The whig party long relied upon him for questionable services, especially in the selection of jurymen. In July 1682 the justices of the peace fined him IQQl. because he refused to alter the panel as they pleased at the sessions at Hicks's Hall (LTTTTRELL, Historical Relation, i. 205). In the following September,' upon complaint against Mr. Good- enough, the under-sheriff, for not provideing a dinner for their worships, the justices committed him to prison, denyeing bail' (ib. i. 216). Along with Alderman Henry Cornish [q. v.] and several others hewas tried, 16Feb. 1683, for a pretended riot and assault on the lord mayor, Sir John Moore, at the election of sheriffs for the city of London at the Guildhall on midsummer day 1682. Although it was shown that he was not at the Guildhall until some three hours after the supposed disturb- ance, Chief-justice Saunders in his summing- up singled him out, in company with Forde, lord Grey of Werke [q. v. ] , for especial cast iga- tion, insinuating that they were the promoters of the fictitious riot. He was found guilty and fined five hundred marks on 1 5 June, when he failed to appear (COBBETT, State Trials, ix. 187-293). He had been deeply implicated in the Rye House plot (1683), and had sought an asylum in the Low Countries. On 23 June a reward of 100/. was offered for his capture ; on 12 July the grand jury found a true bill against him and his brother Francis for high treason, and both were outlawed (LTJTTRELL, i. 262, 263, 267, 273). He remained abroad until Monmouth's rebellion. Monmouth ap- pointed him his 'secretary of state' (ib. i. 349). After the battle of Sedgemoor (5 July 1685) he fled with Nathaniel Wade and Robert Fer- guson and reached the coast in safety, only to find a frigate cruising near the spot where they had hoped to embark. They then separated. Goodenough and Wade were soon discovered and brought up to London, 20 July 1685 (ib. i. 354). He was suffered to live because he had it in his power to give useful in- formation to the king. He had a private grudge against Henry Cornish [q. v.], who when sheriff in 1680 had declined to employ him. Goodenough now consented to swear with Colonel John Rumsey, a fellow-con- spirator, that Cornish was concerned with them in the Rye House plot. To qualify him for this task a patent was passed for his pardon (ib. i. 360, 365). On 9 Dec. he helped to swear away the life of Charles Bateman the surgeon, who was tried for high treason in conspiring the death of Charles II (HowELL, State Trials, xi. 472); and on 14 Jan. 1686 was produced with Grey and Wade at the trial of Henry Booth, lord Delamere [q. v.], but could only repeat what he had heard said by Monmouth and by Wildman's emissaries (ib. xi. 542). He was to have appeared along with Grey on 7 May 1689 as a witness against John Charl- ton, also charged with high treason against Charles II, but both had the good sense to keep away (LTTTTKEIL, i. 531). According to Swift (note in BURNET, Own Time, Oxford edit. iii. 61), Goodenough went to Ireland, practised his profession, and died there. [Macaulay's Hist, of England, ch. v. vi. ; (Thomas Sprat's) A True Account ... of the horrid Conspiracy against the late King (Copies of the Informations, &c.), 2nd edit. fol. 1685.1 G. G. GOODENOUGH, SAMUEL (1743- 1827), bishop of Carlisle, born at Kimpton, near Weyhill, Hampshire, on 29 April 1743 (O.S.), was the third son of the Rev. William Goodenough, rector of Broughton Poggs, Ox- fordshire. In 1750 the family returned to Broughton, and Samuel was sent to school at Witney, under the Rev. B. Gutteridge ; five years later he was sent to Westminster School, where Dr. Markham, afterwards arch- bishop of York, was head-master. He became king's scholar, and in 1760 was elected to a studentship at Christ Church, Oxford, took his B.A. degree 9 May 1764, and proceeded M.A. 25 June 1767 and D.C.L. 11 July 1772. In 1766 Goodenough returned to Westminster as Goodenough irnder-master for four years, when he quitted that post for the church, having inherited from his father the advowson of Broughton Poggs, and received from his college the vicarage of Brize-Norton, Oxfordshire. He married on 17 April 1770 Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Dr. James Ford, formerly physi- cian to the Middlesex Hospital. Two years subsequently he established a school at Ealing, and carried it on for twenty-six years, during which time he had the charge of the sons of many noblemen and gentlemen of position. Goodenough's reputation as a classical tutor ranked high. But his strongest bent was towards botany, and when the Linnean So- ciety was established in 1787 he was one of the framers of its constitution and treasurer during its first year. He contributed a clas- sical memoir on the genus Carex to the second and third volumes of the ' Transactions ' of that body. In addition to being one of the vice-presidents of the Linnean, Sir J. E. Smith being president, he was for some time a vice- president of the Royal Society (of which he became a fellow in 1789) while Sir Joseph Banks was the presiding officer, and he also shared in the conduct of the Society of Anti- j quaries. In 1797 he was presented to the vicarage of Cropredybythe Bishop of Oxford, in the following year he was advanced to the canonry of Windsor, and in 1802 promoted to the deanery of Rochester. In this pre- ferment he was aided by the warm friendship of the third Duke of Portland, all of whose sons had been his pupils. As a final proof of the duke's favour Goodenough in 1808 was elevated to the episcopal bench as bishop of Carlisle. He died at Worthing on 12 Aug. 1827, surviving the loss of his wifeonly eleven weeks, and was buried on the 18th of that month in the north cloister of Westminster Abbey. He left three sons, all clergymen (Samuel James, Robert Philip, and Edmund, afterwards dean of Wells [q. v.]), and four daughters. The bishop was a sound and elegant scholar. Sir J. E. Smith consulted him on points of latinity when engaged on the splendid ' Flora Graeca,' the 'Flora Britannica,' and lesser works. Besides the Carex paper, and another on British Fuci, and two others on natural history, also in the Linnean Society's 'Trans- actions,' Goodenough published three sermons and began a'Botanica Metrica,' which should have included all botanical names, with their derivations, but the work was never finished. The genus Goodenia was dedicated to him by his friend Sir J. E. Smith. It was a sermon preached by Goodenough before the House of Lords in 1809 that gave birth to the well- known epigram : — 125 Goodere 'T is well enough that Goodenough Before the Lords should preach ; But, sure enough, full bad enough Are those he has to teach. He is eulogised in Mathias's ' Pursuits of Literature.' His portrait is in the hall at Christ Church. [Nichols's Lit. Illustr. vi. 245-56; Welch's Alumni Westmonast. pp. 374-5.] B. D. J. GOODERE, SAMUEL (1687-1741), cap- tain in the navy, was third and youngest son of Sir Edward Goodere, bart., of Burhope in Herefordshire, by his wife, daughter and heiress of Sir Edward Dineley, bart., of Charle- ton in Worcestershire, and on the mother's side granddaughter of Lewis Watson, first lord Rockingham. The eldest son having been killed in a duel, the second son, John Dineley, who had been brought up at sea in the merchant service, and had served as a volunteer on board the Diamond in 1708, quitted his profession by desire of Sir Edward Dineley, who acknowledged him as his heir. Samuel entered the navy in 1705 as a volun- teer on board the Ipswich, with Captain Kirktowne ; served in a subordinate rank and afterwards as a lieutenant through the war of the Spanish succession, and on 12 Jan. 1718-19 was appointed first lieutenant of the Preston with Captain Robert Johnson, whom, on 28 Feb., he accompanied to the Weymouth, in which he served during the summer, in the operations on the north coast of Spain ; and on 6 Nov. 1719 was, with Johnson and the greater part of the officers, turned over to the Deptford. A few weeks later, however, Johnson preferred against him a charge of misconduct at St. Sebastian's on 23 June, the attack having, it was alleged, failed in consequence. On this charge Goodere was tried by court-martial on 24 Dec. 1719, was found guilty of ' having been very much wanting in the performance of his duty,' and was dismissed his ship {Minutes of the Court- Martial), which, in the reign of comparative peace then beginning, was almost equivalent to being dismissed the service. It is very doubtful whether he served again at sea till November 1733, when, consequent apparently on some electioneering job, he was posted to the Antelope of 50 guns. It was, however, for rank only, and he was superseded in a fortnight. So far as conflicting accounts en- able us to judge, he lived at this time with his father, now a very old man and at vari- ance with his elder son, the heir to the baronetcy, who is spoken of as rough, un- couth, and of no education. It would seem that Samuel, taking the father's side, was already on bad terms with his brother ; and Goodere 126 Good ford these became worse when John, having quar- relled with his wife, found that she too was supported against him by Samuel. Sir Ed- ward died on 29 March 1739, leaving more to Samuel than John (his successor in the baronetcy) thought was a second son's share, but less than Samuel had expected. An angry quarrel was the result. John, joining with his son who was of age, cut off the entail, and, on his son's death shortly after, announced his intention of leaving the property to one of the sons of his sister Eleanor, wife of Mr. Samuel Foote of Truro and mother of Samuel Foote the comedian [q. v.] Goodere's rage was excessive, and for some months the brothers held no communication. In November 1740 Samuel was appointed to the command of the Ruby, then lying in King's Road, Bristol, and she was still there on Sunday, 18 Jan., when Samuel, being on shore, learned that his brother, Sir John, was dining with a Mr. Smith, an attorney of the city. On this Samuel sent a note to Smith, saying that, having heard his brother was there, he would be glad to meet him if Smith would allow him to come in. Accordingly in the evening he went to Smith's house, and the two brothers smoked and drank together, and to all appearance made up their quarrel. But, as John was walking towards his lodgings, he was seized by Samuel's orders, carried down to the boat, taken on board the Ruby, and confined in a spare cabin, the captain telling the men on deck not to mind his cries, as he was out of his mind, and would have to be watched to prevent his attempting his own life. Three men were chosen to attend the prisoner, and these three men, after being well primed with brandy, and on the promise of large rewards, went into the cabin early next morning (19 Jan. 1741), put a rope round Sir John's neck, and strangled him, Samuel meanwhile standing sentry at the door with a drawn sword to prevent any interference. He had apparently intended to put to sea at once, but Smith, having had information the previous night that a gentleman resembling his guest had been taken a prisoner on board the Ruby, applied to the mayor for an in- vestigation. This was made at once. Goodere and his vile tools were apprehended on a charge of wilful murder, were tried on 26 March, found guilty, and sentenced to death. They were all four hanged on 15 April 1741. Goodere married Miss Elizabeth Watts of Monmouthshire, and by her left issue three daughters and two sons. Of the daughters two died unmarried ; the third, Anne, mar- ried John Willyams, a commander in the navy, and was the mother of the Rev. Cooper "Willyams [q. v.] Of the two sons, twins, born in 1729, the elder, Edward Dineley, died a lunatic in 1761 ; the other, John Dineley [see DIJTELEY-GOODERE, SIR JOHN], died a poor knight of Windsor in 1809. Samuel, on the death of his brother John, should have succeeded to the baro- netcy. He appears, however, to have been indicted as Samuel Goodere, esq., and Ralph Bigland, in his manuscript collections in the Heralds' College (information supplied by Mr. A. Scott Gatty, York Herald), speaks of his sons Edward Dineley-Goodere and John Dineley-Goodere as successive baronets, fol- lowing their murdered uncle. But Burke thinks that the baronetcy descended in due course to Samuel and to his sons after him. Collins (Baronetage, 1741) speaks of the baro- netcy as extinct ; so also does Wotton (Baro- netage,zdi. 1771), specifying' attainted.' Nash (Hist, of Worcestershire, i. 272) says that Sir Edward Dineley-Goodere succeeded his grandfather, which is certainly wrong, and was succeeded by his brother, Sir John Dine- ley-Goodere (so also Gent. Mag. 1809, pt. ii. p. 1084). It is probable that Collins and Wotton are right ; that the baronetcy became extinct in 1741, on the sentence of Samuel Goodere, though the twins may have been allowed the title by courtesy. [The Genuine Memoirs of Sir John Dineley- Goodere, Bart. , . . together with the Life, His- tory, Trial, and last Dying Words of his Brother, Captain Samuel Goodere ... by S. Foote, 1741 ; The Genuine Trial of Samuel Goodere, Esq. . . . taken in Shorthand by Order and Direction of S. Foot, 1741 ; Gent. Mag. (1825), vol. xcv. pt. ii. p. 136 ; letters and other documents in the Public Kecord Office. The memoir in Charnock's Biog. Nav. iv. 241, is exceedingly inaccurate in the details of Goodere's early life and service.] J. K. L. GOODFORD, CHARLES OLD (1812- 1884), provost of Eton, second son of John Goodford of Chilton-Cantelo, Somersetshire, who died in 1835, by Charlotte, fourth daughter of Montague Cholmeley of Easton, Lincolnshire, was born at Chilton-Cantelo 15 July 1812, and entered at Eton in 1826. He proceeded to King's College, Cambridge, in 1830, whence he took his B.A. 1836, M.A. 1839, and D.D. 1853. He was elected a fellow of his college, but did not long re- tain his fellowship, as on 28 March 1844 he married Katharine Lucia, third daughter of George Law of Lincoln's Inn. While still an undergraduate he returned to Eton and became an assistant-master in 1835. It was not long before he succeeded his former tutor, John Wilder, in charge of a large and im- portant schoolhouse, in which a number of the resident boys were from his own and the X Goodgroome 127 Goodinge adjacent counties. As a house-master he was liberal and kind, but his management was not equal to his good intentions. In 1853 he succeeded Edward Craven Hawtrey, D.D., as head-master at Eton. His rule on the whole was beneficial to the college. He aimed at a very complete reconstruction of the system of teaching; he made discipline a reality, while he abolished many vexatious rules which had needlessly restricted liberty, and would have done more but for the veto of the provost. In 1854 he edited ' P. Terentii Afri Comoedise,' a work which he printed chiefly to present as a leaving book to his sixth-form boys. On the death of Dr. Hawtrey, Lord Palmerston, in ignorance of the needs of Eton, and much against Goodford's own wishes, appointed him provost of Eton, a position which he held from 27 Jan. 1862 to his death. Under the Cambridge University commission of 1 860, and more particularly under the royal commission of 1865, great changes and im- provements were made in the college. Good- ford held the small family living of Chilton- Cantelo from 1848 to his death. He died at The Lodge, Eton, 9 May 1884, and was buried in the Eton cemetery 14 May. [Lyte's Eton College, 1875, pp. 475-8, 517, 519;"Times, 10 May 1884, p. 7, 12 May p. 9, and 15 May p. 5; Academy, 17 May 1884, pp. 349-50; Graphic, 7 June 1884, pp. 546, 549, •with portrait ; Illustrated London News, 17 May 1884, pp. 465, 475, with portrait] G. C. B. GOODGROOME, JOHN (1630 P-1704 ?), composer, lutenist, singer, and teacher, was one of a family of musicians, born at Windsor, and bred up a chorister. He was present at the coronations of Charles II, James II, and William and Mary, as one of the gentlemen of the Chapel Royal. In 1666 Goodgroome succeeded Notario and Henry Purcell the elder as musician in ordinary for the lute and voice and lute and violl, at the fee of 40£, and 161. 2s. 6d. yearly for livery, while his post in the chapel choir was worth from 70/. to 73/. According to Wood, Goodgroome was a ' rare songster, and taught some persons to sing.' Four airs by Goodgroome, with bass for theorbo lute, or bass violl, were published in J. PlayfordV Select Airs,' and subsequently in the ' Treasury ' of March 1669, and three of these, arranged for two and three voices, in the 'Musical Companion,' 1673; other music is in the Lambeth Palace Library, and two manuscript songs in the Fitzwilliam collec- tion. Pepys records the visits of Theodore Goodgroome ashis or his wife's singing-master from 1 July 1661 occasionally until 31 Aug. 1667. A John Goodgroome, organist of St. Peter's, Cornhill, 1725, may have been the son of John or Theodore Goodgroome, or of William Goodgroome, who is in the register of St. Dionys Backchurch, 1701, as music- master. The date of John Goodgroome's death is given in the Old Cheque-book, 15 May 1704. [Wood's MSS., Bodl. Lib.; Rimbault's Old Cheque-book of the Chapel Royal ; State Papers communicated by Mr. W. B. Squire ; Chamber- layne's Angliae Notitia, 1692, p. 171, and follow- ing years ; Pepys's Diary, i. 249 et seq. ; Har- leian Society's Registers, iii. 140.] L. M. M. GOODHUGH,W1LLIAM(1799?-1842), compiler, born about 1799, was for some time a bookseller at 155 Oxford Street. In order to render himself a competent bibliographer he acquired a knowledge of many of the oriental and most of the modern languages. He dis- tinguished himself by his learned criticisms on John Bellamy's translation of the Bible in the ' Quarterly Review ' for April 1818 and July 1820. In 1840 he issued proposals for a society to be called the ' Dugdale Society,' for the elucidation of British family antiquity by the publication of inedited documents and by systematic reference to those already printed, but the project was not encouraged. He died at Chelsea on 23 May 1842. aged 43, leaving a son and a daughter. During the three years preceding his death he had been engaged in the compilation of a bible cyclo- paedia, but he only lived to prepare the work down to the letter ' r.' It appeared in two folio volumes. He also published : 1. ' The Gate to the French, Italian, and Spanish Un- locked' (anon.), 12mo,London,1827. 2. 'The Gate to the Hebrew, Arabic, and Syriac Un- locked by a new and easy method of acquir- ing the accidence ' (anon.), 8vo, London, 1827. 3. ' The English Gentleman's Library Manual, or a Guide to the Formation of a Library of Select Literature,' 8vo, London, 1827. 4. ' Motives to the Study of Biblical Literature in a course of introductory lec- tures,' 8vo, London, 1838 ; another edition, without Goodhugh's name, was issued in 1839. [Gent. Mag. new ser. xviii. 215; Allibone's Diet, of Engl. Lit. i. 699.] a. G. GOODINGE, THOMAS (1746-1816), divine, born in 1746, son of Thomas Goodinge, barrister-at-law, was educated at Gloucester, and entered Trinity College, Oxford, 14 Jan. 1762 (B.A. 1766, and in 1778 both M.A. at Cambridge and D.C.L. at Oxford). In 1765 he was engaged for a few months as an assistant in the college school at Salisbury, and after- wards became principal of the college school of Worcester. In 1769 he was ordained deacon, and in 1771 was presented to the living of Bredicot in Worcestershire. In December Goodman 128 Goodman 1773 he married Maria Hale, daughter of Robert Hale of Marylebone, London. In 1775 he opened a private school at Bevere. He was head-master of the grammar school at Leeds in 1779, became rector of Hutton in Somersetshire in 1788, and in 1789 rector of Cound in Shropshire. Here he lost his wife in September 1810, and during his remaining years he resided in Shrewsbury. He died 17 July 1816. Goodinge was a sound scholar, a powerful preacher, and a successful schoolmaster. He commenced a translation of Lycophron, but relinquished it on the appearance of Meen's translations in 1800. He was a good botanist, [Gent. Mag. vol. Ixxxvi. pt. ii. p. 94, vol. Ixxxvii. pt. ii. p. 182 ; Chambers's Biog. Illustr. of Worcestershire.] W. F. W. S. GOODMAN, CARDELL or CARDON- NELL (1649P-1699), actor and adventurer, was son of a clergyman of the same names at one time settled in Shaftesbury, Dorsetshire, and on 18 March 1651 removed from the benefice of Freshwater, Isle of Wight, by order of the council of state ( Cal. State Papers, Dom., 1651). The son went to St. John's College, Cambridge, and proceeded B.A. in 1670. According to his own admissions, as related by Gibber, he was expelled from the university ' for being one of the hot-headed sparks who were concerned in the cutting and defacing the Duke of Monmouth's pic- ture, then chancellor of that place.' Soon after he appeared in London, and became one of the pages of the back-staircase to Charles II, but after five years' service he was dismissed for negligence. Two years previous to his dismissal he inherited 2,OOOZ. by his father's death, which he rapidly squandered among the rakes of the town. He then attached himself to the king's company at Drury Lane Theatre, and made what was probably his first appearance as Polysperchon in the ' Rival Queens, "or Alexander the Great,' 4to, 1677. Here, according to Gibber, he made rapid ad- vances in reputation, and he is mentioned by Downes as taking the parts of Alexas in Dry- den's 'All for Love,' Pharnaces in 'Mithri- dates, king of Pontus,' by Lee, acted in 1678, and Valentinian in the tragedy of ' Valen- tinian,' adapted by the Earl of Rochester from Beaumont and Fletcher's play, and performed at Drury Lane in 1685. The characters in which he won his chief success were Julius Csesar and Alexander the Great, Cibber men- tions with some warmth the generous praise he bestowed upon Goodman when he was playing the part of the chaplain in Otway's ' Orphan,' and how confidently he predicted his future success. In 1682, when a fusion took place between the duke's and the king's company, he supported Mohun in opposing the united actors, although he joined them about three years later. According to Cibber the highest salary paid to hired actors at that period was 6s. 3d. per diem, which he pleads as some excuse for Goodman's excesses. As a proof of his poverty Cibber relates that Cap- tain Griffin and ' Scum ' Goodman — ' as he was styled by his enemies' — were driven to share the same bed and the same shirt, and that a duel was fought on Goodman's appropriating the common clothing out of his turn. His scanty livelihood also led him to commit a highway robbery. He was condemned, but speedily pardoned by James II, and 'his Ma- jesty's servant returned to the stage a hero.' His latter years were rendered more affluent by his becoming the paramour of the Duchess of Cleveland, but he was shortly detected in an attempt to poison two of her children, brought to trial for a ' misdemeanour,' and fined heavily. In 1688 he withdrew from the stage, and became a gamester, a profession in which he soon proved an expert, especially at ombre. Out of gratitude to King James for sparing his life, Goodman became a Jacobite, and on the death of Queen Mary was con- nected with the Fenwick and Charnock plot to kill William III (1696-7). When the scheme was discovered, Goodman, who was committed to the Gatehouse, was offered a free pardon if he would inform against his more illustrious accomplice, Sir John Fenwick [q. v.], a condition he would have been quite disposed to accept had not Fenwick's friends sought him at the ' Fleece ' in Co vent Garden,, and at the ' Dog ' in Drury Lane, where he eventually agreed to accept 500/. a year with a residence abroad. He escaped to France, and died there of a fever in 1699, aged about 50. [Luttrell's Rel. of State Affairs ; Doran's Annals of the Engl. Stage ; Colley Gibber's Apology, ed. Robert Lowe ; Downe's Roscius Anglicanus ; Theophilus Lucas's Memoirs of the most famous Gamesters.] W. F. W. S. GOODMAN, CHRISTOPHER (1520?- 1603), puritan divine, member of an old Cheshire family, was probably born (1520) in Chester. When about eighteen he entered Brasenose College, Oxford, graduating as B.A. 4 Feb. 1541, and M.A. 13 June 1544. In 1547 he became a senior student at Christ Church, and was proctor in 1549 (Oxf. Univ. Reg., Oxf. Hist. Soc., i. 217). He proceeded B.D. in 1551, and is said to have become Lady Margaret professor of divinity about 1548 (Le NEVE, Fasti, iii. 518 ; WOOD, Athena, ed. Bliss, i. 721 ; WOOD, Fasti, i. 120, 132 ; Oxf. Goodman 129 Goodman Univ. Reg. i. 199, 217). At Oxford Goodman made friends with Bartlet Green [q. v.], who had sought him out ' for his learning and godly and sober behaviour' (Foxs, Acts andMonu- ments, ed. Townsend, vii. 732-4, 738). Good- man left England in 1554, and on 23 Nov. his name appears among the signatures to a letter from the exiles at Strasburg. He afterwards joined the schism among the reformers at Frankfort, and withdrew with "VVhittingham [q. v.] and other leading exiles to Geneva, whence they united in writing a letter to the Frankfort congregation to defend their de- parture. The brethren at Geneva chose Knox and Goodman in September 1555 for their pastors, and the two formed a lifelong friend- ! ship. During his exile Goodman took part in Coverdale's translation of the Bible, helped Knox in the ' book of common order,' and | wrote some very acrimonious tracts. The : most famous was entitled ' How superior j Powers ought to be obeyed of their subjects, and wherein they may lawfully be by God's word disobeyed and resisted . . .' Geneva, 1558. The book, in favour of Wyatt's re- bellion, bitterly attacked Mary and the go- vernment of women in general, a fact which afterwards drew down Elizabeth's displea- sure upon the author. Knox's 'First Blast of the Trumpet ' was published in the same year, and the tracts were secretly circulated in England. Their violence was generally disapproved, even by their own party. Good- man also published while abroad a ' Com- mentary upon Amos,' in which he likens Mary to Proserpine, queen of Hades. So bitter was the feeling about his book that Good- man did not dare to return to England on Elizabeth's accession. In June 1559 Knox earnestly begged Goodman, ' whose presence I thirst for more than she that is my own flesh,' to join him at Edinburgh, and after repeated entreaties Goodman went to Scot- land early in September, acting as escort to Knox's wife and family from Geneva. In October he was made one of the council ap- pointed by the lords of the congregation to treat of religion, he and Knox preaching daily in ' the Scots camp ' (Zurich Letters, Parker Soc. 1558-79, p. 60, 1 Dec. 1559). In No- vember he became minister of Ayr. In the following July Goodman was appointed to St. Andrews. He also went about Scot- land preaching, and in August 1560 spent ten days in the Isle of Man, where he preached twice (State Papers, Scotch Ser. ' 1509-1603, p. 161, and For. Ser. 1560-1, p. | 259). Two years later he and Knox went together to visit some of the reformed churches in Scotland. Intercessions were meanwhile made for his return to England, VOL. XXII. though Calvin exhorted him to finish his work in Scotland. Cecil, to whom he wrote with indiscreet zeal, told Sadler in 1559 that, next to Knox, Goodman's name was the most odious of his party to Elizabeth. The Earl of Mar favoured his views, and in 1562 asked leave to bring him in his train to a projected meeting between Elizabeth and Mary. War- wick from Havre begged (in December) Dudley and Cecil to give ' so worthy an instrument' employment with his army in Normandy. At last by Randolph's advice he ventured into England in the winter of 1565. He went to Ireland (January 1566) as chaplain to Sir Henry Sidney, the new lord deputy, who in the spring of 1567 recom- mended him to be bishop of Dublin, and promised him the deanery of St. Patrick's (State Papers, Ireland, Elizabeth, 1556-7, pp. 325, 327). Goodman, however, received neither of these offices. It was probably when Sidney returned to England in 1570 that he was appointed to the living of Alford, near Chester, and made archdeacon of Rich- mond. In the next year he was deprived by Bishop Vaughan for nonconformity, and in April 1571 brought before the ecclesiastical commissioners at Lambeth. He was obliged to make a full recantation of his published opinions, and a protest in writing of his duti- ful obedience to the queen's person and her lawful government (see STRYPE, Annals, n. i. 140). In June he was again examined before Archbishop Parker, ' beaten with three rods/ and forbidden to preach. He complained (26 July) to Leicester of his hard treatment (Addit. MS. 32091, f. 246). In August he returned to Chester. On 21 Nov. 1580 Ran- dolph writes to Leicester, soliciting leave for Goodman to revisit Scotland (LEMON, CaJ. State Papers, 1547-80, p. 688). In 1584 Goodman refused to subscribe to the articles and the service book, and Archbishop Whit- gift complained of his perversity to the lord treasurer. Having no living he was not however again examined, but allowed to spend the rest of his days peacefully at Chester. When Ussher came to England to collect books for the Dublin Library, he visited Goodman (4 June 1603), then ' very ancient,' and lying on his deathbed. In after days the archbishop would often repeat the ' grave wise speeches ' he heard from the old man, who must have died shortly after his visit (UssHER, Life, ed. Elrington, i. 23). Good- man was buried at Chester, in St. Bride's Church. Wood gives a Latin epigram written upon him by his ' sometime friend/ John Parkhurst, containing a play upon his name, ' Gudmane.' He is said by Wood to have written a commentary on Amos. Goodman 130 Goodman [State Papers, Scotch Ser. 1509-1603 pp. 119, 181, 183, 226; Foreign Ser. 1558-9 p. 335, 1559-60 pp. 49, 52, 73, 125, 1562 pp. 51, *233, 273, 562, 602, 1565 pp. 514, 534; Wood's Athense (Bliss), i. 721 ; Strype's Memorials, ed. 1822, vol. iii. pt. ii. pp. 131, 187 ; Annals, vol. i. pt. i. pp. 152, 182, 187, 343, &c., vol. ii. pt. i. p. 140 ; Life of Parker, ii. 66 ; Troubles at Frank- fort (Phenix), ii. 44; Original Letters (Parker Soc.) 2nd ser., Goodman to Peter Martyr ; Sadler, i. 510; McCrie's Life of Knox, i. 284, 300, 328, 510, 532, 561, ii. 138, 270, 328, 384, 442 ; Mait- land's Essays on the Reformation, pp. 103, 112, 116, 126, 171, 177. 196; Heylyn's Hist, of the Reformation, ii. 182, 297; Ormerod's Cheshire, ii. 727 ; Fuller's Church Hist. bk. ix. p. 77.] E. T. B. GOODMAN, GABRIEL (1529 P-1601), dean of Westminster, born at Ruthin, Den- bighshire, about 1529, was second son of Edward Goodman (d. 1620), merchant and hurgess of Ruthin, by his wife Cecily, daugh- ter of Edward Thelwall of Plas-y-ward. He proceeded B.A. from Christ's College, Cam- bridge, in 1549-50, and was fellow of Jesus College till 28 Sept. 1555, graduating M.A. in 1553, and acting for a long time as chap- lain to Sir William Cecil, with whom he was always on intimate terms. He was created D.D. in 1564 as a member of St. .John's College. He became rector of South Luffenham, Rutlandshire, 30 Sept. 1558 ; rector of the first portion of the church of Waddesdon, Buckinghamshire, 1559, and of the second portion 25 Nov. 1569 ; canon of Westminster 21 June 1560, and was in April 1561 a prebendary of St. Paul's Cathe- dral. On 23 Sept. 1561 he was appointed dean of Westminster, but continued to hold much other preferment. He preached at court 13 Feb. 1561-2, and was a Lent preacher at court 1565-6. He subscribed the Thirty- nine Articles in the convocation of 1562-3, and voted against suggested changes in the ceremonies and liturgy of the church. In 1563 John Feckenham, the late abbot of Westminster, was placed in his custody. In August 1564 he was at Cambridge pre- paring for the queen's visit to the university. In 1570 a suggestion that Goodman should succeed Grindal as bishop of London was opposed by Archbishop Parker on the ground that although ' a sad, grave man,' Goodman was in Parker's private judgment 'too severe.' Neither Parker's recommendation that Good- man should be made bishop of Norwich in 1575, nor Aylmer's request that he should be appointed to the see of Rochester in November 1581, nor Whitgift's proposal that the bishopric either of Rochester or Chiches- ter should be conferred on him in 1584, pro- duced any result. Goodman was repeatedly nominated a commissioner for causes eccle- siastical in the court of high commission ; was a commissioner for visiting the Savoy Hospital in 1570 ; assisted in the condemna- tion of the Dutch anabaptists in 1575; aided Lord Burghley to settle a dispute respecting the validity of certain graces granted at Cambridge in 1580 ; was a commissioner to represent the primate at the convocation of 1586, and a royal commissioner for the settlement of Jesus College, Oxford, in 1589. Goodman acted as an executor of Lord Burgh- ley's will in 1598. He died on 17 June 1601, and was buried in St. Benedict's Chapel, Westminster Abbey. A monument with a bust in a gown was erected in St. Peter's Church, Ruthin. Goodman showed himself much interested in educational and charitable schemes. In 1570 he provided for the erection at Chis- wick of a home for sick Westminster scholars. Two scholarships were founded in his name at St. John's College, Cambridge, by a deed dated 20 Feb. 1578-9, the endowment being the gift of Mildred, Lord Burghley's wife. As overseer of the will of Frances, countess of Sussex, he took part in the inauguration of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. In 1590 he founded Christ's Hospital at his native town of Ruthin, for a president, war- den, and twelve poor inmates, and in 1595 added to the foundation a grammar school. Camden was always an intimate friend. Goodman assisted him in his ' Britannia,' to which he prefixed Latin verses in 1586, and bequeathed to him a gold ring with a turquoise stone. By his will, dated 2 March 1600-1, Goodman left bequests to almost all the officials of Westminster Abbey, to the town of Ruthin, to the parishes in which he had lived, and to various members of the Cecil family. His household stuff was be- queathed to his hospital at Ruthin, and many rare books and manuscripts, chiefly bibles, together with legacies to poor scholars, were left to Christ's College, Cambridge (with a portrait of Lady Margaret Beaufort, the foundress), to Sidney Sussex College (with a portrait of the foundress), to St. John's College, Cambridge, to Jesus College, Cam- bridge, and to Jesus College, Oxford. A Chaldean Lexicon was left to Sir Thomas Bodley for his library. Goodman translated in 1568 the first epistle to the Corinthians for the Bishops' Bible (PARKER, Correspondence, p. 336). He helped, both with literary aid and money, Dr. Wil- liam Morgan in his Welsh translation of the Bible. A continuation by him of Dr. Bill's ' Order of the Government of the Colledge of Westminster' appears, with a letter to Lord Goodman Goodman Burghley (15 Nov. 1577), in Strype's ' An- nals.' His statutes for the hospital at Ruthin are in ' Charity Reports,' xxxii. (3) 93-5, and for his grammar school in Newcome's 'Me- moir.' Some of his letters are at Hatfield. A portrait in the hospital at Ruthin was engraved by Robert Graves from a sketch by G. P. Harding for Newcome's ' Memoir.' [Richard Newcome's Memoir (Ruthin), 1825; Cooper's Athense Cantabr. ii. 317; Parker's Cor- resp. ; Wood's Fasti Oxon. (Bliss), i. 214, 219, 294 ; Le Neve's Fasti ; Stanley's Westminster Abbey ; Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. pp. 179 et seq. (Westminster Abbey Archives) contains a few unimportant references.] S. L. L. GOODMAN, GODFREY (1583-1656), bishop of Gloucester, born at Ruthin, Den- bighshire, 28 Feb. 1582-3, was second son of Godfrey Goodman, by his second wife, Jane Cruxton or Croxton. His father, a man of property, purchased the estates of Sir Thomas Exmew, lord mayor of London, and Gabriel Goodman, dean of Westminster [q. v.], was his uncle. In 1592 he went to Westmin- ster School, where the head-master, Camden, an intimate friend both of his father and uncle, took much interest in him. From a chorister he rose to be a scholar, and in 1599 was elected to a scholarship at Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge. He proceeded to the de- grees of B.A. (1603-4), M.A., and B.D., and j in 1603 was ordained at Bangor. From 1606 to 1620 he was vicar of Stapleford Abbots, Essex, and there elaborated one of his ser- mons into his well-known treatise on man's decadence. On 10 May 1607 he was in- i stalled a prebendary of Westminster, and on j 11 July 1615 was incorporated B.D. at Ox- ford. On 5 Sept. 1616 he wrote to the vice- chancellor at Cambridge urging the establish- ment of a public library in the university with the same privileges as the Bodleian. He be- came about 1616 rector of West Ilsley (for- merly Ildesley), Berkshire, and afterwards j purchased the advowson of Kemerton rec- j tory, Gloucestershire, to which he presented j himself. He also held the sinecure livings of j Llandyssil, Montgomeryshire (from 28 Sept. 1607), and of Llanarmon (from 21 July 1621 to 8 June 1 626) . He boasted that the parishes under his active control were invariably free from alehouses, beggars, serious crime, violent deaths, or loss of property by fire (cf. his own manuscript note in his copy of Pontificals Romanum, 1627, in Trin. Coll. Libr. Cambr. ; NBWCOME, Memoir, App. T). Goodman's sermons, strongly Anglican in tone, quickly attracted attention, and Bi- shops Andrewes, Vaughan, and Williams befriended him. Before 1616 he was chaplain to the queen. On 20 Dec. 1617 he became a canon of Windsor, always his favourite place of residence ; on 4 Jan. 1620-1 dean of Rochester ; and in 1625 bishop of Gloucester. He resigned his Westminster prebend in 1623. With his bishopric he was allowed to hold in commendam the Windsor canonry, the Ilsley rectory, and other benefices below 200/. a year. Troubles began almost as soon as Good- man was consecrated (6 March 1624-5). He offended the king by declining to take a hint from his secretary in the choice of a chan- cellor ( Gal. State Papers, Dom. 11 Jan. 1625), and a lavish expenditure, partly devoted to charity, entailed monetary difficulties. In Lent 1626 he preached at court. His remarks on the real presence were ' supposed to trench too near the borders of popery' (HEYLYN, Cypr. Angl. p. 153). On 29 March convo- cation, at the request of the king, discussed the sermon, referred its consideration to a committee, and Goodman was mildly repri- manded (12 April). He was subsequently directed to explain his meaning in another sermon at court, but failed to satisfy the king. In 1628 Burton, Bastwick, and Prynne drew up a petition to Charles accusing Good- man of having ' re-edified and repaired ' the high cross at Windsor, and with having set upon it two coloured pictures — one of Christ upon the cross, and the other of Christ rising out of the sepulchre. He was also charged with having introduced into Gloucester Ca- thedral altar-cloths and the like with cruci- fixes embroidered on them, and with having suspended one Ridler, ' minister of Little Deane,' on the ground that -he had preached that 'an obstinate papist, dying a papist, could not be saved, and if we be saved, the papists were not ' (KENNETT). In 1633 the bishopric of Hereford fell vacant. Juxon, who was first chosen to fill it, was before consecration translated to London to take the place of Laud, who had just become arch- bishop of Canterbury. Goodman, apparently from a desire of higher emolument, sought to succeed Juxon. By bribing court officials he secured his election at the hands of the Here- ford chapter. But Laud, resolving to suppress current corruptions in the church, induced the king to revoke his assent to Goodman's translation. It was reported that Goodman had requested to hold both bishoprics toge- ther (Court of Charles I, ii. 229). On 18 Dec. 1633 Goodman formally renounced his claims to Hereford, and entreated Laud to grant him leave of absence from Gloucester, and appoint a coadjutor (HEYLYN, Cypr. p. 263 ; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1633-5, pp. 323, 435). Laud brusquely ordered him to return to Glouces- ter, and added that if, as Goodman threatened, he offered to resign, his resignation would be Goodman 132 Goodman immediately accepted (LATJD, Works, v. 62). Goodman set out for his diocese, and in 1636 arbitrated, by order of the privy council, be- tween the city and county of Gloucester as to their liability to ship-money. In 1633, 1636, and 1637, Laud complained that Goodman failed to send in any report as to the state of his diocese. Goodman's religious views gradually brought him into very close sympathy with the Roman church, and he soon gave grounds for the suspicion that he had secretly joined that communion. Panzani, the papal agent in England, wrote in January 1635-6 that ' the bishop said divine offices in private out of the Roman breviary, and had asked per- mission to keep an Italian priest to say mass secretly in his house ' (GARDINER, Hist. viii. 140). Early in 1638 similar allegations were openly made in Rome, and Sir William Hamilton, the English agent there, wrote to Secretary Windebank that Goodman had been converted about 1635 or 1636 by one William Hanmer, who went by the name of John Challoner. On 13 July 1638 Edmund Atwood, vicar of Hartbury, Gloucestershire, gave Windebank an account of Goodman's intimate relations with Hanmer and with the provincial of the Jesuits, who were both re- peatedly the bishop's guests at Gloucester (Clarendon State Papers in NEWCOME, Me- moirs, App. O.) To escape the threatened storm, Goodman made a fruitless application to Laud for permission to visit Spa on the specious ground of ill-health. On 27 Aug. 1638 he petitioned in vain for a private inter- view with the king. Laud, in letters to Win- debank and Strafford, dwelt on the king's wrath, and wrote with biting sarcasm of Goodman's dejection and cowardice (Cal. Clarendon State Papers, ii. 17-18; Strafford Papers, ii. 158). Finally Goodman appears to have given an assurance of future conformity. He was summoned in the same year (1638) before the high commission court on the charge of having allowed the justices of Tewkesbury to hold quarter-sessions in the church there. In 1639 he showed some vigour in examining residents in his diocese who had graduated at Scottish universities, and were suspected by the privy council of active sympathy with the Scottish rebellion (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1639, pp. 266-7, 319). On 18 Jan. 1639-40 the king sent him a peremptory order to return to Gloucester from Windsor, where he preferred to live. But worse diffi- culties were in store. In May 1640 Goodman with the other bishops was requested to sign adhesion to the new canons, which upheld pas- sive obedience and the divine right of kings, while sternly denouncing Romish practices. Goodman privately informed Laud that he should withhold his signature at all hazards. He argued that convocation had no right to sit, now that parliament was dissolved. Laud plainly told him that his refusal could only be ascribed to his being a papist, Socinian, or sec- tary, and charged him with popish predilec- tions. But Goodman was obstinate in his re- sistance when convocation met (29 May), and the two houses passed upon him a decree of de- privation a beneficio et officio (HEYLYN,p. 446 j LATTD, Works, iii. 236 ; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1640, pp. 233-4). Laud at once informed the king of the situation, and orders were sent down for Goodman's committal to the Gate- house. He petitioned for a fair trial (31 May)r and begged Vane to restore his papers which had been seized, and which he declared were chiefly literary notes made in early life (2 June). He gave a bond of 10,000/. not to leave the kingdom. On 10 July he made his submission, signed the canons, was released from prison, and was restored to his see. On 28 Aug. he wrote to Laud expressing a desire to resign his bishopric as soon as his debts were paid and live on ' his commendam.' Goodman's equivocal position was very prejudicial to the cause of his fellow-church- men. In February 1640-1, when the con- dition of the church was under debate in parliament, Falkland ascribed the disrepute into which it had fallen to the dishonesty of men like Goodman, ' who found a way to reconcile the opinions of Rome to the pre- ferments of England, and to be so absolutely, directly, and cordially papists, that it is all that 1,500/. a year can do to keep them from confessing it.' On the other hand, the enemies of Laud found an additional weapon to em- ploy against him and his brother-bishops in the severe treatment to which Goodman had been subjected in convocation. The canons which Goodman had resisted were naturally obnoxious to the parliament. A proposal was made in 1641 to bring 'within apraemunire' all who had voted for Goodman's suspen- sion, and the ninth additional article in Laud's impeachment (1644) charged him with having advised Goodman's imprison- ment, and with having forced him to sign the obnoxious canons. But Goodman did not escape the persecution to which his order was exposed. In August 1641 it was resolved by the House of Commons to impeach him along with Laud and the other bishops who had signed the canons. In December Good- man and eleven other bishops signed the letter sent to the king, in which they complained of intimidation while making their way to the House of Lords, and protested against the transaction of business in their absence. Goodman 133 Goodman The letter included an assurance that the signatories ' do abominate all actions or opi- nions tending to popery and the maintenance thereof,' a sentiment which 'Jesuitical equi- vocation ' can alone have enabled Goodman to adopt. As soon as the protest was pub- lished, Goodman and the other signatories were committed to the Tower on a charge of high treason. When brought to the bar of the House of Lords in February, his com- panions declined to plead, but Goodman pleaded not guilty. After eighteen weeks' imprisonment he was released on bail and or- dered to return to his diocese (House of Lords1 Journals, v. 64-5). On 30 Aug. 1642 he wrote an angry letter to Laud, complaining bitterly of the wrongs he had suffered at his hands, and of Laud's refusal to speak with him while I both were prisoners in the Tower ( Col. State Papers, Dom. 1641-3, p. 381). Inl643Good- | man's palace at Gloucester was sacked by • the parliamentary soldiers ; nearly all his books and papers were dispersed, and in deep distress he retired to Carnarvon, where he ' possessed a small estate. On 18 July 1643 \ he entered into a bond of 10,000/. to appear before a committee of the House of Commons j when required. In 1646 the committee of sequestration directed the tithes due to him from West Ilsley to be paid to them. On ! 31 Aug. 1649 he presented a humble petition I to parliament for relief, and declared he had | never interfered in ' matters of war.' Ap- pended to the petition was an address in the same sense from the mayor and other autho- j rities of Carnarvon, besides an appeal to Lent- ! hall from the gentry, citizens, and burgesses of Gloucester diocese (printed together in folio sheet, London, 1649 ; Brit. Mus. Cat. 190, g. 12, No. 15). Further particulars con- cerning his pecuniary relations with the city | of Gloucester are given in a letter to the mayor of that city, 23 Nov. 1649 (Fairfax Corresp. iv. 111). 'His losses,' says Wood, 'were so extraordinary and excessive great that he was ashamed to confess them, lest they might seem incredible, and lest others might condemn him of folly and improvidency.' About 1650 Goodman seems to have settled in London, first in Chelsea and afterwards in I the parish of St. Margaret's, Westminster. I The attentions of his Westminster landlady, j Mrs. Sibilla Aglionby, and the friendship of | Christopher Davenport [q. v.], formerly chap- lain to Queen Henrietta Maria, appear to have consoled his declining days. He spent much time in Sir Thomas Cotton's library. In 1653 he dedicated to Cromwell ' A large Discourse concerning the Trinity and Incar- nation,' in which he recapitulated his griev- ances. He had had five houses in England, ' all of which were plundered and his writings in them miscarried.' Finally he demanded a hearing of his case. In a second dedication to the master, fellows, and scholars of Trinity College, Cambridge, he declared that he was destitute. Another petition to Cromwell was presented in 1655. Goodman died 19 Jan. 1655-6, and was buried 4 Feb. in St. Mar- garet's Church, Westminster. His tomb was simply inscribed ' Godfrey Goodman.' His will, dated 17 Jan. 1655-6, and proved 16 Feb., opens with the profession that he died as he had lived 'most constant in all the doctrine of God's holy and apostolic church, whereof I do acknowledge the church of Rome to be the mother church. And I do verily believe that no other church hath any salvation in it but only so far as it concurs with the faith of the church of Rome.' This and other portions of his will were published in ' Mercurius Politicus ' for March 1655-6, Nos. 299, 300. He left his Welsh property to the town of Ruthin, his birthplace, of which he had been presented with the free- dom, and to which he had in his lifetime given a silver cup. There were small legacies to poor sequestered clergymen, to his landlady, Mrs. Aglionby, and to his kinsman and execu- tor, Gabriel Goodman. His manuscripts were to be published if any scholar deemed them of sufficient value. His advowson of Kener- tonhe bequeathed to the hospital of Ruthin, unless a kinsman was qualified to take the living within three months. His hooks, ori- ginally designed for Chelsea College, went to Trinity College, Cambridge. Wood writes of Goodman as a harmless man, hurtful to none but himself, and as hospitable and cha- ritable. But his career shows great want of moral courage. Kennett says that a daughter of Goodman ' was reduced to begging at his doors ' (Compl. Hist. iii. 215). Goodman was unmarried, and this story is not corroborated. Goodman's works, written in readable English, and showing much original thought, were : 1. 'The Fall of Man, or the Corrup- tion of Nature proved by the Light of his Naturall Reason,' London, 1616, dedicated to Queen Anne. The celebrated reply by George Hakewill [q. v.], ' An Apologie . . . of the Power and Providence of God,' ap- peared in 1627 in four books, and in the third edition an additional book — the fifth — con- sisted of animadversions by Goodman on Hakewill's argument with Hakewill's re- plies. The disputants wrote of each other in terms of deep respect. R. P. republished ' The Fall of Man,' London, 1629, under the title ' The Fall of Adam from Paradise proved by Natural Reason and the grounds of Philo- sophy,' and prefixed a letter by Goodman in Goodman 134 Goodrich which he deprecated the republication of a work of his early days. Southey quotes ad- miringly from this work in his ' Commonplace Book/ 1st ser. pp. 137-65. 2. ' The Creatures Praysing God, or the Religion of Dumbe Crea- j tures. An Example and Argument for the j stirring up of our Devotion and for the Con- j fusion of Atheism,' London, 1622 (by Felix j Kyngston), without author's name (cf. Notes \ and Queries, 4th ser. v. 400). A French I translation by V. F., with a dedication to the \ author, appeared at Paris (12mo) in 1644 as ' Les Devoirs des creatures inferieures a 1'homme reconnaissant & louant incessam- ! ment leur Createur . . . par le sieur Geoffroy Bon-homme de Ruthin.' 3. ' A Large Dis- course concerning the Trinity and Wonder- full Incarnation of our Saviour,' London, j 1653, 4to, dedicated to Cromwell. Goodman regarded this work as an appendix to his first book. 4. 'The Court of King James the First,' first printed by the Rev. J. S. Brewer (London, j 1839), from the manuscript in the Bodleian Library, together with a second volume of letters illustrative of the period, collected by the editor from various sources. The manu- script, which opens with the death of Eliza- beth and concludes with James I's death, bears no author's name, but a memorandum inserted in it by Bishop Barlow and the in- ternal evidence leave no doubt as to Good- man's authorship. It is a temperate defence of James I in reply to Anthony Weldon's ' Traditional! Memoirs,' first issued in 1650, and is a valuable authority for the reign. Wood also credits Goodman with ' An Ac- count of his Sufferings,' 'which is only a little pamphlet printed 1650.' He sent a copy to Ussher with a letter 1 July 1650 (NEW- CGME,pp. 76-7), but no copy seems now known. In the dedication to No. 3 Goodman notes that he had completed before the civil war began ' an ecclesiastical history more particu- larly relating to our own nations, which from the year 1517 was very large and distinct, making a good volume.' Nothing is known of this manuscript. [Newcome's Memoir appended to that of Gabriel Goodman, Ruthin, 1825; Wood's Athense Oxon. ii. 863-9; Wood's Fasti, i. 363; art. by Prof. J. E. B. Mayor in Camb. Antiq. Soc. Com- munications, ii. 113; Hist. MSS. Comm. 2nd Rep. p. 106 ; Walker's Sufferings, ii. 32 ; Com- mons' Journals, vol. ii. ; Lords' Journals, vols. iv. v. ; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1625-55 passim ; Welch's Alumni Westmonast. p. 68 ; Laud's Works ; Le Neve's Fasti ; Fuller's Worthies ; Evelyn's Memoir ; Gardiner's Hist.] S. L. L. GOODMAN, SIB STEPHEN ARTHUR (d. 1844), major-general, entered the army in October 1794 as ensign of the 48th foot, in which he became lieutenant in 1795 and cap- tain in 1803. He served with his regiment in Minorca, with the force sent to Leghorn in 1800, under Lieutenant-general Sir Charles Steuart, to co-operate with the Austrians, and at the reduction of Malta. He accom- panied his regiment to the Peninsula in 1809, and commanded the light companies of Stew- art's brigade of Hill's division at the battle of Talavera. In 1810 he was appointed de- puty judge-advocate, with the rank of as- sistant adj utant-general in Lord Wellington's army. He was present at the capture of Badajoz, and was placed in charge of the French governor Phillipon, whom he was ordered to conduct to Elvas. At the capture of Madrid and at the siege of Burgos, and in the subsequent retreat, Goodman acted for the adjutant-general of the army (Waters), absent through illness. In 1814 Goodman was appointed deputy j udge-advocate of the troops proceeding to America, but exchanged to a like post in the British force left in Hol- land under the Prince of Orange. He was deputy judge-advocate of the Duke of Wel- lington's army in the Waterloo campaign, and at the occupation of Paris. His supersession was dictated by the duke's belief in the im- perative need of having a professional lawyer at the head of that department of the army (see Wellington Suppl. Desp. xi. 43). Good- man retired on half-pay of his regimental rank at the peace, afterwards attaining major- general's rank, and was made C.B. and K.H. In 1819 he was appointed colonial secretary of Berbice, to which in 1821 was added the then lucrative appointment of vendue-master in Berbice and Essequibo. His colonial ser- vices extended over a period of twenty-four years, during which he was in charge of the government of the colony from May 1835 to October 1836. During the negro insurrec- tion of 1823 he was deputed by Governor Murray to organise a militia, and held the office of major-general and inspector-general of militia in the colony up to his death. He died on 2 Jan. 1844, leaving a widow and eleven children. [Philippart's Royal Mil. Cal. 1 820 ; Gent. Mag. new ser. xxi. 539.] H. M. C. GOODRICH, RICHARD (d. 1562), ecclesiastical commissioner, a native of York- shire, was nephew of Thomas Goodrich, bi- shop of Ely. He was educated at Jesus Col- lege, Cambridge, but does not appear to have graduated. On leaving the university he be- came a member of Gray's Inn in 1532, and was admitted ancient 5 July 1542 (HarL MS. 1912). As early as 1535 he was at- torney of the court of augmentations. In Goodrich 135 Goodrich 1545 he had a grant from the crown of lands which had belonged to the monasteries of Newnham, Bedfordshire, and Butley, Suf- folk. He was appointed attorney of the second court of augmentation on its forma- tion, 2 Jan. 1546-7. He also held the office of attorney of the court of wards and liveries. He represented Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire, in the parliament which began 8 Nov. 1547. Throughout the reign of Edward VI he was almost constantly employed in the service of the crown. He was one of the ecclesiastical commissioners, and was also in the several commissions for the codification of the ecclesi- astical laws, the suppression of heresy, the sale of chantry lands, and the deprivation of bishops Gardiner, Day, Heath, and Tunstal. In 1551 the king granted him an annuity of 1001. At Elizabeth's accession he was in a commisson, 23 Dec.*1558, to arrange matters for the consideration of the ensuing parlia- ment, and also in the ecclesiastical commis- sion, and in that issued to administer the oaths to the clergy. He died at Whitefriars, London, in May 1 562, and was buried on the 25th at St. Andrew's, Holborn. His funeral was attended by the Archbishop of Canter- bury (Parker), the lord keeper (Sir N. Bacon), the lord chief justice of the queen's bench (Sir R. Catlyn), the bishop of London (Grin- dal), the bishop of Ely (Cox), many worship- ful men, and two hundred gentlemen of the Inns of Court. The sermon was preached by Alexander Nowell, dean of St. Paul's. When Goodrich was a young man, Leland compli- mented him for his promising virtues and abilities (Lelandi Encomia, p. 108). He was one of the executors of Sir Thomas Pope, the founder of Trinity College, Oxford. Sir Nicholas Throckmorton, in a letter written at Paris, in allusion to the death of Goodrich, terms him a rare man, both for his gifts and honesty. His will, dated 14 Nov. 1556, was proved on 8 June 1562 (P. C. C. 15, Streat). By his wife, Dorothy, widow of Sir George Blage, he had a son Richard, and a daughter Elizabeth. [Cooper's Athense Cantabr. i. 214-15, 553; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1547-80, For. 1562.] Gr. G. GOODRICH or GOODRICKE, THO- MAS, D.D. (d. 1554), bishop of Ely and lord high chancellor of England, was a younger son of Edward Goodrich of East Kirkby, Lin- colnshire, by his third wife, Jane, sole daugh- ter and heiress of Mr. Williamson of Boston. The name was pronounced and often spelt Goodricke, in spite of the epigram— Et bonus, et dives, bene junctus et optimus ordo ; Prsecedit bonitas, pone sequuntur opes. Thomas is said to have been a member of King's College, Cambridge, but was not on the foundation, and it seems certain that he was of Corpus Christ! College, where he re- sided with his elder brother John, when he took his degree of B.A. in 1510, in which year he was appointed a fellow of Jesus Col- lege (MASTERS, Hist. C.C.C.C. p. 293). He commenced M.A. in 1514, and was one of the proctors of the university in 1515. He was admitted to the rectory of St. Peter Cheap, London, 16 Nov. 1529, on the presentation of Cardinal Wolsey, as commendatory of the abbey of St. Alban (NEWCOTTRT, Repertorium Ecclesiasticum, i. 521). He was one of the divines consulted by the convocation as to the legality of the king's marriage with Cathe- rine of Arragon, and also one of the syndics appointed by the university of Cambridge to determine that question in February 1529-30. At this time he was a doctor of divinity. Soon afterwards he occurs as one of the chap- lains to Henry VIII, and canon of St. Ste- phen's, Westminster. On 5 April 1533 he was present as one of the divines in the con- vocation held in St. Paul's chapter-house, London. In the same year he was sent to France on an embassy. He was a commis- sioner for reforming the ecclesiastical laws in the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI. About a year after the death of Bishop West the king promoted him to the see of Ely, and he was consecrated at Croydon by the Arch- bishop of Canterbury on 19 April 1534 (LE NEVE, Fasti, ed. Hardy, i. 341). His zeal for the Reformation was mani- fested in 1535 by his enjoining masters and fellows of colleges in the university of Cam- bridge to preach in the parish churches, and there to set forth to the people the king's style of supreme head of the church of Eng- land, and to renounce the pope (SiRYPE, JEccl. Memorials, i. 186, folio ). In 1537 he was one of the compilers of what was called the ' Bishops' Book,' which was published under the title of ' The Godly and Pious Institution of a Christian Man; ' and soon afterwards he was entrusted with the Gospel of St. John in the revision of the New Testament. In De- cember 1540 he seems to have been suspected of encouraging the translation by Thomas Walpole and others of an epistle of Melan- chthon, and the privy council directed his study to be searched (NICOLAS, Proceedings of the Privy Council, vii. 98). On the accession of Edward VI he was sworn of the privy council, and in November 1548 was appointed one of the royal com- missioners for the visitation of the university of Cambridge. He assisted in compiling the first Book of Common Prayer, which he Goodrich 136 Goodricke encouraged Francis Philippe, one of his de- pendents, to translate into French for use in the Channel Islands and elsewhere. On 15 March 1548-9 Goodrich was sent to pre- pare Lord Seymour of Sudeley for death, after the warrant had heen signed for his execution by his brother the Duke of Somer- set. The duke's harsh conduct induced the bishop to join the malcontents in the privy council who sought the overthrow of the protector. In 1549 and 1550 he was one of the commissioners assigned to inquire ' super hseretica pravitate.' Hooper, writing to Bui- linger on 27 Dec. 1549, refers to Goodrich as one of six or seven bishops who compre- hended the reformed doctrine relating to the Lord's Supper with as much clearness and piety as one could desire ; and says it was only the fear for their property that pre- vented them from reforming their churches according to the rule of God's word (Rosiisr- SOK, Letters relative to the English Reforma- tion, i. 72, 76). In 1550 he was one of the bishops who tried to obtain a recantation from Joan Bocher [q. v.] (NICHOLS, Lit. Re- mains of Edward VI, ii. 264). He objected to Cranmer's making any concessions toHooper's puritanical scruples as to the ceremony of consecration. In November 1550 Goodrich was appointed one of the commissioners for the trial of Gardiner, bishop of Win- chester(STRYPE,Oa«mer,p.223,folio). Soon afterwards he and Cranmer were ordered by the council to dispute with George Day [q. v.], bishop of Chichester, who was deprived and committed to Goodrich in ' Christian charity.' In May 1551 Goodrich was appointed a com- missioner to invest Henry II, king of France, with the order of the Garter, and to treat of the marriage of his daughter Elizabeth with Edward VI (BRYDGES, Restituta, iii. 234). On 22 Dec. 1551 the great seal, on the sudden retirement of Lord-chancellor Rich, was given into the bishop's hands as keeper. Upon the discovery that Rich's illness was pretended, Goodrich received the full title of lord chancellor on 19 Jan. 1551-2 (Foss, Judges of England, v. 302). In the parlia- ment which met the next day the new liturgy was made the law of the land. Another was held in March 1552-3, being the last in Edward's reign ; and, on account of the king's illness, was opened in the great chamber of the palace, where Goodrich as chancellor de- clared the causes of the meeting. He was apparently not consulted upon Edward's settlement of the succession, but was in- duced by the Duke of Northumberland to put the great seal to the instrument in which it was declared. With the rest of the coun- cil he subscribed the undertaking to support the royal testament, and he acted on the council during the nine days of the Lady Jane's reign, signing as chancellor several letters issued by them on her behalf {Chronicle of Queen Jane, pp. 91, 100). He was accord- ingly one of the prisoners named for trial as traitors on the accession of Queen Mary ; and it was perhaps on account of his having joined in the order sent by the council on 20 July, commanding the Duke of Northum- berland to disarm, that the queen struck his name out of the list. The great seal was of course taken from him. He did homage to Queen Mary on the day of her coronation, and he was permitted to retain his bishopric until his death, which took place at Somers- ham, Huntingdonshire, on 10 May 1554. He was buried in Ely Cathedral, where there is a brass representing him in his episcopal robes as he wore them after the Reformation, with a Bible in one hand and the great seal in the other. He repaired and adorned the episcopal palace at Ely, but alienated some of the pro- perty of the see. His portrait is in Holbein's picture of the grant of the charter to Bridewell Hospital (GRANGER, Biog. Hist, of England. 5th edit. i. 170). Burnet says ' he was a busy secular spirited man, and had given himself up wholly to factions and intrigues of State; so that, though his opinion had always leaned to the Reformation, it is no wonder if a man so tempered would prefer the keeping of his bishopric before the discharge of his con- science ' (Hist, of the Reformation, ed. Po- cock, ii. 442). [Authorities cited above; also Addit. MSS. 5802 f. 146, 5860 p. 321, 5870 ; Bentham's Ely, p. 189 ; Boutell's Monumental Brasses of Eng- land, pp. 17-19 ; Cambridge Camden Society's Monumental Brasses, p. 13; Campbell's Lives of the Lord Chancellors, 1845, ii. 28 ; Cooper's Athenae Cantabr. i. 117, 545; Fuller's Church Hist.; Fuller's Worthies ; Godwin, De Praesuli- bus (Kichardson) ; Parker Society's Publications (general index) ; Eymer's Fcedera, xiv. 485, 486, 487, 527 ; Smith's Autographs ; State Papers of Henry VIII ; Strype's Works (general index) ; Wharton's Anglia Sacra, i. 676 ; Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 707.] T. C. GOODRICKE, SIR HENRY (1642- 1705), diplomatist, eldest son of Sir John Goodricke (created baronet by Charles I, for whom he suffered severely in estate during the civil wars), by his first wife Cathe- rine Norcliffe, was born 24 Oct. 1642. He was returned to parliament for Borough- bridge, Yorkshire, on 7 Nov. 1673 and again on 14 March 1678-9. He first served in the army, and obtained the command of a regi- ment of foot, which was disbanded in 1679. Goodricke 137 Goodsir He was appointed, 28 Nov. 1678, envoy ex- traordinary to the court of Madrid. His in- structions are printed in Goodricke's ' History of the Goodricke Family,' p. 25. In June 1682 he made, on behalf of Charles II, an offer of mediation in the war between France and Spain. He was, however, soon afterwards •expelled from Madrid, in consequence of the anger of the Spanish court at the policy of Charles II, and lodged in a neighbouring convent of Hieronymites. He returned to England in the following February. He was actively concerned in securing York for the Prince of Orange (19-22 Nov. 1688; Memoirs of Sir John JReresby, p. 412), and was rewarded (26 April 1689) by the post of lieutenant-general of the ordnance, which he held until 29 June 1702. On 13 Feb. 1689-90 he was sworn of the privy council. On 1 1 July 1690 he was placed on a commission appointed to investigate the behaviour of the fleet, and particularly of Admiral Torrington, who was accused of supineness in a recent engagement with the French off Beachy Head. He re- presented Boroughbridge in parliament from 1688-9 until his death. His speeches in the House of Commons were not very frequent, but were usually brief, pithy, and to the pur- pose. He died on 8 March 1704-5, and was buried in the family vault at Ribston, York- shire. Goodricke married, in 1668, Mary, daughter of Colonel William Legg, and sister to George, lord Dartmouth, by whom he had no issue. [Wotton's Baronetage, ii. 260; Hist. MSS. •Comm. 3rd Eep. App. 289 a, 6th Eep. App. 321 b, 7th Eep. App. 277, 282, 283 a, 3616, 382 a, 391 a, 420 6, 495 a, 9th Eep. App. 378, 1 1th Eep. App. (pt. ii.) 80 ; Luttrell's Eelation of State Affairs, i. 530, ii. 15, 74, v. 528; Beatson's Polit. Index ; Parl. Hist. vols. iv. v. ; C. A. Goodricke's Hist, of the Goodricke Family, 1885 ; Memoirs of Sir John Eeresby, ed. Cartwright.] J. M. E. GOODRICKE, JOHN (1764-1786), as- tronomer, born at Groningen on 17 Sept. 1764, was the eldest child of Henry Good- ricke of York, by his wife, Levina Benjamina, daughter of Peter Sessler of Namur ; and on his father's death, 9 July 1784, became heir to his grandfather, Sir John Goodricke of Ribston Hall in Yorkshire, who, however, survived him. Goodricke earned lasting dis- tinction by his investigations of variable stars. At the age of eighteen he discovered the period and law of Algol's changes. He first saw the star lose light on 12 Nov. 1782, and observed it at York every fine night from 28 Dec. to 12 May. The results were communicated to the Royal Society in a paper entitled ' A Series of Observations on and a Discovery of the Period of the Variations of the Light of the Bright Star in the Head of Medusa, called Algol ' (Phil. Trans. Ixxiii. 484) ; and in a supplement, ' On the Periods of the Changes of Light in the Star Algol ' (ib. Ixxiv. 287). His suggested explanation of the phenomenon by the interposition of a large dark satellite still finds favour. The merit of the research was recognised by the bestowal of the Copley medal in 1783. His discoveries of the variability respec- tively of /3 Lyrse and of 8 Cephei dated from 10 Sept. and 19 Oct. 1784 (ib. Ixxv. 153, Ixxvi. 48). He perceived the double perio- dicity of the former star in 12d 19h, a deter- mination regarded by him as merely provi- sional (Schonfeld's period is nearly three hours longer), and accounted for the observed changes by the rotation on an axis consider- ably inclined to the earth's orbit of a bright body mottled with several large dark spots. For 8 Cephei he gave a period of 5d 8h 37im (10m too short), remarking that such inqui- ries ' may probably lead to some better know- ledge of the fixed stars, especially of their constitution and the cause of their remark- able changes.' Goodricke died at York, in his twenty-second year, on 20 April 1786, and was buried in a new family vault at Hunsingore, Yorkshire. A portrait of him exists at Gilling Castle in the same county. He was unmarried, and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society fourteen days before his death. [C. A. Goodricke's History of the Goodricke Family, p. 38 ; Gent. Mag. vol. Ivi. pt. i. p. 353 ; Poggendorff's Biog. Lit. Handworterbuch ; La- lande's Bibl. Astr. p. 587 ; Watt's Bibl. Brit.] A. M. C. GOODSIR, JOHN (1814-1867), F.R.S. and professor of anatomy in the university of Edinburgh, was born at Anstruther, Fifeshire, on 20 March 1814. His father was Dr. John Goodsir of that town, and his grandfather Dr. John Goodsir of Largo, a man of marked in- dividuality, who carried on a large country practice, and during the last twenty years of his life officiated as preacher to the Largo bap- tists (for his biography and portrait see the Evangelical Mag. and Theol. Rev., June 1821). The family had been settled on the east coast of Fife for several generations, and were said to have come from Germany; the name was locally pronounced Gutcher. Goodsir's mother was Elizabeth Taylor, great-granddaughter of Grizzel Forbes, the sister of Duncan Forbes, president of the court of session. From the Anstruther schools he was sent at the age of twelve to college at St. Andrews. He went through the four years' course of arts, but did not take a degree ; ' at this early period of Goodsir 138 Goodsir his life he was fond of the study of meta- physics, and imbibed the doctrines of Cole- ridge, which gave a colour to the whole of his subsequent thoughts and speculations' (Obituary in Proc. Roy. Soc. vol. xvi. p. xiv). In November 1830 his father, to save a sur- geon's premium, apprenticed him to Nasmyth, an Edinburgh surgeon-dentist ; the inden- ture was cancelled at Goodsir's request before the legal term, but he continued to assist Nasmyth and took charge of the practice in his absence in 1835. At the same time he attended Knox's classes in anatomy and some of the university medical classes. He learned practical surgery from Syme and practical medicine from Macintosh, both of the ' extra-mural ' school. His decided turn for dissection and for making preparations, casts, &c., attracted notice. In 1835 he ob- tained the license of the Edinburgh College of Surgeons (he did not take the M.D. de- gree), and joined his father in practice at Anstruther, where he spent the next five years. His first piece of scientific work, and one of his best, grew out of his dental prac- tice ; it was a careful and elaborate memoir ' On the Origin and Development of the Pulps and Sacs of the Human Teeth,' pub- lished, with figures, in the ' Edinburgh Medi- cal and Surgical Journal,' January 1839, but read in abstract at the British Association in the previous autumn. It gave him an assured place among the rising men of science, for it furnished a consecutive account of the process of human dentition. His five years' practice at Anstruther was varied by researches in marine zoology, geology, and archaeology, by lecturing now and then at St. Andrews and Cupar, by keeping up with the newer writings in anatomy and physiology, and by making a considerable collection of pathological spe- cimens. In May 1840 he went to Edinburgh, and established himself, along with one (or two) of his brothers, with Edward Forbes [q. v.], and with G. E. Day, in a half-flat at the top of the house 21 Lothian Street, which became well known as ' the barracks,' and cost 17Z. a year. It was the chief meeting-place of a coterie known as ' The Universal Brother- hood of the Friends of Truth,' to which be- longed Samuel Brown, George Wilson, John Hughes Bennett, and others, as well as the inmates proper ; the club had been started by Edward Forbes some years before on the model of a German students' club (rose and black ribbon across the breast), but had to be reconstituted on a more select and less con- vivial footing. After about a year of un- attached work Goodsir was appointed (in April 1841) curator of the museum of the College of Surgeons, in which capacity he gave courses of lectures upon the specimens,, illustrated by his own microscopic researches. The original studies were afterwards com- municated to the Royal Society of Edin- burgh and other societies. In May 1843 he transferred his services to the university as curator of part of the museum, to which office he added that of demonstrator of anatomy in 1844, and the care of the rest of the museum in 1845. On the death of Monro tertius in 1846 he became a candidate for the valuable chair of anatomy, declaring that he would yield his claims to no one in Britain except Owen ; he was elected by vote of the town council (22 to 11). With his appoint- ment to the professorship Goodsir became less- active as a writer of scientific memoirs. Be- ginning with his researches on the growth of the teeth (1838), and ending with his embryo- logical paper on the suprarenals, thyroid, and thymus sent to the Royal Society and printed in the ' Philosophical Transactions,' 1846, he brought out thirty papers, most of them short, dealing with original points in development, in zoology, and in microscopic physiology and pathology. The more important of these were collected into a small volume (' Anatomical and Pathological Observations,' Edinburgh, 1845). The volume contained also two or three papers by his brother Harry Goodsir, who sailed the same year with Franklin's expedition and perished with it. This small collection was all that Goodsir ever pub- lished in book form, and it was mainly on it that his reputation for original research rested at home and abroad. The paper on ' Centres of Nutrition ' has affinities to a certain part of the cell-doctrine afterwards worked out by Virchow, who dedicated the first edition of his ' Cellular-Pathologie' (1859) to Good- sir ' as one of the earliest and most acute observers of cell-life both physiological and pathological.' The memoir on ' Secreting Structures ' was also important, and remains of interest still, although his conclusion ' that secretion is exactly the same function as nu- trition' is too much in the transcendental manner. Other noteworthy papers are those on the placenta, on the structure, growth, and repair of bone, and on the amphioxus. A subordinate discovery, that of the sarcina ventriculi, or vegetable spores in the human stomach, brought him more credit with the profession at large than his researches did. His writings subsequent to 1846 were mostly on the morphology of the skeleton and the mechanism of the joints ; his various plans for some great and comprehensive work were never carried out. On entering upon his duties as professor of anatomy his enthusiasm for his subject soon. Goodsir 139 Goodson raised the department from the state into which it had fallen in the incompetent hands of Monro tertius. He took great pleasure in dissection, especially in displaying the mus- cular system. He worked much for the uni- versity museum, making preparations mostly of the invertebrata. He dissected the horse twice, and left written descriptions of the anatomy, which were brought out after his death by Strange ways (1870). Electric fishes were also a favourite subject with him. Up- wards of a thousand specimens prepared by himself and his assistants are striking evi- dence of the reality of his work. He gave for several years a course of summer lec- tures on the invertebrata, the first in 1847. He was consulted on questions of piscicul- ture and agriculture, and took part in the examination of veterinary students. In his proper anatomy lecture he was heard with interest, not for his good speaking, but on account of the numerous ideas, suggestions, and comparisons that he threw out. He would often expound at great length, and with more of enthusiasm than when lectur- ing, to a few pupils who stayed behind to put questions. At the outset of his career as professor he intended to join private and hospital surgical practice to his other work. With that end he took a house in George Square, and in 1848 applied for the vacant post of assistant-surgeon to the infirmary. He was greatly disappointed at not being elected, and told the managers that he had been unfairly treated. After this his do- mestic life became careless. He removed to a smaller house in the New Town, then to Trinity on the shore of the Firth, then back to Edinburgh for a year and a half, and finally to Edward Forbes's old cottage at "Wardie (also on the Firth), where he spent the last ten years of his life. He saw no company, slept on a sofa in the midst of his papers and pre- parations, took his meals irregularly, and did nearly everything for himself. In his later years his sister kept house for him. The long illness of which he died (wasting of the spinal cord) began in 1853. His health was completely shattered by the gratuitous labour which he took upon himself in lec- turing for the invalid professor of natural history in the summer of 1853 ; instead of reading the old lectures he gave an original and brilliant course, remembered long after, which prostrated him so much that he re- quired a year's leave of absence abroad. He came back greatly set up, but fell into his old careless way of living. From that time he had to delegate much of his work to assistants, and at last spent most of the day in the museum, except the lecture hour. When on visits to Vienna, Berlin, and Paris in the vacations he spent nearly all his time in the anatomical collections and in j seeking out new pieces of ' philosophical ' or j physiological apparatus. Of the latter he j brought home the first collection that came I to this country, which was acquired after his I death for the use of the physiological labo- | ratory. The favourite speculation of his later | years was that the triangle was the ground- I plan of all organic forms ; in this way he i sought to bring living organisms into the | same view with crystals, man being a tetra- ! hedron. His various papers ' On the Dignity j of the Human Body ' and other morphological I subjects were collected, together with his | scientific memoirs of an earlier period, in two 1 posthumous volumes, Edinburgh, 1868. In 1850 he issued the first part of the ' Annals of Anatomy,' consisting of original papers by pupils and others ; but the serial stopped at the third number. The progressive disease from which he suffered doubtless prevented him from leaving more work (apart from his museum work) in a finished state. He began the winter session as usual in 1866, but broke down exhausted, and died on 6 March 1867. He was buried in the Dean cemetery, next to the grave of his early friend Edward Forbes. [Biography by H. Lonsdale, M.D., prefixed to Goodsir's Anatom. Memoirs, 2 vols., Edinb., 1868; Proc. Eoy. Soc. vol. xvi. ; Edinb. Med. Journ. 1867.] C. C. GOODSON, RICHARD, the elder (d. 1718), organist, was organist of New Col- lege and of Christchurch, Oxford ; proceeded Mus. Bac. ; and became in 1682 professor of music to the university. Goodson died on 13 Jan. 1718, and was buried in the chapel adjoining the choir of Christchurch. His- will, signed 1714, made provision for his widow, Mary, a daughter, Ann Hobson, and two sons, Richard and William, and directed that 10/. should be spent upon his funeral. RICHARD GOODSON the younger (d. 1741)f proceeded Mus. Bac. from Christchurch, Ox- ford, 1 March 1716 ; was organist at Christ- church and New College, and succeeded his- father as professor of music in 1718. He was also the first organist of Newbury. Good- son died in January 1741, and was buried near his father. He bequeathed to Christ- church library some of his own and his father's- manuscripts, comprising a service, four an- thems, and some chants, together with his collection of music, except some few articles left to the Music School. [Hawkins, p. 788 ; Burney, iii. 66 ; Oxford Graduates, p. 265 ; P. C. C. Registers of Wills, Tenison, 176; Cat. of Music, Christchurch Li- brary.] L. M. M. Goodsonn 140 Goodsonn >t GOODSONN, WILLIAM (fi. 1634- 1662), vice-admiral in the state's navy, and formerly shipowner, seems to have been ori- ginally of Yarmouth (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 6 Oct. 1654), where others of the name and of the same business were settled (ib. 28 Jan. 1631-2). About 1634, he says in a letter to Thurloe (24 Jan. 1655-6 ; THURLOE, iv. 451), he lived for some time at Cartagena, on the Spanish Main, not, however, long enough to acquire a perfect knowledge of the language (ib. v. 151). It may possibly have been then, or in other voyages, that he gained the familiarity, which he certainly had in later life, with the Spanish settlements, both in the islands and on the mainland. He de- scribes himself as having entered the service of the state in 1649 (ib. iv. 458), but it is doubtful in what capacity. In 1650 he en- tered into a contract with the government for the hire of his ship, the Hopeful Luke of London, and in October 1651 was petitioning for a license to transport shoes to Barbadoes (Cal. State Papers, Dom. pp. 500, 504). His first direct connection with the navy seems to have been on 25 Jan. 1652-3, when he was appointed captain of the Entrance, in which he took part in the great fight off Portland | on 18 Feb. On 24 March he was moved into j the Rainbow, in which he served as rear- admiral of the blue squadron in the battles of 2-3 June and 29-31 July, for which, with the other flag-officers, he received a gold chain and medal. He is spoken of [see BLAKE, ROBERT] during the winter as commanding the Unicorn ( Cal. State Papers, Dom. 12 Nov.) and afterwards the George (ib. 18 Nov.), under Monck, and during the summer of 1654 as vice-admiral of the blue squadron under Penn (ib. 3, 19 July), combining with that em- ployment the more lucrative business of con- tractor for the supply of clothes to the seamen (ib. 1 Oct. 1654). Towards the end of the year he was appointed to the Paragon, as vice-admiral of the squadron to be sent to the West Indies under the command of General Penn [see PENN, SIR WILLIAM], and by order of 7 Dec. was associated with him as com- missioner, so that in case of Penn's death he might be capable of acting fully as com- mander-in-chief (THURLOE, iii. 11). While at Barbadoes, on 19 March 1654-5, Penn or- dered the formation of ' a regiment of seamen,' or, as it would now be called, a naval brigade, for service on shore, with Goodsonn as its ' colonel, and Benjamin Blake, Robert Blake's j brother, as lieutenant-colonel (PENN, ii. 74). On 13 April Goodsonn and his ' sea-regiment ' were landed on Hispaniola with the rest of the army [see VENABLES, ROBERT], and, on the failure of the attempt to reduce that island, were re-embarked on 3 May. The expedition went on to Jamaica, where Good- sonn was again landed on 11 May. On the 17th the capitulation was signed ; and it being determined that Penn with the larger ships should return to England, Goodsonn was constituted admiral and commander-in- chief of the squadron left behind (21 June), with orders to 'wear the jack-flag at the main-top-mast head.' The Paragon being one of the ships selected to go home with Penn, Goodsonn hoisted his flag on board the Tor- rington, and on 31 July put to sea with the squadron, and, standing over to the main- land, took, sacked, and burned Santa Marta (THURLOE, iv. 159) ; but, finding his force in- sufficient to attempt Cartagena, returned to Jamaica by the beginning of November ' to refit and consider of some other design.' During the winter both the army on shore and the ships' companies suffered much from sickness (ib. iv. 451). By April, however, he was able to sail for another cruise, and, making almost exactly the same round as before, sacked and burned the town at the Rio de la Hacha, watered at Santa Marta, again anchored for a day off Cartagena, and so returned to Jamaica by the end of May. It was then that, for mutinous and irregular conduct, he had determined to bring Captain Benjamin Blake to a court-martial; but, on Blake desiring to lay down his commission, Goodsonn permitted him to do so, ' partly,' as he wrote to Thurloe, ' in my respect to the general his brother, and also to testify the integrity of my heart in being free from passion.' The charges against Blake he sent home sealed, with instructions that they were not to be opened till they were delivered to Thurloe, and requested that then they might not be produced, unless ' he appear maliciously active in vindicating himself to deprave our proceeding' (ib. v. 154; cf. BLAKE, ROBERT). In August several of the ships, including the Torrington, were found not fit to remain out any longer, and were sent home, Goodsonn hoisting his flag in the Marston Moor, from which in the following January he moved into the Mathias and sailed for England, where he arrived on 18 April 1657, being then in very bad health. During the summer and autumn of 1657 Goodsonn commanded a squadron in the Downs or off Mardyk, and in 1658 off Dunkirk, co-operating with the besieging army. In the autumn, with his flag in the Swiftsure, he was vice-admiral in the fleet under Sir George Ayscue [q. v.], which attempted to pass the Sound, but, being unable to do so by reason of the late- ness of the season and foul weather, he re- turned with the fleet, Ayscue remaining in This article needs revision. See Sir Charles T^iri-Vi in Tha Jl/fs,~.i~,,~.*. JI/T: _ •• - Goodwin 141 Goodwin Sweden. In the following year he was again in the fleet ordered to the Sound under General Mountagu [see MOUNTAGU, EDWARD, first EARL OP SANDWICH], and seems to have continued with Mountagu till the scheme for the restoration of the monarchy began to take form. From that time nothing more is heard of him in a public capacity, though mention is made of him nearly three years afterwards as suspected, on no apparent grounds, of complicity in a plot to kill the king (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 15 Dec. 1662). By a reference to him in a brother puritan's will he seems to have been still alive in 1680 (Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. ix. 138). From the connection with Penn it appears not im- probable that the John Goodson (APPLETON, Cyclopedia of American Biography), 'the first English physician that came to Pennsylvania under Penn's charter, and among the first that bought lands in the province of the " Free Society of Traders," ' may have been William Goodsonn's son ; but we know nothing cer- tainly of Goodsonn's family or private life, except that his wife's name was Mary, and that advances on her husband's pay were made to her during his absence at Jamaica (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 15 Oct. 1655, 17 June, 21 Aug. 1656; THURLOE, iv. 458). [Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1650-2; Thurloe's State Papers ; Lediard's Naval History ; Gran- ville Penn's Memorials of Sir William Penn.] J. K. L. GOODWIN, ARTHUR (1693 P-1643), friend of John Hampden, born in 1593 or 1594, was the only surviving son of Sir Francis Goodwin, knt. (1564-1634), of Upper Winchendon, Buckinghamshire, by his wife, Elizabeth (d. 1630), daughter of Lord Grey de Wilton (Pedigree in LANGLEY, Hundred of Desborough, p. 442 ; will of Sir F. Good- win, P. C. C. 72, Seager). With Hampden he studied at Magdalen College, Oxford, and with his friend contributed Latin verses to the college collection on the death of Henry prince of Wales, entitled 'LuctusPosthumus,' 4to, Oxford, 1612, p. 52. On 10 Feb. 1613- 1614 he was admitted B.A. (Reg. of Univ. of Oxf. Oxf. Hist. Soc. vol. ii. pt. iii. p. 325). He became with Hampden a member of the Inner Temple in November 1613 (Members admitted to Inner Temple, 1547-1660, p. 204). He sat for Chipping Wycombe, Buckingham- shire, in the parliaments of 1620-1 and 1623- 1624, for Aylesbury in the same county in that of 1625-6, and on 14 Oct. 1640 was re- turned for Buckinghamshire with Hampden as his colleague (Lists of Members of Par- liament, Official Return, pt. i.) During the civil war Goodwin, like Hampden, held a command under the Earl of Essex, and raised a regiment of cavalry in Buckinghamshire, of which he was appointed colonel. While he was quartered at Coventry, Warwickshire, with Hampden and Lord Brooke, they de- feated, 29 Aug. 1642, the Earl of Northamp- ton in an attempt to force his way into Daventry, Northamptonshire. Northampton himself was seized by Goodwin's troops in the rear (A True Relation of the Manner of Taking of the Earl of Northampton, &c. 1642). On 6 Dec. of the same year the Earl of Essex gave instructions to Colonels Good- win and Hurry, then in camp near Newbury, Berkshire, to march with all speed to the re- lief of Marlborough, Wiltshire. When they reached Marlborough the royalists had retired with their plunder, leaving a party which was forced to abandon the place. Goodwin and Hurry afterwards compelled three regiments under Lord Digby to abandon Wantage with some loss of men and ammunition. Good- win visited Andover, Hampshire, where Lord Grandison was reported to be with three thou- sand horse and dragoons (cf. his very inte- resting letter of 12 Dec. 1642, printed in MONET, Battles of Newbury, 2nd edit. pp. 30-1). Essex appointed him commander-in- chief of the forces of Buckinghamshire 3 Jan. | 1643 (Carte MS. ciii. f. 106), when he made Aylesbury his headquarters. At daybreak on 27 Jan. he attempted to storm Brill, Bucking- hamshire, but after two hours' hard fighting he was forced to fall back on Aylesbury (The Latest Intelligence of Prince Ruperfs Proceed- ing in Northamptonshire, &c. 2 Feb. 1642-3 ; Mercurius Aulicus, 27 and 29 Jan. 1643). In April he took part in the siege of Reading. ' Your regiment,' writes Hampden, 'is of very great reputation amongst us.' When Hamp- den received his fatal wound; Goodwin took him to Thame and soothed his last moments. (His letter to his daughter Jane, lady Whar- ton, upon Hampden's death is among his correspondence in vol. ciii. of the Carte MSS. in the Bodleian Library, and has been printed at p. 109 of MONEY'S Battles of Newbury, 2nd edit.) Goodwin died in the same year, 1643, and was buried at Wooburn, Buckingham- shire (LANGLEY, p. 466). His will, dated 6 Feb. 1638, with a codicil dated 30 Aug. 1642, was proved at London on 11 Nov. 1644 (registered in P. C. C. 1, Rivers). He had bequeathed to Hampden ' twentie poundes as a smale token of my love to my faithfull freind.' By his marriage with Jane, third daughter of Sir Richard Wenman, knt., of Thame Park, Oxfordshire, he had an only child, Jane (1618-1658), who on 7 Sept. 1637 became the second wife of Philip, fourth lord Wharton (1613-1695). Goodwin 142 Goodwin He left particular directions for the foun- dation of six almshouses at Waddesdon, Buckinghamshire, which the troubles had prevented him from erecting in his lifetime. His portrait, by Vandyck, has been engraved by Gunst. [Notes and Queries, 6th ser. i. 255, 383, 466; Evans's Cat. of Engraved Portraits, i. 142 ; Lodge's Peerage of Ireland (Archdall), iv. 282 ; Nugent's Memorials of Hampden.] G-. G-. GOODWIN, CHARLES WYCLIFFE {1817-1878), Egyptologist, was born in 1817 at King's Lynn, where his father was a so- licitor in large practice. He was the eldest of four sons, the second of whom, Harvey, is now bishop of Carlisle. He received his early education at High Wycombe, Bucking- hamshire, and when a schoolboy of nine or so was led to take a lively interest in Egyptology by reading an article on ' Hieroglyphics ' in the ' Edinburgh Review ' for December 1826 (erroneously identified by the Bishop of Car- lisle with an article in the ' Quarterly '). Egyptology became the favourite study of his life, and during his school holidays he wrote essays on the early history of Egypt. He was also in early life a fair Hebraist, botanist, and geologist, an accomplished Anglo-Saxon and a good German scholar. In 1834 he was en- tered at St. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge, taking his B.A. degree with high classical honours in 1838, proceeding M.A. in 1842, and being afterwards elected a fellow of his college Goodwin had intended to take orders, but his views undergoing a change he resigned his fellowship, which was only tenable by a clergyman. In 1848 he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, and de- voted himself to the uncongenial study of the law. In the same year he published ' The Anglo-Saxon Version of the Life of St. Guth- lac, hermit of Crowland. Originally writ- ten in Latin by Felix (commonly called of Crowland). Now first printed from a MS. in the Cottonian Library. With a transla- tion and notes,' chiefly grammatical and phi- lological. He had for years contributed to the publications of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, when in 1851 he edited for it ' The Anglo-Saxon Legends of St. Andrew and St. Veronica . . . with an English translation.' For the ' Cambridge Essays ' for 1858 he wrote the valuable disquisition on ' Hieratic Pa- pyri,' his first noticeable contribution to Egyp- tology. This was followed in 1859 by the anonymous republication from the ' Law Ma- gazine ' of his ' Curiosities of Law,' consisting of translated extracts from deeds of grant of various kinds in favour of a monastery near Thebes in Egypt, written in Coptic, of which Goodwin was a diligent student. In 1860 he acquired a wider reputation by his paper, ' The Mosaic Cosmogony,' in ' Essays and Re- views,' to which he was the only lay contri- butor. This plain-spoken essay produced five or six specific replies, one of them by Pro- fessor Young of Belfast, to none of which does Goodwin seem to have made any re- joinder. According to the catalogue of the British Museum library he succeeded Mr. John Morley as the last editor of the second series of the ' Literary Gazette.' He certainly edited the two volumes of the ' Parthenon,' 1862-3, with which the ' Literary Gazette ' was incorporated, giving prominence in it to Egyptological subjects. In May 1862 at a meeting of the Society of Antiquaries, to which Goodwin sent several communications on those subjects, he replied to Sir George Cornewall Lewis's scepticism, expressed in person, as to the possibility of interpreting the ancient Egyptian by arguing that Coptic was in some degree a continuation of that language. Various contributions of Good- win's, chiefly Egyptological, appeared in the second series of Chabas' ' Melanges Egyp- tologiques,' 1864. In March 1865 Goodwin was appointed as- sistant judge in the newly created supreme court for China and Japan. A paper which he contributed to ' Eraser's Magazine ' for | February of that year was in 1866, after his departure to the East, separately issued (Mr. Le Page Renouf correcting the proofs) as ' The Story of Saneha, an Egyptian Tale of Four Thousand Years ago, translated from the Hieratic Text.' It was prefaced by an admira- ble summary of the history and chronology of ancient Egypt in connection with the previous development of its varied civilisation. Good- win executed his translation from the fac- simile of the original papyrus printed in 1860 in Lepsius's ' Denkmaler Aegyptens.' His ver- sion was read before the Society of Antiqua- ries in December 1863, the month follow- ing the publication of another version by M. Chabas, both of them executed simul- taneously, but without concert, and, though not identical, agreeing in all essential points. For the ' Records of the Past ' Goodwin re- vised his version of the ' Story of Saneha ' and others of his translations of hieratic texts. In 1866 also appeared ' Voyage d'un Egyp- tien en Phenicie, en Palestine, &c., au XIVe siecle avant notre ere, d'un papyrus du Mu- see Britannique, comprenant le facsimile du texte hieratique et sa transcription complete en hieroglyphes et en lettres coptes. Par F. Chabas, avec la collaboration de C. W. Goodwin.' In his essay on ' Hieratic Papyri ' Goodwin had translated the first eight pages Goodwin 143 Goodwin of this work. Chabas speaks enthusiastically of Goodwin's labours in hieratic as having effected ' a genuine revolution in the science.' During his residence in the East he worked assiduously at Egyptology, continuing fre- quently from 1866 to 1876 the contributions to Lepsius and Brugsch's ' Zeitschrift fur agyptische Sprache,' which he had begun before leaving England. Communications from him were utilised and acknowledged by Canon Cook in his disquisition ' On Egyptian Words in the Pentateuch ' in vol. i. pt. I. of the ' Speaker's Commentary on the Bible,' 1871. After being several years at Shanghai Goodwin was transferred to Yokohama, where he spent three years as acting judge of the supreme court. He retained this position in 1876 when he returned to Shanghai, and he re- mained there, a visit to England intervening, until his death, after a long illness, in Janu- ary 1878. The event caused the deepest re- gret among the British residents at Shanghai and Yokohama. Goodwin had endeared him- self to all his friends as a delightful com- panion, cheerful and unaffected, his great acquirements being unaccompanied by the slightest trace of pedantry or pretension. He was fond of music, of which he had studied the theory, playing on more than one instru- ment. He is understood to have been for years the musical critic of the ' Guardian,' . to have contributed to the 'Saturday view.' He was the author of at least two w books : 1. ' The Succession Duty Act ' 16 and 17 Viet. cap. 51), with introduction, notes, and an appendix, containing the Le- gacy Duty Acts 1853. 2. ' The Practice of Probate and Administration under 20 and 21 Viet. cap. 77, together with the statute and appendix,' 1858. [Biographical Notes on Goodwin by the Bishop of Carlisle in Athenaeum for 23 March 1878 ; Obituary Notices in Academy for 16 March 1878, and in the Shanghai and Yokohama papers of January 1878; Foreign Office List for 1878; personal knowledge.] F. E. GOODWIN, CHRISTOPHER (fi. 1542), poet, was author of ' The Chaunce of the Dolorous Lover,' London, by Wynkyn de Worde, 1520, 4to, ' a lamentable story with- out pathos,' writes Warton. A more in- teresting production is ' The maydens dreme. Compyled and made by Chrystofer Goodwyn. In the yere of our Lorde, Mcccccxlij.,' Lon- don,' by me Robert Wyer for Richard Bankes.' The only copy known belonged to Heber. It is in seven-line stanzas ; in the concluding stanza the four words ' Chryst,' ' offre,' ' good,' and 'wyn' (forming together the author's name) are introduced into different lines en- closed in brackets. Warton describes the second piece as ' a vision without imagina- tion.' A young lady is supposed to listen in a dream to ' a dispute between Amour and Shamefacedness for and against love.' In 1572 Christopher Goodwin or Goodwyn and John Johnson proposed to Queen Eliza- beth's ministers to convert Ipswich into 'a mart town,' in order to draw thither the whole trade from Antwerp. Much of the promoters' notes and correspondence with Lord Burgh- ley, Sir Thomas Smith, and others is in the Record Office (Cal. State Papers, 1547-80, pp. 447-8) ; and among Lord Calthorpe's manu- scripts is ' a device ' on the same subject by the same authors (Hist. MSS. Comm. 2nd Rep. p. 40) . It is doubtful whether this Chris- topher Goodwin is identical with the poet, but the identity of name suggests kinship, and,like the poet, the Ipswich projector usually spells his name ' Goodwyn.' [Warton's History, p. 681 ; Collier's Bibl. Cat. i. 318 ; Heber's Cat. ed. Collier,' p. Ill ; Eitson's Bibliographia Poetica ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. ; Ames's Typogr. Antiq. ; Hazlitt's Bibliographical Collections.] S. L. L. FRANCIS (1784-1835), architect, was born 23 May 1784, at King's Lynn, Norfolk, and became a pupil of J. Coxedge of Kensington. He exhibited in the Royal Academy in 1806 an ' Internal View of St. Nicholas' Chapel, Lynn,' after which he appears to have devoted himself to the study of his profession, and from 1822 to 1834 exhibited twenty-three drawings made for competition or for his executed works, which were chiefly in the pointed style. In 1821 he built the church at West Bromwich, which was his first completed structure of the kind, and in the same year a chapel of ease at Portsea, Hampshire, a new church at Ashton-under-Lyne, and rebuilt the parish church at Walsall, with the exception of the spire and chancel. He was occupied from 1821 to 1824 with a church at Kidderminster; in 1822, added the steeple to St. Peter's, Man- chester ; in 1823, the tower and spire to St. Paul's, Birmingham, and completed Trinity Church, Bordesley, Birmingham, a view of which was published in the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' for 1827. In 1824 he built Holy Trinity Church, Burton-on-Trent ; in 1825, St. James's, Oldham, Lancashire ; and in 1826, St. Paul's Chapel, Walsall, of which plans and sections were published in Tress's ' Modern Churches,' 1841. From 1826 to 1827 he was erecting St. John's, Derby; from 1826 to 1828, St. George's, Hulme, near Manches- ter; and in 1830 he completed St. Mary's, Bilston. He also rebuilt the old church at Goodwin 144 Goodwin Bilston, and a portion of St. Michael's, South- ampton. He designed the town hall and as- sembly rooms, Manchester, built between 1822 and 1825, the interior of which was regarded as his chef d'ceuvre, and was engraved as a frontispiece to vol. ii. of his ' Rural Archi- tecture.' Since the erection (1869-77) of the New Town Hall, by Mr. A. Waterhouse, R. A., Goodwin's building in King Street has been used as the Free Reference Library. Within the last few years the removal of the steps from the street to the portico (ren- dered advisable by the increased traffic) has rather disfigured the approach to the build- ing. The town hall and assembly rooms at Macclesfield were erected under his direction between 1823 and 1824, and in 1823 he com- menced the county gaol at Derby, one of the best and most commodious prisons in the king- dom at the time. He erected the market at Leeds, 1824-7, and that at Salford, Manches- ter, 1825. The exchange at Bradford was built from his designs, 1829. Among his private works were Lissadell, co. Sligo, for Sir R. Gore Booth, bart., views of which are en- graved in his ' Rural Architecture ; ' an Italian villa for Henry Gore Booth, esq., Cullamore, near Lissadell ; a lodge for G. Dodwell, esq., Sligo ; some works for E. J. Cooper, esq., M.P., at Markree, co. Sligo; lodge, Deinstall Hall, Staffordshire, for H. Hordern, esq. ; and a par- sonage in the Grecian style for the Rev. W. Leigh at Bilston. In almost every competi- tion for a building of any importance, drawings were sent in by Goodwin, in the preparation of which he spared no expense. He designed a scheme for an extensive cemetery in the j vicinity of the metropolis, with buildings from the best examples in Athens, and ex- | hibited his drawings gratuitously in an office taken for the purpose in Parliament Street. In 1833 his plans for the new House of Commons were pronounced the best of those : sent in, and were ordered by the committee j to be printed, and in 1824 a design for an ' Intended Suspension Bridge at Horseferry I Road, projected by Capt. S. Browne, R.N., j and F. Goodwin, Architect and Engineer,' was approved by the provisional committee. In 1834 he was at Belfast preparing designs for additions to the college, including a mu- seum, and also for baths in Dublin, but these were never executed. He died suddenly of apoplexy on 30 Aug. 1835 at his residence, 21 King Street, Portman Square, while en- gaged on a set of designs for the new houses of parliament, and was buried in Kensal Green cemetery. He published : 1. 'Plans, &c., of the New House of Commons,' 1833. 2. 'Domes- tic Architecture,' 1st ser., 1833; 2nd ser., 1834. A second edition of the work appeared in 1835 under the title of ' Rural Architec- ture,' with supplements to each series en- titled •' Cottage Architecture.' [Redgrave's Diet, of Artists ; Diet, of Archi- ; tecture ; Graves's Diet, of Artists ; Goodwin's Rural Architecture ; Gent. Mag. 1827 pt. ii. pp. 201-2, 1835 p. 659 ; Architectural Magazine, 1834 p. 136, 1835 p. 479 ; Glew's Walsall, p. j 20 ; Butterworth's Stockport, pp. 39, 40 ; Axon's Annals of Manchester, pp. 166, 172 ; Cornish's | Manchester, pp. 17, 48, 49; Cornish's Birming- 1 ham, p. 37 ; Jewitt's Derby, pp. 38, 51 ; Parson's Leeds, i. 229 ; Reeves's West Bromwich, pp. 14, | 15; Baines's Lancaster, 1836, ii. 576; Royal Academy Exhibition Catalogues ; Univ. Cat. of I Books on Art ; Brit. Mus. Cat. of Printed Books.] B. P. GOODWIN, GEORGE (ft. 1620), Latin, verse writer, was the author of ' Melissa reli- gionis pontificse ejusdemque apotrope; elegiis decem.' Lond. 1620, 4to, dedicated to Sir Robert Naunton. An English translation, by John Vicars, appeared under the title of 'Babel's Balme, or the Honeycombe of Rome's Religion, with a neat Draining and Straining out of the Rammish Honey thereof : sung in Tenne most elegant Elegies in Latine by that most worthy Christian Satyrist, Master George Goodwinne, and translated into ten English Satyres by the Muses' most unworthy eccho John Vicars,' Lond. 1624, 4to. Goodwin was also author of another set of verses, which exist only in the form of a translation by Joshua Sylvester, entitled ' Automachia, or the Self-conflict of a Chris- tian, from the Latin of Mr. George Goodwin ' (1633?). [Brit. Mus. Libr. and Bodl. Libr. Catalogues.] A. V. GOODWIN, JAMES IGNATIUS (1603 P-1667), Jesuit, born in Somersetshire in or about 1603, after making his humanity course at St. Omer, was sent in 1621 for his higher course to the English College of the Jesuits at Valladolid. He was professed of the four vows 25 March 1645. For twenty years (1631-51) he served the missions in the ' residence of St. Stanislas,' which included Devonshire and Cornwall, and subsequently he was appointed professor of moral theology and controversy at Liege. Returning to this country he died in London on 26 Nov. 1667. He wrote : 1. ' Lapis Lydius Controver- siarum modernarum Catholicos inter et Aca- tholicos,' Liege, 1656, 24mo, pp. 466. 2. ' Pia Exercitatio Divini Amoris,' Liege, 1656, 12mo. [Foley's Records, v. 972, vii. 306 ; Oliver's Jesuit Collections, p. 105; Oliver's Catholic Goodwin 145 Goodwin Keligion in Corn-wall, p. 313; Southwell's Bibl. Scriptorum Soc. Jesu, p. 395 ; De Backer's Bibl. des Ecrivains de la Compagnie de Jesus, i. 2206.] T. C. , JOHN (1594 P-1665), re- publican divine, was born in Norfolk about 1594. He was educated at Queens' College, Cambridge, graduating M.A. and obtaining a fellowship on 10 Nov. 1617. Leaving the university in consequence of his marriage, he took orders, and became popular as a preacher in his native county at Raynham, Lynn, Yarmouth, and Norwich. For a time he seems to have officiated at St. Mary's, Dover. In 1632 he came to London, and on 18 Dec. 1633 was instituted to the vicarage of St. Stephen's, Coleman Street, vacated by the nonconformist secession of John Davenport [q. v.] He sided with the puritans, and as early as 1633 inclined to independency under the influence of John Cotton (1585-1682). In 1 635 he was convened for breach of canons, but on his promise of amendment Bishop Juxon took no further proceedings. In 1638 Goodwin broached from the pulpit of St. Stephen's his opinions on justification (which had given offence at Dover), taking a view which was already regarded as practically Arminian, though he always maintained his independence of the system of Arminius, and cited Calvin as bearing him out on some points. A warm pulpit controversy with other city ministers on this topic was stayed by Juxon's interference, all parties agreeing to desist. Next year (1639) Goodwin an- gered his opponents anew by insisting on the need of a learned ministry. Juxon reported to Laud that he did not despair of a good issue. Goodwin had a hand in drafting the London clerical petition against the new canons of 30 June 1640. Alderman Isaac Pennington (afterwards closely connected with the quakers) was one of his parishioners, and joined his congregational society. In 1639 Goodwin wrote a preface to the posthumous sermons of Henry Ramsden. During the next two years he published several sermons, and an exegetical tract (1641) criticising the positions of George Walker, B.D., of St. John's, Watling Street. Walker retorted upon Goodwin and others with a charge of Socinianism in the article of justification. Goodwin defended himself (1642) in ' Christ set forth,' and in a treatise on justification. On the appeal of the parliament to arms Goodwin was one of the earliest clerical sup- porters of the democratic puritans. His* Anti- Cavalierisme ' (1642) proclaims on its very title-page the need of war to suppress th party ' now hammering England to make an VOL. XXII. [reland of it.' The loyalist doctrine of the divine right of kings he assailed in his ' Os Dssorianum, or a Bone for a Bishop,' i.e. ~ riffith Williams, bishop of Ossory (1643). With equal vigour he attacked the presby- erians as a persecuting party in his ' 0eo- a\ia, or the grand imprudence of ... fight- ng against God ' (1644, 2 editions). In May .645 he was ejected from his living for re- Busing to administer indiscriminately in his >arish the baptism and the Lord's Supper. Nothing daunted, Goodwin immediately set up an independent church in Coleman Street, which had a large following. William Taylor, lis appointed successor at St. Stephen's, was n his turn ejected in 1649, to be restored in .657. In the interim Goodwin obtained the ise of the church, but with a diminished e venue ; he estimates his loss in 1654 at .,000/. Among his hearers at this period was Thomas Firmin [q. v.], who took down lis sermons in shorthand. The ' Gangrama ' (16 Feb. 1646) of Thomas Edwards (1599-1647) [q.v.] included Good- win among the subjects of attack; in the second and third parts, published in the same rear, Edwards was provoked into yet more savage onslaughts by Goodwin's anonymous reply, bearing the stinging title ' Cretensis.' Goodwin is ' a monstrous sectary, a compound of Socinianism, Arminianism,antinomianism, ndependency, popery, yea and of scepticism.' He and several of his church ' go to bowls and other sports on days of public thanks- riving.' Goodwin, by his ' Hagiomastix, or ;he Scourge of the Saints' (1646; i.e. January 1647), came into collision with William Jenkyn, vicar of Christ Church, Newgate, whose 'Testimony' was endorsed (14 Dec. 1647) by fifty-eight presbyterian divines at Sion College. Sixteen members of Good- win's church issued (1647) an ' Apologetical Account ' of their reasons for standing by him. In answer (1648) to Jenkyn's com- plaint that presbyterians were put ' under the cross ' by the existence of sectaries, Good- win asks, ' Is not the whole English element of church livings offered up by the state to their service ? ' Jenkyn was aided by John Vicars, usher in Christ Church Hospital, who published (1648) an amusing description of ' Coleman-street-conclave ' and its minister, ' this most huge Garagantua,' the ' schismatics cheater in chief.' This contains a likeness of Goodwin (engraved by W. Richardson) sur- mounted by a windmill and weathercock, ' pride' and 'error' supplyingthe breeze. Good- win's career is, however, remarkable for con- sistency. He translated and printed (March 1648) a part of the ' Stratagemata Satanse ' of Acontius [q. v.], under the title ' Satan's I Goodwin 146 Goodwin Stratagems ; or the Devil's Cabinet-Councel discovered,' with recommendatory epistles by himself and John Durie (1596-1680) [q. v.] Acontius, whose broad tolerance recom- mended him to the earlier puritans (see AMES, preface to Puritanismus Anglicanus, 1610), was now stigmatised by such writers as Francis Cheynell [q. v.] as a ' sneaking ; Socinian.' Cheynell sought in vain in the Westminster Assembly to obtain a con- demnation of Goodwin's book, but printed (1650) his thoughts about it by request. There was a fresh sale for the translation, which was reissued with a new title, ' Dark- ness Discovered ; or the Devil's secret Strata- gems laid open ' (1651). Goodwin defended the most extreme measures of the army leaders. In his ' Might and Right Well Met ' (1648), which was an- swered by John Geree [q. v.], he applauded the purging of the parliament. He was one of the puritan divines who, in the interval between the sentence and execution of the king, proffered to him their spiritual services. Goodwin tells us in his ''Y/3/3i